This diploma thesis aims to find out what the human solidarity means and how it is created in expression of mutual aid with support in Kropotkin's conception of mutual aid. The thesis acquaints a reader with Kropotkin and his theory of mutual aid presented in the book Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution. It follows up Kropotkin's crucial thoughts and the theory of mutual aid in related contexts. Next it interprets the solidarity as a structure and as a process and describes them in details. The thesis also substantiates the discipline Psychosocial Crisis Co-operation, particularly its starting point that men have helped each other from time immemorial.

Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar, de um lado, as relações entre geopolítica e igrejas e, de outro, as relações entre o termo grego anarquia e o crescimento da população crente sem religião no território brasileiro. A palavra igreja é utilizada de modo amplo e genérico (igreja, templo, centro espírita, etc), isto é, toda e qualquer instituição que se constitui como estrutura de poder religioso. A pesquisa identifica principalmente as geopolíticas das igrejas católica e evangélicas, as rivalidades de poderes e influências políticas no território brasileiro que ocorrem através de diversos meios, estratégias ou ações das igrejas, como nas eleições de deputados federais e até de presidente da República como aconteceu em 2010, inclusive com a disputa através dos meios de comunicação, especialmente a televisão e o rádio e no espaço virtual. Revela-se também um processo histórico-cultural de anarquia religiosa, que se dá, por um lado, com o crescimento do contingente de população religiosa sem religião e, por outro, com a existência de populações religiosas não praticantes, católica e evangélica, bem como as desobediências às normas, às doutrinas e às autoridades religiosas. Esse fenômeno está disperso em todo o território brasileiro, abrangendo pessoas de todos os níveis intelectuais, faixas etárias e de todas as classes sociais. Como compreender esta complexa metamorfose do espaço das populações religiosas e das igrejas no Brasil? Essa é a questão central desta tese, cuja análise se fundamenta numa geografia crítica pluralista que dialoga com o pensamento de geógrafos anarquistas, críticos pós-modernos e com a teoria da complexidade, propondo-se ao final deste trabalho uma reflexão sobre geoética. / This thesis aims at analyzing, on the one hand, the relationship between geopolitics and churches and, on the other, the relationships between the Greek term anarchy and the increase of the number of believers without a religion in Brazil. The word church is employed here as a broad and general term (church, temple, spiritist centers, etc.), i.e., any institution representing a structure of religious power. This investigation mainly identifies the geopolitics of the Catholic church and Protestant churches, the power-related rivalries, and the political influences across the Brazilian territory that took place in many ways, strategies and church action, such as during the 2010 elections of federal representatives, and even for president, including disputes that used the media especially the television, the radio and virtual space. It is also a cultural-historical process of religious anarchy, which, on the one hand, occurs with the increase of the contingent number of the religious population without religion and, on the other, with the existence of non-practicing - both in the Catholic and in the Protestant - religious populations, besides the disobedience to norms, doctrines and religious authorities. This phenomenon is spread throughout the Brazilian territory, encompassing people of all intellectual ranks, age groups and social classes. How can one understand this complex metamorphosis of religious loci and churches in Brazil? This is the main challenge in this thesis, whose analysis is based on a pluralist critical geography that dialogues with the thought of anarchist geographers, postmodern critics and the theory of complexity, resulting in the proposal of a reflection about geo-ethics.

Local governmental units in the United States are struggling to cope with dwindling public resources and surging public demands. They often turn to interlocal agreements (ILAs) as a collaborative means by which to more effectively serve their constituents. Unfortunately, many ILAs never materialize or fail prematurely. The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological study was to explore the experiences of 13 purposefully selected mayors in the State of Indiana to discover what factors they considered important when making their ILA entry and continuation decisions. It utilized a conceptual framework based on the transaction costs theory, as informed by the utility maximization, bounded rationality, social decision scheme, and groupthink theories. Interviews were transcribed, and data were subjected to an inductive analysis using idiographic interpretation to develop themes and to describe the essence of the ILA decision-making process. Key findings included that direct cost savings, a detailed, written agreement, contractual flexibility, an ability to perform, the effect on constituents and the current municipal workforce, and having a trusted, like-minded partner were important ILA entry factors. Furthermore, contractual flexibility, meeting constituent expectations, service effectiveness, relevancy, having a communicative partner, being able to measure an ILA service, and saving money were important ILA continuation factors, but that both service quality and doing the right thing trumped saving money. These findings have implications for positive social change because they can assist local leaders in achieving ILA success, with society benefitting from a commensurate increase in public value and in the more efficient and effective meeting of societal needs.

Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar, de um lado, as relações entre geopolítica e igrejas e, de outro, as relações entre o termo grego anarquia e o crescimento da população crente sem religião no território brasileiro. A palavra igreja é utilizada de modo amplo e genérico (igreja, templo, centro espírita, etc), isto é, toda e qualquer instituição que se constitui como estrutura de poder religioso. A pesquisa identifica principalmente as geopolíticas das igrejas católica e evangélicas, as rivalidades de poderes e influências políticas no território brasileiro que ocorrem através de diversos meios, estratégias ou ações das igrejas, como nas eleições de deputados federais e até de presidente da República como aconteceu em 2010, inclusive com a disputa através dos meios de comunicação, especialmente a televisão e o rádio e no espaço virtual. Revela-se também um processo histórico-cultural de anarquia religiosa, que se dá, por um lado, com o crescimento do contingente de população religiosa sem religião e, por outro, com a existência de populações religiosas não praticantes, católica e evangélica, bem como as desobediências às normas, às doutrinas e às autoridades religiosas. Esse fenômeno está disperso em todo o território brasileiro, abrangendo pessoas de todos os níveis intelectuais, faixas etárias e de todas as classes sociais. Como compreender esta complexa metamorfose do espaço das populações religiosas e das igrejas no Brasil? Essa é a questão central desta tese, cuja análise se fundamenta numa geografia crítica pluralista que dialoga com o pensamento de geógrafos anarquistas, críticos pós-modernos e com a teoria da complexidade, propondo-se ao final deste trabalho uma reflexão sobre geoética. / This thesis aims at analyzing, on the one hand, the relationship between geopolitics and churches and, on the other, the relationships between the Greek term anarchy and the increase of the number of believers without a religion in Brazil. The word church is employed here as a broad and general term (church, temple, spiritist centers, etc.), i.e., any institution representing a structure of religious power. This investigation mainly identifies the geopolitics of the Catholic church and Protestant churches, the power-related rivalries, and the political influences across the Brazilian territory that took place in many ways, strategies and church action, such as during the 2010 elections of federal representatives, and even for president, including disputes that used the media especially the television, the radio and virtual space. It is also a cultural-historical process of religious anarchy, which, on the one hand, occurs with the increase of the contingent number of the religious population without religion and, on the other, with the existence of non-practicing - both in the Catholic and in the Protestant - religious populations, besides the disobedience to norms, doctrines and religious authorities. This phenomenon is spread throughout the Brazilian territory, encompassing people of all intellectual ranks, age groups and social classes. How can one understand this complex metamorphosis of religious loci and churches in Brazil? This is the main challenge in this thesis, whose analysis is based on a pluralist critical geography that dialogues with the thought of anarchist geographers, postmodern critics and the theory of complexity, resulting in the proposal of a reflection about geo-ethics.

Summary The aim of this thesis is to describe the history and development of the Mountain service in Czech countries as well as in available archives look for documents giving evidence of its history and development. Another target is to point out the associations connected with the mountain terrain or associated with the origin of the Mountain service. Another goal was to monitor the development of the symbol, membership cards and technology which was or stil is used by the Mountain service. The thesis also contains an overview of commencement of rescue associations in selected European countries where the organized rescue of people in mountain terrain has a similar period of origin and similar circumstances. Those organizations, which mostly helped to create mountain rescue service, were Alpine clubs, tourist clubs, conservationists or gymnastic associations. From the territorial prospective we speak about Austria, Germany, France and Italy. From the time point of view the formation of rescue service dates from the middle of the 19th century. The greatest reason for an increasing amount of people (tourists) coming to the mountain terrain in Europe was mostly the scientific-technical progress in the second half of the 19th century. Due to the construction of railways throughout Europe, development...

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the well documented health disparities affecting racial and ethnic minorities, particularly those living in underserved urban settings. Due to historic and contemporary structural racism, these areas are often food deserts, lack adequate access to primary care services, and have higher rates of maternal and infant mortality. The lack of public health infrastructure to respond to emergencies, such as pandemics, can be rapidly met with collective action from communities to take care of their most vulnerable. After providing a basic overview of how structural racism has created the present-day disparities seen in communities such as North Philadelphia, this thesis investigates and makes the case for the capacity of these resilient communities to take care of themselves. To this end, I describe the work of North10 Philadelphia, Fabric Masks for North Philly, and the Maternal Wellness Village—community-based organizations that rapidly pivoted their work to fill the unmet needs of people in North Philadelphia related to food insecurity, personal protective equipment, and childbirth preparation and social support, respectively. I describe the utilization of the services provided by these groups and evaluate the evolution of their work from the onset of the pandemic through present day. Following each case study, I share the stories of the leaders behind each project to give voice to the people fighting for the health and wellbeing of their community. Lastly, I reflect on my positionality as a Black woman and medical student at a large academic institution partnering with these groups and assert the need to maintain partnerships with these and similar organizations to ensure the sustainability of their programming in the long term. / Urban Bioethics

This study investigated the effects of high age-concentration of residential environment on: (1) the morale of the elderly; and (2) mutual-aid patterns with neighbors of the elderly. Empirical tests of hypotheses derived from the socio-environmental approach to aging were performed. The socio-environmental approach suggested that persons were most satisfied with themselves when there was congruency between what was expected of them by others in the environment and what they expected of themselves. As the local environment became concentrated with old people, the variety of situations with which persons were confronted was quite narrow in terms of demands on the elderly individual's behavior. In age-heterogeneous settings, however, the variety of situations that persons encountered were maximal, and the demands on behavior in this setting was great.

La nécessité de protéger le clergé, fait partie du mécanisme général de solidarité qui permet d’assurer une couverture contre les risques de l’existence. En parlant des risques de l’existence, nous rencontrons la question de la protection ou, mieux, de la Sécurité sociale. Nous prenons acte d’anciennes limitations posées par les premiers temps d’évolution de la Sécurité sociale qui réservaient cette solidarité à des professionnels, aux travailleurs salariés surtout.Face à une telle limitation, les clercs séculiers et les congréganistes se sont donc trouvés obligés de recourir, pours’assurer, à des systèmes conçus dans le cadre de la Prévoyance sociale libre. Il s’agit de systèmes qui fonctionnent à peu près uniquement avec les cotisations des membres assurés. Ils prévoient des conditions d’adhésion adaptées aux structures de l’Eglise et respectent les règles canoniques par le consensus mutualiste. Ce régime mutualiste était conçu dans un cadre national, parce qu’il ne concernait au début que les prêtres du clergé diocésain dont les problèmes s’inscrivaient justement dans ce cadre. Mais ces institutions mutualistes nationalesse sont parfois ouvertes aux membres du clergé régulier, missionnaire. C’est le cas de l’adhésion de nombreux instituts religieux à la Mutuelle Saint-Martin du clergé diocésain en France. Toutefois, la création de la mutuelle Saint-Martin et son ouverture aux religieux et religieuses n’a résolu que partiellement la question concernant les religieux et religieuses. Car certains membres de cette catégorie des ministres du culte catholique romain exercent leur ministère partout où la mission de l’Eglise les attend. Pour résoudre ce nouvel écueil, il est apparu nécessaire à la conférence des Supérieurs Majeurs de mettre en place une autre structure capable de prendre en charge également les missionnaires. C’est le rôle que va assumer désormais l’Entraide Missionnaire Internationale, bien que la vie religieuse soit en elle-même une structure de Protection sociale. / The need to protect the clergy belongs to the general mechanism of solidarity that provides a coveragainst the risks of existence. The expression “risks of existence” implies the question of protection or, better, ofsocial Security. We take note of the old limitations posed by the first periods of the development of socialSecurity which reserved that solidarity to professionals, particularly, to remunerated workers.Faced with such a limitation, both the secular clergy and Order members were obliged to resort, in order toinsure their lives, to systems conceived in the framework of free social insurance. This is about systems thatfunction almost exclusively with contributions from insured members. They provide subscription conditionsadapted to the structures of the Church and respect the canonical rules by mutual benefit society consensus. Thismutual regime was conceived in a national framework, because, in the beginning, it concerned only priests fromthe diocesan clergy whose problems were fitted into this framework. But these national mutual institutions haveoften been open to members of the regular and missionary clergy. Such is the case of the subscription ofnumerous religious institutions to Saint-Martin Mutual of the diocesan clergy in France. However, the creationof Saint-Martin Mutual and its opening up to male and female religious has only partly solved the questionconcerning the religious. Indeed, some members of this category of ministers of the Roman Catholic cultexercise their ministry wherever the mission of the Church expects them. To solve this new stumbling block, ithas appeared necessary to the Major Superiors Conference to create another structure able to take alsomissionaries in charge. Such is the role that the International Missionary Mutual Aid henceforth fulfils, thoughthe religious life itself is a structure of social Protection.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1986. / Also availalbe in microfilm.

Cette thèse s’est interrogée principalement sur le lien entre l’entraide familiale et la fécondité en contexte de pauvreté. Elle a donc mis en relief l’impact sur la fécondité des changements des comportements des ménages vis-à-vis de l’entraide familiale. Nous avons tenté d’identifier les facteurs de la baisse de la fécondité observée au Cameroun, et de discuter l’idée selon laquelle un affaiblissement du système de l’entraide familiale serait un déterminant de la fécondité. Entre autres, nous avons cherché aussi à relever les transformations subies par les ménages camerounais (configuration et composition), dues à l’impact de la pauvreté sur leurs organisations. En guise de résultats, outre le début d’un affaiblissement du système d’entraide familiale, d’autres facteurs tels que la baisse de la mortalité infanto-juvénile, etc., expliquent la baisse de la fécondité au Cameroun. Si l’on observe donc une persistance de l’entraide familiale au Cameroun malgré la pauvreté, notons néanmoins une montée en puissance de la nucléarisation de la famille qui se traduit par une préférence d’aider ses proches à distance au travers du soutien financier, au lieu de les avoir près de soi à travers la cohabitation. / This thesis wondered mainly about the link between the family mutual aid and the fertility in context of poverty. Thus she accentuated the impact on the fertility of the changes of the behavior of the households towards the family mutual aid. We tried to identify the factors of the reduction in the fertility observed in Cameroon, and tu discuss the idea according to which a weakening of the system of the family mutual aid would be a determiner of fertility. Among others, we also looked to raise the transformations undergone by the Cameroonian households (configuration and composition), due the impact of the poverty on their organizations. By way of results, besides the beginning of a weakening of the system of family mutual aid, other factors such as the reduction in the infanto-young mortality, etc., explain the reduction of the fertylity in Cameroon. If we thus observe an obstinacy of the family mutual aid in Cameroon in spite of the poverty, let us note nevertheless an increase in importance of the nuclearization of family which is translated by a preference to help his remote relations through the financial support, instead of having them near one through the cohabitation.