外資法人在台灣股市的影響力與日俱增，根據證交所的統計，今年一到二月，台股散戶交易比重已經降至六成六，遠低於五年前的九成，這顯示，隨著外資來台佈局台股，原以散戶為主力的台灣股市正逐步邁入法人市場，由「開發中國家」轉換成「已開發中國家」過程中，股市法人投資比重逐年上升是一貫的趨勢。再加上MSCI將於2005年5月調高台股權值比重由目前的75%調高至100%， 因此各界均預期將會有大量外資資金投資我國股市，這顯示外資法人對市場的影響層面與日俱增。

Retrogenes are functional genes that are created through retroposition, whereby mature mRNA is reverse-transcribed and re-integrated into the genome. In this study, the following objectives were accomplished: (i) intrachromosomal- and interchromosomal-retroposed genes were located in H. sapiens, (ii) interchromosomal-retroposed genes were located in M. musculus, D. melanogaster, and C. elegans. To date, this is the first assay for intrachromosomal-retroposed genes in H. sapiens and interchromosomal-retroposed genes in C. elegans. Biases discovered include excess interchromosomal generation of retrogenes by chromosome X in H. sapiens, M. musculus, and D. melanogaster. Selection pressure created by the inactivation of the X chromosome during male meiosis appears to be at least partially responsible for this phenomenon. In addition, excess interchromosomal recruitment of retrogenes by chromosome X was observed in H. sapiens. The driving force appears to be an interplay between selection for female-beneficial genes and selection for male-beneficial genes. No other chromosome biases were discovered.

Retrogenes are functional genes that are created through retroposition, whereby mature mRNA is reverse-transcribed and re-integrated into the genome. In this study, the following objectives were accomplished: (i) intrachromosomal- and interchromosomal-retroposed genes were located in H. sapiens, (ii) interchromosomal-retroposed genes were located in M. musculus, D. melanogaster, and C. elegans. To date, this is the first assay for intrachromosomal-retroposed genes in H. sapiens and interchromosomal-retroposed genes in C. elegans. Biases discovered include excess interchromosomal generation of retrogenes by chromosome X in H. sapiens, M. musculus, and D. melanogaster. Selection pressure created by the inactivation of the X chromosome during male meiosis appears to be at least partially responsible for this phenomenon. In addition, excess interchromosomal recruitment of retrogenes by chromosome X was observed in H. sapiens. The driving force appears to be an interplay between selection for female-beneficial genes and selection for male-beneficial genes. No other chromosome biases were discovered.

As environmental responsibility (ER) gains momentum in the corporate and stakeholder world, it is imperative to understand the relationship between ER and financial performance. While there is prior research looking at this relationship, this study provides further insight into the specific effects of negative and positive ER. In addition, it looks over the years 2008-2011 having implications for companies about the effects of their ER even through financial hardships. This study uses a widely respected corporate social responsibility database, in which ER scores were separated from. In this study, 287 firms in the S&P 500 are examined through times-series regression analyses. The results reveal that positive ER had a negative relationship with financial performance indicators Tobin’s q and ROA. However, negative ER had such strong positive relationship with financial performance in both measures, that when looking at the effect of net ER, the relationship was tipped back to positive. This indicates that negative ER worsens a company’s financial position more than spending on positive ER initiatives.

The relationship between national culture and CSR has received increased attention over the past few decades. However, to date, the results of this relationship are inconclusive as they show positive, negative, and non-significant results. Moreover, the results are outdated as only the first four dimensions of the Hofstede framework have been researched thoroughly, while the two newest dimensions have received very little attention with regards to their relationship to CSR. The key objective of this study is to contribute to the debate by testing the influence of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity, long-term orientation, and indulgence on CSR. This is done by analyzing 215 companies from 23 different countries, which are on the Forbes 2000 list. Furthermore, the moderating role of state of development is assessed in this context, by using the distinction made in the MSCI ACWI Index. By conducting a moderated multiple regression analysis, mixed results were found on the influence of national culture on CSR, which could be ascribed to a difference in sample. Moreover, the influence of state of development was not significant in the main regression, however, it gave interesting opportunities for future research. The findings of this study thereby add to the body of knowledge on national culture, CSR, and state of development, and provide several theoretical and managerial implications.

德國投資大師科斯托蘭尼（Kostolany）曾用主人牽狗散步來形容股價跟基本面的運行關係，主人從甲地到乙地的路徑像是公司的基本面，而狗跟隨著主人的步伐忽前忽後、亦步亦趨就像是股價，兩者之間短期間不一定會同步，但最終必將一致。這個現象說明了股市投資的一個不變的真理：長期而言，股價必將反映公司經營的基本面。作為一個投資人如果無法掌握基本面的走向，而只知道一味的追逐股價的走向，則無異於捨本逐末，緣木求魚了。 從基本面來分析公司的價值，最直接正確的方是就是現金流量折現模型，但這個方法對於如何預估公司未來產生的現金流，及如何採用折現率存在著相當大的歧異。再者，一經估算出公司的內在價值後，要在什麼價格買進是另外一個要面對的問題。葛林布雷（Joel Greenblatt）選擇從另外一個角度切入，他藉著資本報酬率（Capital return）來篩選經營績效傑出的公司，加上盈餘報酬率（Earning Yield）來選出便宜的標的，兩者結合在一起過濾出的組合可充分發揮出價值投資者選股的精神。 本研究應用他所提出的方法，選擇MSCI Asia Pacific ex-Japan指數做為樣本，實際驗證用這兩個神奇公式所選出的投資組合在2002-2007年的表現，結果得到年化報酬率超過指數表現高達40%的績效。對於一般非專業的投資人，可以利用這個低成本及有效的方式建構一個價值型的投資組合，避免跟隨市場波動而頻繁地交易，達到投資而非投機的目的了。 / Andre Kostolany, Germany guru investor, explains the relationship between stock price and fundamental by an example of a man walking a dog. The master’s route expresses the company’s operation fundamental while the follow-up path of the dog is the stock price movement. Their paths are not sure synchronizing at short period of time but it will be corresponding in the long run. Admittedly, this phenomenon tells us the truth that the stock price finally should reflects the operating result of the company. Therefore, it’s in vain if an investor cannot manage to understand the business development but only chase technical price information. Basically, the discount cash flow, DCF, is the first and foremost method to evaluate the value of the company. However, how to forecast the future cash flow of the business as well as how much the discounting rate be used are still among debatable. Secondly, when to buy the stock is another dilemma after the intrinsic value is calculated. Joel Greenblatt takes the topic from a different angle. He points out those stocks with high capital yield and earning yield that depicting not only superior capital spending but also relatively inexpensive compare to others. In short, his two magic formulas combine major value investor components indeed. This thesis applies his findings to eqiuty portfolio construction in Asia Pacific markets. From 2002 to 2007, the magic 30 basket, composed of 30 constituents with highest capital and earning yield, outperforms the MSCI Asia Pacific ex- Japan benchmark by astonishing 40% p.a. For non-institutional investors, the model is particularly useful in construction a value-oriented portfolio that refrains from frequent transactions in face of market volatility.

本篇研究利用期貨與買賣權平價模式，考慮持有成本後，針對每一筆樣本，建立其無套利區間的上下限，並將投資人分類為自然人與法人，分析兩者在SIMEX台股期貨與期貨選擇權市場中，使用持有到期買進與賣空套利策略之獲利情形，以分析SIMEX台股指數期貨與期貨選擇權市場兩者間之日內定價效率性。研究期間從摩根台股指數期貨在1997年1月到1998年12月底為止共兩年期間，利用事後檢定(假設馬上成交)與事前檢定(假設交易有時間落差)兩種方法，將期貨與選擇權買賣權三種商品在1分鐘以內配合者，作為研究之樣本。結論如下： 1. 在交易成本方面，一般來說，自然人交易成本在100到140美元之間，而法人則在10到50美元之間，兩者之差約在90美元。 2. 在事後檢定中，在買進避險套利策略共有1,293個樣本，賣空避險套利策略有1,323個樣本，平均結果皆有損失，只有少數樣本考慮交易成本後能獲得利潤，平均值T檢定皆為顯著小於0，證明法人與自然人在市場上無法套利。在市場日內定價效率性方面，買進與賣出策略獲利平均值均顯著小於0，且所有時段的T檢定值均落於拒絕區內，平均值為顯著小於0，所以對自然人與法人而言，SIMEX台股指數期貨與台股指數期貨選擇權間的定價具有效率性。 3. 在事前檢定方面，在買進策略有77筆、賣出策略有81筆成交資料，自然人與法人獲利的樣本比例有明顯增加，大多數樣本的時間落差在30分鐘以上。檢定結果平均值皆為負值，自然人與法人亦無套利利潤，也支持市場日內定價具有效率性。 4. 迴歸分析中，事前檢定結果支持市場效率性的假設，期貨與買賣權平價模式在法人與自然人均有良好的解釋力，因此在套利活動上，運用此平價理論，結合市場交易成本之影響，應可做為套利策略是否進場套利的判斷準則。 5. 事後檢定樣本中，賣空套利策略有較佳的績效表現，相反的，事前檢定中，買進套利策略有較佳的表現。 6. 在時間落差影響方面，獲利利潤並無明顯隨著落差時間增加而減少的現象。 7. 考慮匯率變動因素之後，事後與事前檢定的樣本中，原本套利損失，經過匯率兌換後，可能變為獲利，但是在事前檢定賣空策略中，有2個樣本原先有套利利潤，經匯率兌換後，反變為損失的情況，可見匯率因素亦相當重要。 第一章、緒論 1 第一節、研究背景與動機 1 第二節、研究範圍 4 第三節、研究目的 5 第四節、研究假設與限制 6 第二章、文獻探討 9 第一節、新加坡SIMEX摩根台股指數期貨與期貨選擇權市場簡介 9 第二節、國外相關文獻 17 第三節、國內相關文獻 27 第三章、研究方法 31 第一節、套利理論與市場效率性 31 第二節、無套利區間與交易成本之估算方式 33 第三節、事後(EX POST)與事前(EX ANTE)檢定 39 第四節、資料收集 44 第五節、研究架構 45 第四章、實證結果 47 第一節、交易成本與無套利區間之估算 47 第二節、事後檢定 52 第三節、事前檢定EX-ANTE TEST 72 第四節、匯率變動對獲利之影響 82 第五章、結論與建議 86 第一節、結論 86 第二節、建議 89 參考文獻 90

MSCI台灣指數成分股的變動，於宣告日及生效日，對於新增股及剔除股的股價的異常報酬的效果；並同時以對照組比較其異常報酬。再者，依成分股加入台灣指數的幾個不同變數：加入台灣指數比重、依自由浮動（free float）調整後的股本，以自由浮動（free float）調整後的權益市值，以及外資持股比率和外資持股比率變動，比較其異常報酬的影響。 依實證結果發現，MSCI成分股的新增股及剔除股，於宣告日和生效日，皆存在明顯異常報酬。相對於對照組，於宣告日和生效日，異常報酬皆不明顯。而以加入台灣指數的比重、依自由浮動調整的股本、依自由浮動調整的權益市值，對異常報酬的影響，於宣告日及收盤後生效日，以及對新增股及剔除股的效果皆不盡相同。新增股於生效日，外資持股率小，異常報酬大；而剔除股於宣告日及生效日，外資持股率大，異常報酬大。由宣告日至生效日當天，新增股的外資持股變動較大，平均累積異常報酬亦較大；剔除股的外資持股減碼較多，平均累積異常報酬亦較大。

本文主要針對金融海嘯前後，亞洲國家資本市場報酬動態相關性的變化進行研究，過去對國際資本市場變化研究，著重於股票市場的關係且多假設相關係數為固定。 本研究應用Cappiello, Engle and Sheppard（2006）提出的AG-DCC GARCH模型（Asymmetric Generalized Dynamic Conditional Correlation GARCH），探討亞洲國家股票與債券市場的動態相關性變化。除了股票市場間報酬相關性的變化之外，同時考量危機發生時可能有flight-to-quality效果，而將台灣、韓國日本之債券市場進行研究，並將資本市場面對正面與負面衝擊時，所可能產生之不同反應納入評估，並採用國際投資者常作為投資參考的MSCI指數與J.P.Morgan指數作為研究資料來源。 研究發現台灣、中國、韓國及日本的股票指數與台灣、韓國及日本的債券市場的相關係數會隨時間變動而變動，並進一步藉由AG-DCC GARCH發現各指數在金融海嘯前後的相關係數趨勢且市場間在金融海嘯後動態相關性有顯著的差異。 投資者進行國際投資組合配置或者投資標的選擇，應考量市場間的動態相關性改變所帶來的影響，並配合本身風險傾向找出最適當的避險方式，避免因忽略市場訊息可能產生的投資風險。對政府而言，制訂政策同時尚需考量國際資本移動產生的衝擊，以及其對政策實際執行的效果影響，進而制訂有效的政策。

There is no clear consensus about whether green investments perform better, worse orequal to conventional brown investments. With the rising popularity of socialinvestments, it becomes increasingly important to understand these investments. Therecent launch of the MSCI Climate Paris Aligned Indices (CPAI) aim to illustrate thedevelopment of an economy that is in line with the requirements and goals of the ParisAgreement from 2015. In this research we aim to find out whether the MSCI Europe,USA and EM Climate Paris Aligned Indices outperform their parent indices. We do thisby comparing performance measures such as the net return, standard deviation of netreturns and Sharpe ratio. We further conduct an ordinary least squares regression to testwhether the betas and Jensen´s alphas of the CPAI differ significantly from their parentindices.The results show that only the USA CPAI clearly outperforms its parent index. This isdue to it having a higher Sharpe Ratio and Jensen’s alpha as well as higher monthly netreturns and a lower standard deviation compared to its parent index. The regressionshows that it does perform better than the parent index. The results for the EM CPAIshow that it performs in a similar way as its parent index. It has a higher monthly netreturn but also slightly higher standard deviation which leads to an equally large Sharperatio. Neither the estimated Jensen’s alpha nor the beta are significantly different fromthose of its parent index and thus the hypothesis of it performing equally as well as itsparent index cannot not be rejected. Lastly, the Europe CPAI has a higher Sharpe ratio,Jensen’s alpha and monthly net returns than its parent index, but it also exhibits a higherstandard deviation. The regression indicated that it performs in a similar way as itsparent index, no difference could be proven. In conclusion, this means that all CPAIperform at least equally as well as their parent indices, if not better.