The aim of the project is to obtain a deeper understanding of how cattle in late pregnancy are affected by transportation and calving during transport or in unsuitable lairage systems at the slaughterhouse. Also, the effect on the calf, whether it is in the womb or after calving, will be investigated.   The cattle are in late pregnancy when 90% of the gestation period has passed and during that period they should not be transported. However, veterinarians at the slaughterhouses in Sweden sometimes find fully grown calves in the womb of cattle. Between 1 January 2013 and 1 March 2016 veterinarians informed the county administrative boards about 353 fully grown calves in cattle, which should not been allowed to be transported. Most of the calves probably would have survived if they were born under normal circumstances in a peaceful and safe environment.   Cattle in late pregnancy are exposed to great physical and mental stress during transportation, which leads to poor animal welfare. The stress they experience can lead to an abortion of the fetus. If calving occurs during transportation or at the slaughterhouse, there is a risk for both cow and calf to obtain serious physical and mental damage. / Syftet med examensarbetet är att erhålla en djupare förståelse för hur högdräktiga nötkreatur påverkas av transport och eventuell kalvning i olämpliga system samt hur kalven påverkas av situationen, vare sig det är i livmodern eller efter kalvning. Nötkreaturen räknas som högdräktiga då 90 % av dräktigheten har passerat, vilket inträffar då det är 28 dagar kvar till beräknad kalvning. Det förekommer dock att Livsmedelsverkets veterinärer ibland finner fullgångna foster i moderdjur som inkommer till Sveriges slakterier. Mellan den 1 januari 2013 och 1 mars 2016 har veterinärerna underrättat länsstyrelserna om 353 möjliga fall av fullvuxna kalvar som troligtvis hade klarat sig om de hade förlösts under normala omständigheter i en lugn och trygg miljö.       Högdräktiga nötkreatur utsätts för stora fysiska påfrestningar och omfattande stress i samband med transport vilket leder till dålig djurvälfärd. Hon är stor, tung och klumpig vilket gör att hon tar mer plats i transporten och har problem med att hålla balansen. Stressen som kon utsätts för kan bidra till att kon aborterar fostret. Om kalvning sker ombord på transportfordonet eller på slakteriet riskerar både ko och kalv att utsättas för allvarliga fysiska och psykiska skador. Kalven kan utsättas för skador då transporten inte är anpassad till kalvar och det finns andra nötkreatur ombord. Kalven kan även utsättas för värmestress samt köld och infektioner som kan leda till död.

Farmers are required to make sure that cattles basic needs are met, but still every year cases of neglect occur where the farmer has not complied within the animal welfare law and regulations. The aim of this study was to investigate how cattle are affected physically and behaviourally by neglect in the form of underfeeding, starvation and lack of sanitation, which animals are most vulnerable to the impact and what prospects they have to recover. The study was conducted as a literature study and the results show that these types of neglect have a large impact on the cattle welfare. Underfeeding and starvation causes physical changes leading to reduced milk production, reduced muscle mass, impaired immune function, poor reproductive performance and changes in rumen microflora leading to decreased number of microbes and pH change. Physical changes due to the lack of sanitation consist of increased vulnerability to hoof diseases and mastitis, burns, and increased sensitivity to temperature. The behaviourally changes that occur because of underfeeding and starvation include changes in eating habits, reduced lying time and reduced sleeping time. Insufficient sanitation cause behavioural changes including changes in laying time, increased agression, and slower movement. Pregnant cows and cows at peak lactation are sensitive to underfeeding and starvation, but also calves. Cattle kept in groups are most at risk for being contaminated. If the neglect is not too severe or prolonged, recovery can take place but in more serious cases of neglect, there is danger of the cattle’s life. / Djurhållare är skyldiga att tillfredställda djurens basbehov, men ändå förekommer det varje år vanvårdsfall där djurhållaren inte följt de krav som ställs på dem av djurskyddslagen och -förordningen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur nötkreatur påverkas fysiskt och beteendemässigt av vanvård i form av underutfodring, svält och bristande renhållning, vilka nötkreatur som är mest utsatta för påverkan av den här typen av vanvård och vilka förutsättningar de har att återhämta sig efter vanvården. Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie och resultaten visar att dessa typer av vanvård har en stor inverkan på både hälsa och välfärd hos nötkreatur. Underutfodring och svält orsakar bland annat fysiska förändringar som leder till minskad mjölkproduktion, minskad muskelmassa, försämrat immunförsvar, sämre reproduktiv förmåga och förändringar av våmfloran bestående av minskat antal mikrober och förändrat pH. Fysiska förändringar vid bristande renhållning består av ökad risk att drabbas av klövsjukdomar och mastit, frätskador och en ökad känslighet för låga temperaturer. De beteendemässiga förändringar som uppkommer vid underutfodring och svält är bl.a. ändrade fodervanor, minskad liggtid och sömnstörningar. Vid bristande renhållning består de beteendemässiga förändringarna av ändrade liggtider, ökad aggression och långsammare rörelsemönster. Dräktiga kor och kor under höglaktationen är extra känsliga för underutfodring och svält, men även kalvar. När det gäller bristande renhållning är nötkreatur som hålls i lösdrift mest utsatta. Om vanvården inte är alltför allvarlig eller långvarig kan återhämtning ske, men vid allvarligare vanvård är det fara för nötkreaturens liv.

<p>Animal welfare during transport has for a long time been a problem around the world. Many animals are transported in stressful environments for slaughter. Even during Roman and Antiquity times wild animals were transported from Africa to the amusement parks in Rome. The aim of our work was to compare how well Sweden and Denmark are performing their inspections of transports of cattle and pigs for slaughter. Today, overloaded transports and poor treatment is not uncommon in Europe and every year 22 million animals are transported between countries. To ensure that animals are transported in a manner that leaves no unnecessary suffering, the EU has established a Council Regulation No 1 / 2005, which applies in all EU member countries. Each country will then supplement this with their own laws and regulations. Probably the best thing for the animals had been to use the so-called mobile slaughterhouses, so that the killing can be done on the farm. But so far the standard of the mobile slaughterhouses are inadequate. If this should work it would mean that the meat will be transported frozen and that the animals do not have to be stressed before slaughter.</p><p>Sweden and Denmark have two different systems for checking animal transports. In Sweden this is the responsibility of animal welfare inspectors at the county administration, whereas in Denmark the police are the responsible part. The number of inspections differs in the two countries and Denmark makes more inspections per year. A reason why Denmark performs more inspections is because of their geographic location, and many transports are just passing through while in Sweden there are more domestic transports. There is a lot that the two countries can learn from each other. Denmark has a much simpler checklist to follow during an inspection, but in Sweden, for example, they have a better education of animal welfare inspectors, who also judge harder during an inspection. However, it is better that less advanced checks are done than none at all. Sweden today has not as hard sanctions as Denmark; this means that Denmark can provide higher sanctions for infringements.</p><p>The conclusion is that Sweden has a better education while Denmark has a better statistic result of number of inspections per year.</p>

Animal welfare during transport has for a long time been a problem around the world. Many animals are transported in stressful environments for slaughter. Even during Roman and Antiquity times wild animals were transported from Africa to the amusement parks in Rome. The aim of our work was to compare how well Sweden and Denmark are performing their inspections of transports of cattle and pigs for slaughter. Today, overloaded transports and poor treatment is not uncommon in Europe and every year 22 million animals are transported between countries. To ensure that animals are transported in a manner that leaves no unnecessary suffering, the EU has established a Council Regulation No 1 / 2005, which applies in all EU member countries. Each country will then supplement this with their own laws and regulations. Probably the best thing for the animals had been to use the so-called mobile slaughterhouses, so that the killing can be done on the farm. But so far the standard of the mobile slaughterhouses are inadequate. If this should work it would mean that the meat will be transported frozen and that the animals do not have to be stressed before slaughter. Sweden and Denmark have two different systems for checking animal transports. In Sweden this is the responsibility of animal welfare inspectors at the county administration, whereas in Denmark the police are the responsible part. The number of inspections differs in the two countries and Denmark makes more inspections per year. A reason why Denmark performs more inspections is because of their geographic location, and many transports are just passing through while in Sweden there are more domestic transports. There is a lot that the two countries can learn from each other. Denmark has a much simpler checklist to follow during an inspection, but in Sweden, for example, they have a better education of animal welfare inspectors, who also judge harder during an inspection. However, it is better that less advanced checks are done than none at all. Sweden today has not as hard sanctions as Denmark; this means that Denmark can provide higher sanctions for infringements. The conclusion is that Sweden has a better education while Denmark has a better statistic result of number of inspections per year.

Produktions- och optimeringspotentialen vid anaerob rötning av flytgödsel från nötkreatur granskades. Detta genom att, i laboratoriemiljö, undersöka förändringar i processtabilitet, gasproduktion och metanhalt vid tillsats av kycklinggödsel och pH-buffert med flytgödsel från nötkreatur som grundsubstrat. Tillsatsen av pH-buffert underlättade tillväxtfasen för mikroorganismerna, snabbare ökning i metanhalt och den totala metangasproduktionen ökade. Skillnaden var som störst under tillväxtfasen och avtog från stationärfas och framåt. Tillsats av kycklinggödsel har i detta fall inhiberat processen, möjligtvis på grund av ammoniakinhibering vid tillsats av det kväverika substratet som kycklinggödsel är. / Production potential and basis for optimization of anaerobic digestion with cattle manure was reviewed by examining process stability, gas production and methane content in a laboratory environment via addition of pH buffer and chicken manure with slurry from cattle manure as basic feedstock. Addition of pH buffer facilitated the growth of microorganisms by more rapid increase in methane content and greater quantities of produced methane gas. The effects were high during the growth stage but decreased, during and after, the stationary phase. Addition of chicken manure caused inhibition of the process, probably caused by ammonia inhibition from high nitrogen content in chicken manure.

<p>Produktions- och optimeringspotentialen vid anaerob rötning av flytgödsel från nötkreatur granskades. Detta genom att, i laboratoriemiljö, undersöka förändringar i processtabilitet, gasproduktion och metanhalt vid tillsats av kycklinggödsel och pH-buffert med flytgödsel från nötkreatur som grundsubstrat. Tillsatsen av pH-buffert underlättade tillväxtfasen för mikroorganismerna, snabbare ökning i metanhalt och den totala metangasproduktionen ökade. Skillnaden var som störst under tillväxtfasen och avtog från stationärfas och framåt. Tillsats av kycklinggödsel har i detta fall inhiberat processen, möjligtvis på grund av ammoniakinhibering vid tillsats av det kväverika substratet som kycklinggödsel är.</p> / <p>Production potential and basis for optimization of anaerobic digestion with cattle manure was reviewed by examining process stability, gas production and methane content in a laboratory environment via addition of pH buffer and chicken manure with slurry from cattle manure as basic feedstock. Addition of pH buffer facilitated the growth of microorganisms by more rapid increase in methane content and greater quantities of produced methane gas. The effects were high during the growth stage but decreased, during and after, the stationary phase. Addition of chicken manure caused inhibition of the process, probably caused by ammonia inhibition from high nitrogen content in chicken manure.</p>

Den här uppsatsen behandlar djurbensmaterial från två senneolitiska/tidigbronsålders hällkistor på Gotland (RAÄ Kräklingbo 12:1 &amp; Burs 9:1). Syfte med uppsatsen var att bidra med kunskap kring djurbensmaterialet som påträffats i hällkistor genom tre frågeställningar. Fysiskt djurbensmaterial har genomgått en osteologisk analys och sedan jämförts med två andra hällkistor från samma period samt översiktligt med andra stenålderslokaler på Gotland. Resultatet visade en ökning av får/get samt nötkreatur samt en minskning av svin och säl gentemot tidigare perioder. Häst, hund, mindre däggdjur, fågel och fisk förekom också i materialet. Resultatet visade även indikationer på att skinn/päls/ull varit viktigt för människan. / This study deals with animal bone material from two Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age stone cist on Gotland (RAÄ Kräklingbo 12:1 &amp; Burs 9:1). The purpose of the study was to contribute knowledge about the animal bone material found in cists through three questions. Physical animal bone material has undergone an osteological analysis and then been compared with two other stone coffins from the same period as well as an overview with other Stone Age sites on Gotland. The result showed an increase in sheep/goat and cattle and a decrease in pigs and seals compared to previous periods. Horse, dog, smaller mammals, bird and fish also appeared in the material. The results also showed indications that skin/fur/wool had been important to humans.