AIM OF THE STUDY To describe prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases among urban and rural 11-15 year-olds in Lithuania and to evaluate risk factors, prevention and treatment needs. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To evaluate oral hygiene among 11-15 year-old schoolchildren and to describe dependence on gender, age, parients‘ education and living area. 2. To evaluate freequence of complaints of the bleeding gingiva among 11-15 year-old schoolchildren and to describe dependence on gender, age and living area. 3. To evaluate the dependence of freequence of complaints of the bleeding gingiva on oral higiene, living style and parients‘ education. 4. To describe prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases among urban and rural 11-15 year-old schoolchildren and to elucidate relation with local risk factors and oral hygiene. 5. T o evaluate treatment needs of periodontal diseases among urban and rural 11-15 year-old schoolchildren. 6. To create methods of prevention of periodontal diseases for the 11-15 year-old schoolchildren and present them too schoolchildren and dentists. ORIGINALITY OF INVESTIGATION OUTCOME For the first time in Lithuania the periodontal tissue condition of the eleven to fifteen years old town and village schoolchildren, the main periodontal disease risk factors, and the need for periodontal disease treatment was studied and evaluated, as well as the dental caries and periodontal disease risk factor relationship was identified. The periodontal... [to full text]

Thesis (M.S.)--Medical College of Ohio, 1996. / Major advisor: William J. Davis. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Medical College of Ohio, 1996. / Major advisor: William J. Davis. Includes bibliographical references.

A candidíase é uma infecção fúngica oportunista freqüente, causada por leveduras do gênero Candida. A utilização de anti-sépticos como medida complementar na higiene oral é cada vez mais difundida. Sendo assim, é de grande importância a avaliação das metodologias que são utilizadas para avaliação da atividade antifúngica. A avaliação in vitro da sensibilidade de leveduras a anti-sépticos tem sido pouco relatada e os resultados nem sempre são concordantes, pois as metodologias são divergentes. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar três metodologias: macro e microdiluição em caldo e difusão em ágar por meio de poços, com utilização dos meios de cultura RPMI 1640 e Mueller-Hinton para suscetibilidade dos anti-sépticos bucais Listerine®, Malvatricin® Dentes Sensíveis, Noplak®Max, Oral B®, Periogard®, Plax® e Reach® frente a C. albicans ATCC 64548, C. glabrata ATCC 90030, C. krusei ATCC 6258, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 e C. tropicalis ATCC 750. Em relação à comparação das concentrações inibitórias mínimas de cada meio de cultura, os índices kappa foram bons ou excelentes (0,73 a 1,00). Na metodologia da difusão em ágar o coeficiente de correlação de concordância entre os resultados dos meios de cultura também foi excelente (0,95 a 0,99). Concluímos que ambos os meios de cultura podem ser utilizados na avaliação da suscetibilidade de anti-sépticos bucais frente espécies de Candida, pois apresentaram índices de concordância e correlação de bom à excelente. Quanto à correlação entre as metodologias de macro e microdiluição, o kappa foi excelente (1,00) para todas as cepas no meio Mueller-Hinton e variou de 0,42 a 0,72 (bom a excelente) no meio RPMI-1640. As CIMs geradas pela macro e microdiluição em caldo são concordantes possibilitando a utilização de ambas as metodologias na avaliação de anti-sépticos bucais, no entanto a microdiluição detectou a ação inibitória de anti-sépticos voláteis em menores concentrações. A utilização da difusão em ágar é discutível visto que os anti-sépticos voláteis Listerine® e Malvatricin® não apresentaram atividade inibitória nesta metodologia. Todos os anti-sépticos avaliados apresentaram atividade fungistática e fungicida in vitro pelas metodologias de diluição frente a cepas ATCC de Candida quando avaliado na formulação disponibilizada pelos fabricantes. Os anti-sépticos bucais Oral B® e Periogard® apresentaram ações inibitórias (CIM) e fungicidas (CFM) de 1,25% para todas as cepas, meios e metodologias. O Noplak® e o Plax®, CIM e CFM variando de 1,25% a 2,5% para todas as cepas, meios e metodologias. Os anti-sépticos Listerine® e Malvatricin® apresentaram CIM de 5% a 50% e CFM de 5% a 100% dependendo do meio e metodologia. O anti-séptico Reach® apresentou CIM e CFM variando de 1,25% a 50% dependendo da cepa avaliada. Estudos com maior número de isolados, maior diversidade de espécies, concentrações intermediárias de anti-séptico e resultados interlaboratoriais poderão contribuir na padronização de métodos para avaliação de anti-sépticos bucais. / Candidosis is a frequent opportunistic fungal infection caused by yeasts of the gender Candida. The use of mouthwashes as a preventive measure in oral hygiene has been more and more diffused. Therefore it is of great importance the evaluation of the methodologies that are used on the antifungal evaluation. The in vitro evaluation of yeast susceptibility to mouthwashes has been little reported and the results are not always in agreement. The goal of this study was to evaluate three methodologies: broth macro and microdilution and agar well diffusion, using the media RPMI 1640 and Mueller-Hinton on the susceptibility of the mouthwashes Listerine®, Malvatricin® Dentes Sensíveis, Noplak®Max, Oral B®, Periogard®, Plax® e Reach® against C. albicans ATCC 64548, C. glabrata ATCC 90030, C. krusei ATCC 6258, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 e C. tropicalis ATCC 750. The kappa indexes for the comparison between the minimal inhibitory concentrations obtained with each culture medium were good to excellent (0,73 to 1,00). On the agar well diffusion method, the concordance correlation coefficients between the results obtained with the different media were also excellent (0,95 to 0,99). We concluded that both culture media can be used to evaluate the susceptibility of mouthwashes against species of Candida because they have concordance and correlations that go from good to excellent. The kappa indexes for the correlation between the broth macro and microdilution methodologies were excellent (1,00) for all the isolates in the Mueller-Hinton media and varied from 0,42 to 0,72 (good to excellent) with RPMI 1640. The MICs generated by broth macro and microdilution agree which makes it possible to use both methodologies on the evaluation of mouthwashes; however the microdilution detects the inhibitory action of volatile mouthwashes at smaller concentrations. The use of the agar well diffusion method is not advised since the volatile mouthwashes Listerine® and Malvatricin® have not presented inhibitory action in that methodology. All the evaluated mouthwashes presented fungistatic and fungicide activity at the formulation available in the market. The mouthwashes Oral B® and Periogard® presented MICs and MFCs of 1,25% for all strains, methodologies and media. Noplak® and Plax®, MIC and MFC that ranged from 1,25% to 2,5% for all strains, methodologies and media. The mouthwashes Listerine® and Malvatricin® MICs ranged from 5% to 50% and MFCs from 5% to 100% depending on media and methodology. The mouthwash Reach® presented MICs and MFCs ranging from 1,25% to 50% depending on the strain evaluated. Studies with a higher number of strains, bigger variety of species, intermediary concentrations of mouthwashes and interlaboratory results can contribute to the standardization of methods to evaluate mouthwashes.

O uso de antissépticos complementa a higienização bucal reduzindo a microbiota e, consequentemente minimizando a colonização, a formação de biofilme e, assim promovendo a saúde bucal. Diante das opções de antissépticos bucais e produtos naturais, faz-se necessária a análise microbiológica da eficácia desses produtos e suas implicações no controle do biofilme. Neste sentido, têm-se como objetivos: determinar a diluição inibitória máxima (DIMax) de antissépticos bucais (Listerine®, Colgate Plax® Tea Fresh, Periogard®) e o óleo de melaleuca sobre as cepas de Candida albicans e Candida glabrata, clínicas e padrão; quantificar as unidades formadoras de colônias por tubo traqueal (UFC/TT) das leveduras em TTs revestidos com os respectivos produtos e, analisar a formação de biofilme em fragmentos de tubos revestidos ou não com antissépticos e óleo de melaleuca por C. glabrata. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza laboratorial, in vitro, realizado com cepas clinicas e padrão e subsidiado em métodos clássicos da microbiologia para o processamento das avaliações propostas. Para determinar a DIMax, realizou-se a diluição dupla seriada (1/4 a 1/4096) dos antissépticos e óleo de melaleuca respectivamente, sendo as placas incubadas a 37°C por 24 horas. Considerou-se DIMax a maior diluição capaz de inibir o crescimento de todas as cepas avaliadas. Na formação de biofilme foram empregadas duas técnicas: determinação das UFC/TT e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Na aleatorização das cepas C. glabrata utilizou-se a análise estatística pelo modelo de regressão logístico multinomial. A partir da análise dos resultados observou-se que o Listerine® apresentou a menor ação inibitória na DIMax de 1/4, óleo de melaleuca (1/16), Colgate Plax® Tea Fresh (1/64) e o Periogard® (1/128). Em termos de formação de biofilme, o tubo revestido com Colgate Plax® Tea Fresh apresentou diferença no teste de comparações múltiplas (p=0,0031), com atividade antibiofilme em todas as cepas de C. glabrata, com exceção de um isolado clínico. As fotomicrografias revelaram reprodução por brotamento presente no TT revestido com óleo de melaleuca, lise celular na ação do Periogard® e, os TTs revestidos com Colgate Plax® Tea Fresh não apresentaram biofilme, exceto na cepa 33. A formação de biofilme por células leveduriformes foi significativa apresentando-se de forma diversificada nos diferentes tubos revestidos. Estudos adicionais sobre Candida spp. em tubos traqueais são recomendáveis em pacientes, com e sem pneumonia, submetidos à ventilação mecânica / Introduction: The use of oral antiseptics is increasingly common, as a complement to the regular oral hygiene by reducing the oral microbiota, biofilm formation and thereby promoting oral health. Facing of several oral antiseptics and natural products, it is necessary microbiological analysis of the effectiveness of these antiseptics and in its implications in the control of biofilm. Objective: The aims of the study were to determine the maximum inhibitory dilution (MID) oral antiseptics (Listerine®, Colgate® Plax, Fresh Tea and Periogard®) and tea tree oil of clinical and standard strains of Candida spp. and Candida glabrata; colony forming units assay (CFU/TT) of yeast in tracheostomy tubes (TT) coated with some products; and analyze the biofilm formed in fragments of tubes coated or not with oral antiseptics and tea tree oil for Candida glabrata. Methods: This is a laboratory investigation, in vitro study performed with clinical and standard strains and subsidized of classical microbiology methods for processing the proposals reviews. To determine the MID, serial dilution was carried out (1/4 a 1/2048) of oral antiseptics and tea tree oil respectively, and the plates were incubated at 37°C for 24h. The MID was considered the highest dilution capable of inhibiting the growth of all strains tested. In biofilm formation two techniques were employed: determination of colony forming units (CFU/TT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The statistical analysis by multinomial logistic regression model was used to randomization strains of C. glabrata. Results: Listerine® showed the worst performance, MID (1/4), tea tree oil (1/16), Colgate Plax® Fresh Tea (1/64) and Periogard® (1/128). In terms of biofilm formation, the multiple comparisons test presented differences (p=0.0031) for tube coated Colgate Plax® Tea Fresh with antibiofilm activity in all strains of C. glabrata, except for one clinical isolate. The photomicrographs revealed reproduction by budding in the TT coated with tea tree oil, cell lysis in action of Periogard®, and the Colgate Plax® Fresh Tea coated tube produced no visible colony, except with strain 33. Conclusion: Biofilm formation by yeast was significant presenting diverse in different coated tubes. Additional studies of Candida spp. in tracheostomy tubes are recommended in patients with and without pneumonia, undergoing mechanical ventilation

Objective: Toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste followed by rinsing with mouthwash is a routine procedure to maintain good oral hygiene. It is unknown to what extent these rinses can modulate the effect of fluoride in its ability to prevent erosion/abrasion.The aim of this in-vitro study was to investigate and compare the impact of chlorhexidine (CHX), essential oils (EO) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthrinses on erosive tooth wear protection afforded by conventional fluoride toothpastes. Materials and Methods: The following experimental factors were considered: five rinses: CHX, EO, CPC, a fluoride rinse, and deionized water, two fluoride toothpastes: stannous fluoride (SnF2) or sodium fluoride (NaF) and two models: (erosion/ erosion+abrasion). Slabs of bovine enamel and dentin were prepared and embedded in resin blocks and generated 10 enamel and dentin testing groups (n = 8). UPVC tapes were placed on the sides of each slab leaving 1mm area exposed in the center. The blocks were subjected to a five-day cycling model. Then, the blocks were placed in a brushing machine and exposed to fluoride toothpaste slurry (one side was brushed and the other wasn’t). The blocks were then exposed to rinse treatments. Artificial saliva was used to remineralize the specimens after erosions and treatment challenges, and as storage media. After the fifth day of cycling, surface loss (in micrometers) was determined by profilometer. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (α = 0.05). Results: There was no interaction among the three factors (type of toothpaste, mouthrinse and abrasion or not (dentin p = 0.0520, enamel p = 0.4720). There were no significant two-way interactions as SL was only affected by toothpaste and mouthrinse. NaF caused less SL than SnF2 (4.60 vs. 5.83 μm; p < 0.0001) in dentin, whereas the opposite was found in enamel (5.20 vs. 3.56 μm; p < 0.0001). Toothbrushing abrasion caused comparatively more SL in enamel (6.53 vs. 2.23 μm; p < 0.0001) than in dentin (6.06 vs. 4.38 μm; p < 0.0001). None of the tested mouthrinses affected SL. Conclusion: Commonly used mouthrinses containing antimicrobial agents or additional fluoride, do not impair the erosion/abrasion protection afforded by fluoride toothpastes. Tested SnF2 dentifrice offered greater protection against enamel surface loss and NaF dentifrices showed more protection for the dentin surface. Clinical relevance: The understanding of the interaction between commonly used rinses and fluoride dentifrices will help dentists provide better recommendations to patients with erosive lesions.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / PURPOSE: To assess the long-term effect of a 2% aqueous chlorhexidine (CHX) solution on bond strength to artificially eroded dentin compared to sound dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Flat mid-coronal dentin surfaces of extracted third molars (n = 28) were subjected only to grinding with a 600-grit SiC paper for 1 min (sound dentin S, n = 14) or additionally to erosive pH cycling with a cola-based soft-drink (eroded dentin E, n = 14). After acid etching, rinsing, and air drying, S and E were rehydrated with 1.5 μl of 2% CHX (S2%, n = 7; E2%, n = 7) or of distilled water (control SC, n = 7; EC, n = 7). Composite buildups were incrementally constructed with Filtek Z350 following Adper Single Bond 2 application. Specimens were sectioned into beams, which were subjected to microtensile testing immediately or after 6 or 12 months of aging. Fractured surfaces were observed under a digital microscope (50X magnification). Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) (MPa) was analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α = 0.05) and failure mode by the Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Compared to sound dentin, eroded dentin was consistently related to lower μTBS. Immediately and after 12-month aging, the effect of CHX was insignificant, but it was significant after 6-month aging, when it conserved the bond strength to both eroded and sound dentin. The percentage of adhesive and mixed failures were equivalent, and significantly more frequent than cohesive failures, whether in dentin or in composite. CONCLUSION: The 2% CHX effect on bond strength conservation to both eroded and sound dentin was not found to be persistent. / Revisión por pares