This thesis deals with the issue of gender stereotypes, which are presented in music videos in actual popular songs. The work is divided into two parts. The first, theoretical part is focused on defining the basic concepts and definitions, which are linked to the gender theory, media and media communications. Next part is showing gender in media communications with an emphasis on advertising messages and popular music. The second part deals with the actual practical research, which is primary based on Goffman's view of gender stereotyping in advertising messages. In the continuity of the theoretical part there are analyzed selected music videos. The focus is concentrated on identifying and describing the mechanisms by which the gender stereotypes in popular music are reproduced. Selected music clips were analyzed by procedures established under the content analysis. The results show how the masculinity and the femininity are displayed in contemporary popular music video clips.

Text in Afrikaans / Musiekvideos is 'n integrerende deel van die (rock)-musiekbedryf, hoofsaaklik as reklame vir die kunstenaars en hul musiekopnames. Musiekvideos is verder 'n wesenlike deel van die massamedia, in so 'n mate dat daar verskeie spesialismusiektelevisiekanale is wat 24 uur per dag op al die kontinente uitsaai, wat 'n aanduiding gee van die omvang van musiekvideos. Hierdie videos speel veral 'n vemame rol by die jeug as sub-kultuurgroep. Ook christenmusikante gebruik musiekvideos, en hul videos word gereeld as deel van christelike programme uitgesaai. Dit is gewoonlik een van die oogmerke van christenkunstenaars om die evangelie deur hul musiek uit te dra, en in die geval van christelike musiekvideos dien hulle dikwels nie net as reklame nie, maar word daar ook 'n christelike boodskap oorgedra, veral in die geval van verhalende en konsepvideos. Daar word na die rol van hierdie videos in die konteks van die christene se benutting van die massamedia gekyk en daar word onder meer 'n teologiese fundering vir die gebruik van die massamedia in die algemeen, asook musiekvideos in die besonder gegee. 'n Aantal musiekvideos van kontemporere musiekkunstenaars soos Carman, Michael W. Smith, Steve Taylor, The Newsboys, en Steven Curtis Chapman word individueel beskryf en vanuit 'n teologiese perspektief beoordeel om te sien hoe suksesvol hulle in die oordra van 'n christelike boodskap is. Daar word 'n vergelyking getref tussen christelike en sekulere musiekvideos en hoe sekere onderwerpe benader word. Sekere tekortkominge, sowel as positiewe aspekte by christelike musiekvideos word as deel van 'n missiologiese reflektering uitgewys. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D.Th. (Missiology)

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / South African adolescents are engaging in sexual activities at an early age and with numerous sexual partners. Various factors such as adolescent physiology, identity development, peer influences and parent-child relationship, play a contributory role in this aspect. However, one of the less explored factors is the role of exposure to information and communication technologies containing sexual content, such as television, internet, music videos and cell phones. Adolescents have been shown to be heavy consumers of these devices. The study aimed at exploring the extent with which sexual content from these digital devices influences adolescents’ sexual perceptions and sexual behaviours. Participants comprised of 18 Grade 10 and Grade 11 learners, between ages 14 to 16 years, conveniently selected from one of the high schools in the Cape Peninsula. Two focus groups were conducted with an equal distribution of males and females in each group. Thematic analysis was utilized to describe participants’ experiences as reported in the text. Results indicated that participants regard ICT as influencing sexual attitudes and behaviour. More specifically, they believed ICT contributes greatly to early sexual initiation. Whilst some participants suggested that ICT encourages them to have many sexual partners with a “certain” physical image, some participants regarded this as irrelevant, viewing it as an individual’s choice. It was also found that participants viewed ICT’s unsafe sexual practices as not impacting in their use of contraceptives, hence they would not imitate such behaviour. Moreover, some participants viewed ICT as impacting on the manner in which they express themselves sexually, whilst others regarded this as untrue since they decide which sexual activities to engage in. The study addressed paucity of information regarding ICT and adolescent sexuality. To be more specific, it is recommended that future investigations should focus on a particular technology such as cell phones and the internet. Research should also focus on a specific domain regarding adolescent sexual attitudes, for example attitudes towards sexual initiation or the use of contraceptives.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur skogen kan användas för att gestalta en bild avidentiteten. För att göra det analyseras musikvideor av Fever Ray och Iamamiwhoami.Gestaltningen består av två noveller. I dessa undersöks relationen till skogen på ettmer individuellt plan. Metoden är mer sökande än teoretiserande. Uppsatsen analyserarmusikvideor ur ett genusperspektiv, som bilder och metaforer. Teoretiker som används ärbland annat Jean Baudrillard, Timothy Morton och Judith Butler. Från deras teorier undersöksvilka värderingar och antaganden som kan sägas ligga till grund för representationen avidentiteten och skogen. Resultatet är bilden av en värld som är splittrad och ovillig att kommatill konkreta ståndpunkter. Å ena sidan visar musikvideorna individer som arbetar medkulturellt betingade bilder av genus och skogen och försöker göra dem till sina egna. Å andrasidan syns en vilja att röra sig bort från dem. Likaså porträtterar gestaltningen personer somkämpar för att komma tillrätta med sin plats i den givna ordningen men aldrig riktigt lyckas. / The purpose of this essay is to investigate how the forest can be used to mirror the identity. Indoing so, music videos by Fever Ray and Iamamiwhoami are being analyzed. The portrayalconsists of two short stories. In these, the relation to the forest is investigated on a moreindividual level. The method is more searching than theorizing. The essay analyzes musicvideos, with a gender perspective, as images and metaphors. Theorists used are amongothers Jean Baudrillard, Timothy Morton and Judith Butler. From their theories the thesisinvestigates the values and assumptions that can be said to constitute the representation of theforest and the identity in the videos. The result is the image of a fragmented world, unwillingto come to concrete conclusions. On one hand the music videos show individuals who workswith the overtaking of given cultural images of the forest and gender. On the other hand a willto reject the same images can be seen. Likewise, the portrayal shows individuals who struggleto come to terms with their place in the given order but never really succeeds.

The present study sought to answer the following questions: Is there a correlation between time spent watching rap music videos and and perception of the imagery of women in rap music videos shown? 2) Is there a correlation between the perception of the imagery of women in rap music videos and their attitudes toward women? There were a total of 53 AAFA who participated in the study. The participants completed the Background Questionnaire and Attitude Toward Women Scale for Adolescents (AWSA). They then viewed approximately 10 minutes of rap music videos that portrayed women negatively, and completed the Opinions on Music Videos survey and the General Questions about Rap Music survey. The data were analyzed with two crosstabs matching time spent watching rap music videos per week with feelings about images of women in rap videos shown, and acceptance of images of women in rap videos shown. A t-test was used to compare AWSA scores and acceptance of images of women in rap music videos shown. A one-way ANOVA was used to compare AWSA scores and feelings about women in rap music videos shown. The results of the study suggest that the more time spent watching rap videos, the less likely the participants would accept the negative images of women in these videos as negative and vice versa. No relationship was found between time spent watching rap videos and feelings about the images portrayed. Regardless of the participant's AWSA score, it did not correlate with her perceptions of the images of women in rap music videos shown. Implications for research and practice were then discussed. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

This thesis follows the process of transformation of children's idols of film and music industry into adult artists and sex-symbols of contemporary popular culture. It especially focuses on the transformation of child character in adult representatives of pop-culture industry: development, change and building an image of an adult performer in terms of the sociology of childhood and adulthood career shift (change in the nature of work and roles, any rise or decline). The aim of this work is to find any trends in transition from children's heroes / heroines adults representative of contemporary popular culture. The premise is that children's personalities of the entertainment industry are used in the process of growing element of sexuality to reforging the stigma of "child stars". In addition to the sexual themes and monitors the aspect of gender roles and stereotypes depending on the developmental stage.

Om ‘geletterd’ te wees, beteken letterlik die vermoë wat die mens het om te kan lees en skryf. Dit kan ook op die vermoë dui om tekens, behalwe woorde, te kan lees, nl. gebare en beelde. In die samelewing word die mens vandag aan baie visuele elemente blootgestel, baie meer as slegs die gedrukte woord – in koerante, tydskrifte, televisie, advertensies, spotprente, strokiesprente, musiekvideo’s, die internet, ens. Om visueel geleterd te wees, is ‘n dus ‘n belangrike vaardigheid wat die mens of in hierdie geval, die leerder, moet aanleer om onderskeidend na die visuele te kan kyk. In hierdie opsig lê die verantwoordelikheid by die onderwyser, en in ‘n groot mate die taal-onderwyser om die leerders die vaardighede wat nodig is om krities en denkend te kan waarneem, aan te leer en te ontwikkel. Visuele geletterdheid is dan die vermoë om te sien, te verstaan, om grafies te dink, te skep en te kommunikeer. In hierdie geval sal die visueel geletterde persoon in staat wees om krities na enige beeld te kyk om dít wat die kunstenaar vir die kyker wil deurgee, te kan ontleed en vertolk. Hierdie vaardighede kan deurgaans op die verskillende visuele elemente toegepas word, nl. foto’s, prente, tekeninge, grafiese kunsvorme soos spotprente, strokiesprente en illustrasies, films, kaarte, ens. Al hierdie visuele elemente stel inligting vry wat die kyker moet kan vertolk. Visuele geletterdheid gee dus die kyker die geleentheid om idees en inligting i.v.m. voorgehoue beelde in konteks te plaas en te bepaal of dit geldend is of nie. Visuele geletterdheid vereis meer as een vaardigheid. Soos by die tradisionele geletterdheid waar dit slegs ‘n vereiste is om woorde en sinne te kan ontleed, maar om met begrip te lees, is ‘n verdere vaardigheid wat verkry moet word. Hier help die onderwyser die leerder om nie net woorde en klanke te onderskei nie, maar te verstaan wat hulle lees. Hierdie vaardigheid sluit ‘n breë woordeskat en kritiese denke in. Hiervoor gebruik die onderwyser verskillende strategieë om by sy uiteindelike doelwit uit te kom, nl. om die leerders kontekstuele begrip teenoor dit wat hulle lees, te laat verkry. Die eerste vlak van visuele geletterdheid is die basiese identifisering van elemente in ‘n prent, foto of grafiese uitbeelding. Die vaardighede wat hiervoor nodig is, is fyn waarneming, maar terselfdertyd die begrip van dít wat gesien word ook in verhouding met ander elemente. Dit gee aanleiding tot kritiese denke, wat noodsaaklik vir die leerder is om afleidings en analisering uit die gegewe visuele te kan maak. Dit sal ook vir die leerder help om uit die oorvloed inligting waarmee hy daagliks op webtuistes en tekste wat aan hom voorgehou word en mee gekonfronteer word, betekenis te vind. Uitkomsgebaseerde Onderwys wat ten doel het om kritiese denke by leerders aan te wakker en te ontwikkel, kan die vaardighede in hierdie studie met vrug toepas. ENGLISH : Literacy literally means the ability of a human to read and write. It can also indicate the ability to read and interpret signs other than words - for example actions and images. Today in civilised society, mankind is exposed to a multitude of visual elements, so much more than only the printed word - in newspapers, magazines, on television, in advertisements, cartoons, comic strips, music videos, the internet: - the list is endless. To be visually literate is an important skill that man, in this case the learner, has to master to be able to look at the visual and distinguish differences in meaning. In this regard, the responsibility lies with the Education department and especially the language teacher. Learners have to be taught the skills to evaluate thoughtfully and critically and to be led to the development of this skill. Visual literacy is the skill to see, understand, think, create and communicate graphically. The visually literate person will be capable of assessing any image critically as well as analysing and interpreting what the artist wanted the viewer to know. These skills can be applied to any visual material - photo's, pictures, drawings and graphic art forms like cartoons, comics, illustrations, films and maps. All these visual elements give information that the viewer must be able to analyse. Visual literacy grants the viewer the opportunity to place ideas and information, relating to an image, in context and to evaluate whether those ideas and information are relevant. Visual literacy demands more than just one skill. Like traditional literacy there is one skill to analyse words and sentences and to read with comprehension, an additional skill must be mastered. The teacher helps the learner not only to identify words and sounds, but also to understand what he reads. This competence includes a wide vocabulary and critical thinking skills. The teacher uses different strategies to achieve his ultimate goal - to have learners gain contextual understanding of their reading. The first level of visual literacy is the basic identification of elements in a picture, photograph or graphic image. Here the necessary skills are careful observation as well as comprehension of what is seen in relation to other elements. This develops critical thinking which is essential for the learner to make deductions from and analyse the given visual material. It will also help the learner to make relevant meaning of the flood of information that he is confronted with in cyberspace and visual texts on a daily basis. Outcomes Based Education, which has as its goal the creation and development of critical awareness in learners, can use the skills explained in this study, with great success. / Thesis (DLitt)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Afrikaans / unrestricted

In my diploma thesis, I am reconstructing the anti-immigration attitude in Czech nationalist music production in the year 2016 in the context of the so-called European migration crisis. The sample consists of five selected music videos for nationalist protest songs reacting to the migration crisis and events connected to it. The thesis is based on the theoretical resources of social semiotics and the method of research is the multimodal semiotic analysis, which allows detailed research of the contents of complex communicates like music videos. In the theoretical part, I focus on acquainting the reader to the basics of semiotics, from where I gradually transfer to the school of social semiotics and their theories of modes and multimodality which represent the theoretical background for the analysis in the practical part. Next, I turn to clarifying the progress of the so-called European migration crisis in the years 2015 and 2016 which were crucial for the creation of these nationalist music videos. Also, I justify the choice of the sample and the analyzed themes. The practical part the contains the analysis of the selected music videos using the multimodal semiotic analysis considering three modes - the mode of speech, moving pictures and music. I decode the signs belonging to the pre-set themes....

Los videoclips musicales tienen como fin promocionar las canciones del artista mediante contenido audiovisual y crear interés con su audiencia. El presente trabajo busca exponer cinco cortometrajes musicales en los que se registra la representación de la mujer en los videoclips de reggaeton. Por ello, la investigación pretende describir a partir de un proceso de observación cómo es la representación de la mujer según la percepción masculina de los “ninis” sobre los videoclips de Kevin Roldan. Este género musical se ha convertido en un tema de controversia debido a que expone a la mujer como un objeto sexual en los videos musicales y muestra claramente una gran cantidad de calificativos femeninos que enganchan de manera emocional a la audiencia con las protagonistas en este videoclip. El trabajo tiene un enfoque cualitativo, en el cual se aplicará la técnica de análisis de contenido a cinco videoclips del cantante de colombiano Kevin Roldan en los últimos dos años. Para esta investigación, se realizará una entrevista a ocho participantes de género masculinos llamados “ninis” con el propósito de esta recopilación de datos se va a desglosar los criterios de los entrevistados. / The purpose of music video clips is to promote the artist's songs through audiovisual content and to create interest with his audience.the present work seeks to expose five musical short films in which the representation of women in reggaeton video clips is recorded. Therefore, the research aims to describe from an observation process how the representation of women according to the male perception of the "ninis" on the video clips of Kevin Roldan. This musical genre has become a topic of controversy because it exposes women as sexual objects in music videos and clearly shows a large number of female qualifiers that emotionally engage the audience with the protagonists in this video clip. The work has a qualitative approach, in which the technique of content analysis will be applied to five video clips of the Colombian singer Kevin Roldan in the last two years. For this research, interviews will be conducted with eight male participants called "ninis" for the purpose of this data collection will be broken down the criteria of the interviewees. / Trabajo de investigación

The influence of new media on theatrical practice over the past fifty years has spurred a movement towards theatrical forms which are increasingly organized around the sensory elements of performance. This change is most noticeable in the visual approaches to theatre, and it has produced what I have labeled a theatre of visuality. This thesis argues that the tendencies for visualization found in visual media have extensively marked the performance strategies of contemporary theatre practice, resulting in a shift away from the logocentric dramatic text and towards theatre performance organized around the visual. Looking at four contemporary productions of Georg Buchner’s Woyzeck –Thomas Ostermeier’s Woyzeck (2005), Vesturport’s Woyzeck (2005), Robert Wilson’s Woyzeck (2000), and Josef Nadj’s Woyzeck ou l’Ébauche du Vertige (1994)– this thesis produces a preliminary typology of four distinct visualities/theatrical forms which make up the theatre of visuality: hyperrealism, synesthesia, superficiality, and visual narration. This thesis contributes to the conceptualization and understanding of postdramatic theatre by linking the theatre’s rejection of the text to the increased centrality of the visual in performance, and by tracing these shifts to the influence of visual media.