Denna studie ämnar belysa hur svarta män framställs i film och vilka attityder dessa män har mot varandra. Uppsatsen undersöker hur aggressivitet och femininitet tar sig uttryck i den Oscarbelönade filmen Moonlight (2016) och vilka stereotyper som framkommer hos männen i filmen. Eftersom filmen behandlar homosexualitet i ett socioekonomiskt lågt område ämnar studien undersöka attityden gentemot homosexualitet och hur huvudkaraktären lever ett liv som homosexuell man. Teorier som används för att kunna undersöka aggressivitet och femininitet i filmen är heteronormativitet, representationsteori och stereotyper samt maskulinitet och hegemoni som hjälper oss titta djupare på aggressiviteten. Utifrån en multimodal diskursanalys har vi med hjälp av lexikala val, värdeladdade ord och paralingvistisk kommunikation studerat filmen och valt ut scener som belyser det som vi ämnar undersöka. Analysen visade att aggressivitet uttrycktes både verbalt och fysiskt, samt att det skedde en maktordning bland de manliga karaktärerna i filmen. De som faller innanför den heterosexuella ramen blir inte utsatta för samma våld och aggression som homosexuella män. Femininitet är ett genomgående tema i filmen som visade sig främst hos den homosexuella huvudkaraktären. Det syntes utifrån sårbarhet och att vara öppen med sina känslor. / This study aims to illustrate how Black men are depicted in film and what attitudes these men have towards each other. The study examines how aggressiveness and femininity is expressed in the Oscar awarded film Moonlight (2016) and what stereotypes that are emerging among the men in the film. Since the film includes homosexuality in a socio-economically low area, this study aims to look at attitudes towards homosexuality and how the main character is living a life as a homosexual man. Theories that have been used to examine aggressiveness and femininity are heteronormativity, representation theory and stereotypes as well as masculinity and hegemony that helps us look further into the aggressiveness. Based on a multimodal discourse analysis, we have used lexical choices, valued words, and paralinguistic communication to study the film and chose scenes that illustrate the aim of this study. The analysis showed that aggressiveness was expressed verbally and physically, and that there was a power structure among the male characters in the film. The ones falling within the heterosexual frame are not being exposed to the same amount of violence and aggression as the homosexual men. Femininity is a thoroughgoingly theme in the film and was shown mostly by the homosexual main character. It was shown by vulnerability and by expressing emotions.

This classroom ethnography documents the developing critical literacy pedagogy of an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) instructor over the course of several terms. My research, which involved extensive collaboration with the EAP instructor, explores how specific classroom practices and discourses are enacted and mediated through dialogic intertextualities, material objects, and social actions that frame representations about language, literacy, and what Lefebvre (1988) called “le quotidien” – the everyday, and how these affect the students’ meaning-making potential in specific ways. It also traces the contours (and detours) of the instructor’s classroom practices after the researcher’s mediation in the form of collaborative inquiries on functional grammar and critical literacy, and the effects of these classroom practices on making meaning in her EAP classes. I consider several issues from an integrated theory and practice perspective. Because of an urgent need to understand the students’ practices and epistemologies as they engage in ever newer forms of multimodal text productions, I contend that EAP classroom practices must be reshaped to facilitate more (inter)active engagements of the multimodal texts that saturate students’ lives, both inside the class and outside. Related to this, I highlight in my classroom data what actually counts as the ‘critical’ or the ‘uncritical’ in this EAP classroom and argue why these distinctions matter. Lastly, I suggest ways in which the role of a critical multiliteracies education in EAP can meet the pragmatic needs of both students and teachers. My research contributes to a much-needed dialogue between critically oriented researchers and practitioners in the field of TESOL/Applied Linguistics by bridging the gap between theory and practice. The lessons learned from this collaborative classroom praxis point to concrete ways to help EAP teachers and students utilize their meaning-making potential. This involves equipping them with an expanded social semiotic tool-kit that can enable them to not only meet their immediate academic needs, but also help create a more active and possibly transformative role in the social constructions of discourse, language, and society. This doctoral dissertation has implications for those who are involved in EAP teaching and research, curriculum planning, teacher training, and student needs assessment.

This classroom ethnography documents the developing critical literacy pedagogy of an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) instructor over the course of several terms. My research, which involved extensive collaboration with the EAP instructor, explores how specific classroom practices and discourses are enacted and mediated through dialogic intertextualities, material objects, and social actions that frame representations about language, literacy, and what Lefebvre (1988) called “le quotidien” – the everyday, and how these affect the students’ meaning-making potential in specific ways. It also traces the contours (and detours) of the instructor’s classroom practices after the researcher’s mediation in the form of collaborative inquiries on functional grammar and critical literacy, and the effects of these classroom practices on making meaning in her EAP classes. I consider several issues from an integrated theory and practice perspective. Because of an urgent need to understand the students’ practices and epistemologies as they engage in ever newer forms of multimodal text productions, I contend that EAP classroom practices must be reshaped to facilitate more (inter)active engagements of the multimodal texts that saturate students’ lives, both inside the class and outside. Related to this, I highlight in my classroom data what actually counts as the ‘critical’ or the ‘uncritical’ in this EAP classroom and argue why these distinctions matter. Lastly, I suggest ways in which the role of a critical multiliteracies education in EAP can meet the pragmatic needs of both students and teachers. My research contributes to a much-needed dialogue between critically oriented researchers and practitioners in the field of TESOL/Applied Linguistics by bridging the gap between theory and practice. The lessons learned from this collaborative classroom praxis point to concrete ways to help EAP teachers and students utilize their meaning-making potential. This involves equipping them with an expanded social semiotic tool-kit that can enable them to not only meet their immediate academic needs, but also help create a more active and possibly transformative role in the social constructions of discourse, language, and society. This doctoral dissertation has implications for those who are involved in EAP teaching and research, curriculum planning, teacher training, and student needs assessment.

[ES] Esta tesis investiga la representación de los refugiados iraquíes en The Guardian y Deutsche Welle, empleando el Análisis Crítico del Discurso (ACD), el Análisis del Encuadre y el Análisis Multimodal. La investigación incluye el análisis lingüístico de titulares de noticias y el análisis multimodal de representaciones visuales. El primer análisis revela que The Guardian utiliza a menudo un discurso empático y político, especialmente hacia minorías étnicas como yazidíes y cristianos, mientras que la representación de Deutsche Welle está influida por los acontecimientos políticos en Alemania. Ambos medios enmarcan la crisis de los refugiados iraquíes como un problema social de Oriente Medio, destacando los desplazamientos forzosos y los ataques del ISIS. El análisis multimodal identifica cuatro temas en las representaciones visuales: individualización y distancia, que humanizan a los refugiados, y alteridad y objetivización, que los deshumanizan. El texto y las imágenes a veces se refuerzan mutuamente, pero también pueden presentar mensajes inconexos. Las imágenes visuales evocan respuestas emocionales más fuertes y proporcionan un contexto adicional más allá del análisis textual. La tesis concluye que la integración de los análisis de texto e imagen ofrece una comprensión más completa de las representaciones mediáticas, haciendo hincapié en la dimensión cohesiva de los textos multimodales a la hora de configurar el contexto y el significado. / [CA] Aquesta tesi investiga la representació dels refugiats iraquians en The Guardian i Deutsche Welle, emprant l'Anàlisi Crítica del Discurs (CDA), l'Anàlisi de l'Emmarcament i l'Anàlisi Multimodal. La recerca inclou una anàlisi lingüística dels titulars de notícies i una anàlisi multimodal de les representacions visuals. La primera anàlisi revela que The Guardian sovint utilitza un discurs empàtic i polític, especialment cap a les minories ètniques com els yazidites i cristians, mentre que la representació de Deutsche Welle està influenciada pels esdeveniments polítics a Alemanya. Ambdós mitjans emmarquen la crisi dels refugiats iraquians com un problema social de l'Orient Mitjà, destacant el desplaçament forçat i els atacs d'ISIS. L'anàlisi multimodal identifica quatre temes en les representacions visuals: individualització i distància, que humanitzen els refugiats, i alteritat i objectivació, que els deshumanitzen. Text i imatges a vegades es reforcen mútuament però també poden presentar missatges disjuntius. Les imatges visuals evoquen respostes emocionals més fortes i proporcionen context addicional més enllà de l'anàlisi textual. La tesi conclou que integrar l'anàlisi de text i imatge ofereix una comprensió més completa de les representacions mediàtiques, destacant la dimensió cohesionada dels textos multimodals en la configuració del context i significat. / [EN] This thesis investigates the depiction of Iraqi refugees in The Guardian and Deutsche Welle, employing Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Framing Analysis, and Multimodal Analysis. The research includes linguistic analysis of news headlines and multimodal analysis of visual representations. The first analysis reveals that The Guardian often uses empathetic and political discourse, especially towards ethnic minorities like Yazidis and Christians, while Deutsche Welle's portrayal is influenced by political events in Germany. Both outlets frame the Iraqi refugee crisis as a Middle Eastern social problem, highlighting forced displacement and attacks by ISIS. The multimodal analysis identifies four themes in visual portrayals: individualization and distance, which humanize refugees, and otherness and objectivization, which dehumanize them. Text and images sometimes reinforce each other but can also present disjointed messages. Visual images evoke stronger emotional responses and provide additional context beyond textual analysis. The thesis concludes that integrating text and image analyses offers a more comprehensive understanding of media representations, emphasizing the cohesive dimension of multimodal texts in shaping context and meaning. / Abed, AN. (2024). Framing Iraqi Refugees in The Guardian and Deutsche Welle: A Critical Discourse and Multimodal Analysis Study [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/207879