Suite à un long processus, la Turquie a obtenu le statut de pays candidat en 1999 et elle a commencé les négociations avec les institutions européennes en 2005. En effet, la Turquie s’engage à l’harmonisation de ses systèmes juridique, politique et institutionnel avec celui de l’UE. Certes, c’est l’État turc qui exclusivement participe à ces négociations, ses collectivités locales sont cependant concernées. Depuis 2003, le gouvernement a mis en place une série de réformes pour moderniser l’administration publique. Cette modernisation s’appuie sur « la décentralisation à la turque » qui permet de réorganiser les relations et les répartitions des compétences entre l’État et ses collectivités locales auxquelles les lois confèrent une autonomie administrative et financière. Grâce à l’introduction des instruments variés, le droit des collectivités locales est en pleine mutation. Plusieurs indices mentionnés révèlent, que les revendications et le droit de l’UE sont à l’origine de cette mutation. Partant de l’idée que la pratique des pays membres, conduit à reconnaître que l’UE et les entités infra-étatiques sont comme des partenaires, les collectivités locales turques cherchent un nouveau rôle vis-à-vis de l’UE. Ce partenariat se base sur la gouvernance à multi-niveaux. Cependant, ni le droit turc ni le droit de l’UE ne privilégient la place des collectivités locales turques dans cette politique. D’ailleurs, certaines relations que les collectivités locales entretiennent avec leurs homologues européens au sein de l’UE et ses institutions engendrent une véritable intégration / After a long process, Turkey became a candidate country in 1999 and started to negotiate with the European institutions in 2005. Turkey is indeed committed to harmonizing its political, juridical and institutional system with the EU. Certainly, it is only Turkish state which is taking part in in these negotiations, local authorities are however concerned. Since 2003, the government has established reforms in order to modernize public administration. This modernization is based on “Turkish decentralization” which enables to reorganize relationships and the division of expertise between the state and local administration to which laws give administrative and financial autonomy. Thanks to the introduction of various instruments, territorial communities law is changing. Many indications that the EU is at the origin of these mutations. Assuming that the practice of member states leads to the recognition that the EU and local administrations function as partners, the Turkish local administrations are aspiring to a new role regarding the EU. This partnership is based on multi- level governance. Nevertheless, neither the Turkish law or the EU law, favor the position of local administrations in this politic. Besides, some relations that local administrations have within the EU, lead to a true integration

Diploma thesis "Influence of the European Union on the mobility of volunteers coming to the Czech Republic" deals with the mobility of volunteers from partner countries of the EU who participate in the European Voluntary Service - the EU programme of. non -formal education in the Czech Republic. The thesis follows the existing development of mobility of people till 2004, when the Council of the EU used its increased competence in the area of freedom, security and justice and approved the Directive 2004/114/EC on the conditions of admission of third - country nationals for the purpose of studies, pupils exchange, unremunerated training or voluntary service. It is the first time ever when the Directive mentions the volunteers as a specific target group of the mobility for educational purpose. The paper evaluates if the directive reflects the present challenges of recognition of the non - formal education on the European level. Further on, it focuses specifically on the year 2007 when the influence of the European legislature entered into the immigration policy of the Czech Republic, particularly in the amendment of the act on residence of foreigners on the territory of the Czech Republic n. 326/1999 Sb. which among others allows the volunteers in the age of 18 till 25 years old to apply for the...

Denna uppsats behandlar ämnet klimatanpassning inom vattenförvaltningen i Sverige som härleds från Europeiska Unionens ramdirektiv för vatten. Sveriges vattenresursers utsätts för påfrestningar från klimatförändringar. Klimatanpassning behövs därför för att säkra vattenresurserna för nuvarande och kommande generationer och ett stort ansvar kring detta arbete vilar på lokal nivå i samhället. EU:s utvärdering av vattenförvaltningsarbetet konstaterar att det finns förbättringsmöjligheter gällande sociala och organisatoriska aspekterna kring klimatanpassning. Studiens fokus är på dessa aspekter med tillägg att de även är avgörande för att uppnå en transformativ klimatanpassning, den högsta av tre nivåer inom klimatanpassning där samhällsomvandling sker. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar klimatanpassningen på lokal nivå inom vattenförvaltningen i Sverige ur ett transformativt klimatanpassningsperspektiv. Detta undersöks genom att besvara frågeställningarna om vad som driver och begränsar klimatanpassning på lokal nivå inom vattenförvaltningen och hur dessa drivkrafter och begränsningar skulle kunna hanteras för att uppnå en transformativ klimatanpassning. Studien utförs genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av samrådsdokument från de fem vattendistrikten i Sverige. Analysen genomförs med en abduktiv inriktning där kontexten är ur ett klimatanpassnings- och riskperspektiv gentemot klimatförändringarnas påverkan på vattenresurserna. Resultatet visar att faktorer som engagemang, målkonflikter, organisation, ansvarsfördelning, samverkan, ekonomiska- och kompetensmässiga resursbrister, nonchalans, lagstiftning och samordning påverkar lokal klimatanpassning inom vattenförvaltningen. I diskussionen knyts resultatet till tidigare forskning och det teoretiska ramverket för att ge en djupare förståelse för faktorernas innebörd i relation till att uppnå en transformativ klimatanpassning och samt de är begränsande eller drivande. Teoretiska ramverket innehållande flernivåstyrning, miljörättvisa, strategiskt ledarskap och samskapande anknyter till hur drivkrafterna och begränsningarna kan hanteras. Slutsatserna för studien visar att implementering av strategiskt ledarskap och samskapande på lokal nivå inom vattenförvaltningen är ett arbetssätt för att uppnå transformativ klimatanpassning. / This paper addresses the topic of climate adaptation within water management in Sweden, based on the European Union's Water Framework Directive. Sweden's water resources being exposed to stress from climate change. Therefore, climate adaptation must be implemented to secure water resources for current and future generations and a great responsibility regarding this work rests at the local level in society. The EU evaluation of water management work notes that there is a need for improvement regarding social and organizational aspects of climate adaptation. The focus of the study is on the aforementioned aspects, additionally these aspects are also crucial for achieving a transformative climate adaptation, the highest of three levels in climate adaptation where social transformation takes place. Thus, the purpose of the study is to investigate what factors affect climate adaptation at the local level in water management in Sweden from a transformative climate adaptation perspective. The purpose is fulfilled by answering the questions about what drives and limits climate adaptation at the local level within water management and how these driving forces and constraints could be managed to achieve transformative climate adaptation. The study is conducted through a qualitative content analysis of consultation documents from the five water districts in Sweden. The analysis is conducted with an abductive approach where the context is from a climate adaptation and risk perspective vis-à-vis the effects of climate change on water resources. The results show that factors such as commitment, target conflicts, organization, division of responsibilities, collaboration, financial and skills shortages, non-balance, legislation and coordination affect local climate adaptation in water management. In the discussion, the result is linked to previous research and the theoretical framework to provide a deeper understanding of the significance of the factors in relation to achieving a transformative climate adaptation and if they act as driving forces or constraints. The theoretical framework consisting of multi-level governance, environmental justice, strategic leadership and co-creation links to how the driving forces and constraints can be managed. The conclusions of the study show that implementation of strategic leadership and collaboration at the local level in water management is a possible way of achieving transformative climate adaptation.

In the beginning of 2020, the world was struck by the Covid-19 pandemic that inhibited many economies. Sweden was chosen because of its unique case when responding to the Covid-19 spread by applying an open policy in contrast to the implementation of total lockdowns.   The aim of this study is to explore the governmental budgetary responses to the Covid-19 pandemic in Sweden. To fulfil this aim, the study focuses on the multi-level governance relationships between different national and local actors in Sweden. In order to explore Sweden’s unique case, an inductive approach was carried out through netnography, mass-media analysis and document analysis in the period between January 31 and May 15. The theoretical frame of reference is based on multi-level governance and actor network theory.   The study concludes that technology as a non-human actor has played a vital role when enhancing collaborations between different actors such as government, regions, municipalities, companies and universities, in order to minimize the infection spread and economic consequences of Covid-19. The study is a basis for continued research on the unexplored topic of crisis management of Covid-19 in Sweden.

In the beginning of 2020, the world was struck by the Covid-19 pandemic that inhibited many economies. Sweden was chosen because of its unique case when responding to the Covid-19 spread by applying an open policy in contrast to the implementation of total lockdowns.   The aim of this study is to explore the governmental budgetary responses to the Covid-19 pandemic in Sweden. To fulfil this aim, the study focuses on the multi-level governance relationships between different national and local actors in Sweden. In order to explore Sweden’s unique case, an inductive approach was carried out through netnography, mass-media analysis and document analysis in the period between January 31 and May 15. The theoretical frame of reference is based on multi-level governance and actor network theory.   The study concludes that technology as a non-human actor has played a vital role when enhancing collaborations between different actors such as government, regions, municipalities, companies and universities, in order to minimize the infection spread and economic consequences of Covid-19. The study is a basis for continued research on the unexplored topic of crisis management of Covid-19 in Sweden.

The thesis examines the impact of euroregion Silva Nortica on cross-border cooperation and regional identity. Silva Nortica as the newest Czech euroregion is located in Czech-Austrian borderland. The situation in the euroregion is analyzed through quantitative and qualitative research to offer a complex view on the issue. In context of institutional framework conditions the questionnaire survey together with guided interviews with representatives of the euroregion was analyzed. The thesis also offers possible ways of future development of the euroregion. The results show a good potential among locals to build a cross-border community. However, on the institutional level there are many problematic factors as constrains in future development of cross-border cooperation in Czech-Austrian borderland. Key words: Euroregion Silva Nortica, Czech-Austrian borderland, cross-border cooperation, regional identity, cross-border community, multi-level governance

This diploma thesis is a single-case study analyzing promotion of the concept of Flexicurity principle in the CR through the Open Method of Coordination (OMC). The concept of flexicurity began raising European integration actors' awareness since early 2000s. That was due to considerations how to strenghten competitiveness of the EU Member States' economies during growing expansion of more liberal markets such as China, and in the same time to maintain the European social model based on the concept of welfare state. In 2007, there was adopted EU's definition of Flexicurity. Flexicurity began to be promoted by the OMC. This thesis responds to the lack of studies analyzing the influence of the OMC in specific policy areas. Tha author analyzes literature, relevant laws as well as thier explanatory reports, National Reform Programmes, Czech government's policy statements, and interviews with representatives of tripartite actors who take part in social dialogue. The study explores how does the OMC work in the case of Flexicurity promotion. The aim is to find out which of the selected theories is more suitable for describing the process of Flexicurity promotion through the OMC. Selected theories are the theory of Multi-Level Governace (MLG) and the theory of Sociological Institutionalism (SI). The author...

The master's thesis "Strategic multilevel governance in cultural policy" deals with the often omitted topic of cultural policy. This field is observed from the strategic governance point of view and its position is analysed according to the levels of governance - supra-national, national, and sub-national. To explore the current state of the culture, it had to be placed into a framework forming context, where cultural policy takes place. Therefore, the analysis of this work dealt with the activities of political institutions according to the evaluation framework and with the evaluation of two specific cases of public policy documents of national and sub-national levels, including their application. From the perspective of major institutions at various levels of governance, especially organizations specialized on the field of culture, certain effort of conceptual solution of partial and overall issues of this field was found. The specific implementation and responsibility are often delegated to the lower levels of governance. Mainly, the continuity in the strategic documents topic and time at the multi-level governance is very problematic, as well as the funding necessary for their implementation. At the end of this work, specific recommendations, which should result in the improvement of strategic...

The work looks at EU's development policy through the lens of one of integration theories, namely multi-level governance. The relationship between the EU and three countries from ACP group, Rwanda, Haiti and East Timor is being analysed. From current trends of multi-level governance the research is focusing on the process of strengthening of supranational level and on advancing regionalization, understood in terms of regional integration on one side and the transfer of powers to lower administrative units or local emancipation. The work is inspired by the idea of the author Martin Holland that integration theories are better observable on EU's development policy than on EU's integration itself. Using the comparison of official EU's declarations over development cooperation with ACP group and real agenda implemented in those countries, the work investigates EU's involvement during penetration of surveyed countries into transnational structures, into regional coalitions and the promotion of emancipation of lower administrative units in the country. The research aims to analyze bonds formed between the European Union and Rwanda, Haiti and East Timor, which, according to Martin Holland, the concept of multi-level governance should best describe.

This paper is a single-case study on the European Commission’s (the Commission) proposal for a directive on improving gender balance among non-executive directors of companies listed on stock exchange. I aim to study the decision-making process of the Directive and, by applying the theories of multi-level governance and social policy, examine to what extent the proposal was negotiated and watered down during the negotiation process. I will do this by adopting a discourse analysis approach and using qualitative data such as EU documents, country statements and articles related to the proposal, to gather an in-depth understanding of the issue.  My findings are straightforward. First, the EU social policy domain is a complex area and difficult to legislate on, within a multi-level governance system. Second, Euroscepticism is growing throughout Europe and several forces opposed the idea of more power being transferred to the EU. Lastly, Northern Member States as well as countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), held a negative position throughout the process and argued against EU interference in the domestic social policies. The above-mentioned tensions were the cause of the controversial and lengthy negotiations on the Directive and the reasons why the decision-making process of this case lasted over 10 years. However despite the clear-cut assumptions, I found that the proposal was not watered down, but in fact the opposite.