La microscopie multiphoton est une technique d'imagerie optique dont une des caractéristiques les plus remarquables est de fournir une information micrométrique en profondeur dans les tissus intacts. Un autre intérêt est la possibilité de visualiser la structure d'une cellule ou d'un tissu en utilisant des sources de contraste endogènes qui permettent une imagerie très peu invasive. De plus, divers modes de contrastes tels que la fluorescence excitée à deux photons (2PEF), la génération de seconde harmonique (SHG) ou la génération de troisième harmonique (THG) sont facilement combinables, et les applications de la microscopie multiphoton sont ainsi nombreuses et variées, dans des domaines comme les neurosciences, la cancérologie, l'embryologie,... Cependant, des progrès sont encore nécessaires dans la compréhension des contrastes optiques non-linéaires endogènes observés dans les tissus. Dans ce contexte, la génération de seconde harmonique par le collagène fibrillaire soulevait différentes questions au début de ce travail, notamment sur la spécificité de la SHG en fonction du type de collagène et sur le rôle de sa structure chirale en triple hélice dans la forte amplitude des signaux observés. L'étude du collagène est particulièrement intéressante car il représente 30 % du contenu total du corps humain en protéines. Constituant principal de la matrice extracellulaire d'une grande variété de tissus et d'organes, le collagène est impliqué dans tout remodelage de la matrice extracellulaire et dans de nombreuses pathologies, mais on manque actuellement d'outils performants pour visualiser son architecture tridimensionnelle à l'échelle micrométrique. Dans ce contexte, la microscopie SHG est un outil prometteur pour visualiser la distribution du collagène dans les tissus. Ce travail de thèse a débuté avec des expériences de génération de seconde harmonique en surface résolue en polarisation sur des films minces de molécules de collagène de type I et IV, qui nous ont permis de démontrer que la microscopie SHG est une sonde de l'organisation macromoléculaire du collagène et non pas du type de collagène. Nous avons appliqué ensuite ces résultats à l'étude de la fibrose collagénique pulmonaire et rénale dans des modèles murins, une accumulation pathologique de collagène fibrillaire qui peut conduire à une insuffisance rénale terminale ou à une insuffisance respiratoire souvent létale à terme. Nous avons démontré que la microscopie multiphoton permet de visualiser la morphologie de ces tissus, de mettre en évidence toutes les caractéristiques de ces pathologies et d'évaluer quantitativement le remodelage de la matrice extracellulaire au cours de l'évolution de la fibrose. Finalement, nous avons proposé des scores de fibrose basés sur des densités volumiques de pixels SHG qui nous ont permis d'apprécier le rôle de certains facteurs (cellules/enzymes d'assemblage) responsables de la fibrose. Ce travail devrait ainsi permettre de proposer de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques pour ces pathologies fibrosantes.

New generations of ultrashort and intense laser pulses as well ashigh power synchrotron radiation sources and x-ray free electronlasers have promoted fast developments in nonlinear optics andx-ray spectroscopy.The new experimental achievements and the appearance of varieties of novelnonlinear phenomena call for further development of theories. The objective of this thesis is to develop and apply thetheories to explain existing experimental data and to suggest new experiments. The first part of the thesis is devoted to nonlinear propagation of optical pulses. It is shown that the vibrational levels can be selectively populated by varying the duration, shape and intensity of the pump pulse. We obtained a strict analytical solution for the resonant two-photon interaction in a multilevel system beyond rotating wave approximation. Simulations show that the polarization anisotropy of the two-photon excitation affects strongly the anisotropy of photobleaching.The two-photon area theorem is reformulated with taking into account the dynamical Stark shift and the contribution from the permanent dipole moments. In general the dynamical Stark shift does not allow complete population of the excited state, but it can be compensated by detunings in atoms. A dynamical theory of the sequential two-photon absorption of  microsecond pulses  is developed to explore the role of transverse inhomogeneity of the light beam on optical limiting properties.  The propagation of ultrashort laser pulses in nondipolar and dipolar media is investigated with special attention to the generation of superfluorescence and supercontinuum and the formation of attosecond pulses. The second part of the thesis addresses the interaction of molecules with x-ray radiation.  We explore here the role of nuclear dynamics in resonant Auger scattering. Multimode simulations of the Auger spectra of ethylene molecule explain the main spectral features of the experimental spectra and show that the spectral profiles are formed mainly due to six vibrational modes. We predict the Doppler splitting of the atomic peak in resonant Auger scattering from SF6 molecule for circularly polarized x-rays. This effect is confirmed by the recent experiment. A new scheme of x-ray pump-probe spectroscopy, namely, resonant inelastic x-ray scattering accompanied by core-hole hopping induced by strong laser fields is suggested. The laser-induced promotion of core holes opens the symmetry forbidden scattering channels and gives rise to new spectral lines in the x-ray scattering spectrum. The strength of the symmetry forbidden lines becomes strong when  the time of Rabi flopping is shorter than the lifetime of the core-excited state. We study the role of propagation of femtosecond x-ray free-electron pulses on the Auger process. Simulations show  that there exists a strong competition between Auger decay and stimulated emission. The Auger yield and Auger branching ratio are strongly suppressed in the course of pulse propagation. / QC 20100729

Nonlinear Optical Microscopy (NLOM) has been shown to be a valuable tool for noninvasive imaging of complex biological systems. An effective approach for multicolor molecular microscopy is simultaneous excitation of multiple fluorophores by broadband sub-10-fs pulses. This dissertation will discuss the development of two spectral imaging systems using the principles of nonlinear optical microscopy for pixel-by-pixel spectral segmentation of multiple fluorescent spectra. The first spectral system is reliant on a fiber-optic cable to transmit fluorescent signal to a spectrometer, while the second is based on a spectrometer with an aberration-corrected concave grating that is directly coupled to the microscope. A photon-counting, 16-channel multianode photomultiplier tube (PMT) is used for both systems. Custom software developed in LabVIEW controls multiple counter cards as well as a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for 1 Hz acquisition of 256x256x16 spectral images. Biological specimen consisting of multicolor endothelial cells and zebrafish will be used for experimental verification. Results indicate successful spectral segmentation of multiple fluorophores with a decrease in signal-to-noise ratio in the FPGA-based imaging system.

Fluorescence microscopy allows for spatial and temporal resolution of systems which are inherently fluorescent or which can be selectively labeled with fluorescent molecules. Temporal resolution is crucial for imaging real time processes in living samples. A common problem in fluorescence microscopy of biological samples is autofluorescence, fluorescence inherent to the system, which interferes with detection of fluorescence of interest by decreasing the signal to noise ratio. Two current methods for improved imaging against autofluorescence are two-photon excitation and total internal reflection microscopy. Two-photon excitation occurs when two longer wavelength photons are absorbed quasi-simultaneously by a single fluorophore. For this to take place there must be a photon density on the order of 1030 photons/(cm2)(s), which is achieved through use of a femtosecond pulsed laser and a high magnification microscope objective. Two-photon excitation then only occurs at the focal spot, significantly reducing the focal volume and therefore background autofluorescence. The second method, total internal reflection, is based on evanescent wave excitation, which decreases exponentially in intensity away from the imaging surface. This allows for excitation of a thin (~200 nm) slice of a sample. Since only a narrow region of interest is excited, an optical slice can be imaged, decreasing excitation of out-of-focus autofluorescence, and increasing the signal to noise ratio. By coupling total internal reflection with two-photon excitation, an entire cell can be imaged while still maintaining the use of lower energy photons to irradiate the sample and achieve two-photon excitation along the length traveled by the evanescent wave. This system allows for more sensitive detection of fluorescence of interest from biological systems as a result of a significant decrease in excitation volume and therefore a decrease in autofluorescence signal. In the two-photon total internal reflection microscopy setup detailed in this work, an excitation area of 20 μm by 30 μm is achieved, and used to image FITC-stained actin filaments in BS-C-1 cells

Because oxygen is vital to the metabolic processes of all eukaryotic cells, a detailed understanding of its transport and consumption is of great interest to researchers. Existing methods of quantifying oxygen delivery and consumption are non-ideal for in vivo measurements. They either lack the three-dimensional spatial resolution needed, are invasive and disturb the local physiology, or they rely on hemoglobin spectroscopy, which is not a direct measure of the oxygen available to cells. Consequently, many fundamental physiology research questions remain unanswered. This dissertation presents our development of a novel in vivo oxygen measurement technique that seeks to address the shortcomings of existing methods. Specifically, we have combined two-photon microscopy with phosphorescence quenching oximetry to produce a system that is capable of performing depth-resolved, high-resolution dissolved oxygen concentration (PO2) measurements. Furthermore, the new technique allows for simultaneous visualization of the micro-vasculature and measurement of blood velocity. We demonstrate the technique by quantifying PO2 in rodent cortical vasculature under normal and pathophysiologic conditions. We also demonstrate the technique’s usefulness in examining the changes in oxygen transport that result from acute focal ischemia in rodent animal models. / text

We study multi-photon ionization of rare gas atoms and small molecules by infrared femtosecond laser pulses. We demonstrate that ionization is accurately described by a tunnelling model when many infrared photons are absorbed. By measuring photo-electron and photo-ion spectra, we show how the sub-Ångstrom spatial resolution of tunnelling gives information about electron densities in the valence shell of atoms and molecules. The photo-electron and photo-ion momentum distributions are recorded with a velocity map imaging (VMI) spectrometer. We describe a tomographic method for imaging a 3-D momentum distribution of arbitrary symmetry using a 2-D VMI detector. We apply the method to measure the 3-D photo-electron distribution in elliptically polarized light. Using circularly polarized light, we show how the photo-electron momentum distribution can be used to measure the focused laser intensity with high precision. We demonstrate that the gradient of intensities present in a focused femtosecond pulse can be replaced by a single average intensity for a highly nonlinear process like multi-photon ionization. By studying photo-electron angular distributions over a range of laser parameters, we determine experimentally how the photon linear momentum is shared between the photo-electron, photo-ion and light field. We find the photo-electron carries only a portion of the total linear momentum absorbed. In addition we consider how angular momentum is shared in multi-photon ionization, and find the photo-electron receives all of the angular momentum absorbed. Our results demonstrate how optical and material properties influence the photo-electron spectrum in multi-photon ionization. These will have implications for molecular imaging using femtosecond laser pulses, and controlling the initial conditions of laser generated plasmas.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. / Committee Chair: Uzer, Turgay; Committee Member: Aral, Mustafa; Committee Member: Flannery, Raymond; Committee Member: Raman, Chandra; Committee Member: Schatz, Michael.

abstract: Due to the ever increasing relevance of finer machining control as well as necessary reduction in material waste by large area semiconductor device manufacturers, a novel bulk laser machining method was investigated. Because the cost of silicon and sapphire substrates are limiting to the reduction in cost of devices in both the light emitting diode (LED) and solar industries, and the present substrate wafering process results in >50% waste, the need for an improved ingot wafering technique exists. The focus of this work is the design and understanding of a novel semiconductor wafering technique that utilizes the nonlinear absorption properties of band-gapped materials to achieve bulk (subsurface) morphological changes in matter using highly focused laser light. A method and tool was designed and developed to form controlled damage regions in the bulk of a crystalline sapphire wafer leaving the surfaces unaltered. The controllability of the subsurface damage geometry was investigated, and the effect of numerical aperture of the focusing optic, energy per pulse, wavelength, and number of pulses was characterized for a nanosecond pulse length variable wavelength Nd:YAG OPO laser. A novel model was developed to describe the geometry of laser induced morphological changes in the bulk of semiconducting materials for nanosecond pulse lengths. The beam propagation aspect of the model was based on ray-optics, and the full Keldysh multiphoton photoionization theory in conjuncture with Thornber's and Drude's models for impact ionization were used to describe high fluence laser light absorption and carrier generation ultimately resulting in permanent material modification though strong electron-plasma absorption and plasma melting. Although the electron-plasma description of laser damage formation is usually reserved for extremely short laser pulses (<20 ps), this work shows that it can be adapted for longer pulses of up to tens of nanoseconds. In addition to a model describing damage formation of sub-band gap energy laser light in semiconducting and transparent crystalline dielectrics, a novel nanosecond laser process was successfully realized to generate a thin plane of damage in the bulk of sapphire wafers. This was accomplished using high numerical aperture optics, a variable wavelength nanosecond laser source, and three-dimensional motorized precision stage control. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2015

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Recent research shows that the study of optical properties of organic material natural dyes has gained much consideration. The specific functional groups in several natural dyes remain essential for the large nonlinear absorption expressed in terms of nonlinear optical susceptibilities or other mechanism of absorption such as two photon absorption (TPA), reverse saturable absorption (RSA) or intensitydependent refractive index characteristic. In this thesis we highlight the optical limiting responses of selected natural dyes as nonlinear response in the femtosecond regime. This technique refers to the decrease of the transmittance of the material with the increased incident light intensity.Three dyes derived from beetroot, flame flower and mimosa flower dyes were investigated. The results showed a limiting behaviour around 795 mW for the beetroot and the flame dye while there is total transmission in the flame dye sample. The performance of the nonlinearity i.e. the optical limiting is related to the existence of alternating single and double bonds (i.e. C-C and C=C bonds) in the molecules that provides the material with the electron delocalization, but also it is related to the light intensity.Beside nonlinearity study, crystallographic investigation was carried out for more possible applicability of the selected dyes and this concerned only the mimosa and flame flower dye thin film samples since the beetroot thin film was very sensitive to strong irradiation (i.e. immediately destroyed when exposed to light with high intensity). For more stability,dye solutions were encapsulated in gels for further measurements.