The success of mental health counseling partially depends on the professionals who are providing these services, also on the quality of services they provide. To maximize their efficacy, counselors must achieve and maintain their own personal wellness. However, for counselors who work with people who have experienced trauma, there is an increased chance that these counselors will experience adverse effects from this work. In fact, the impact of trauma on counseling professionals is similar to actually experiencing the traumatic event themselves. Native Americans are more likely than any other racial group in the United States to experience chronic traumatization and victimization. As a result of this, Native Americans suffer disproportionate health disparities, including mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, and addiction. The research question of this phenomenological study is, “What are the lived experiences of Native American counselors working in the trauma-intense environment of a Native American reservation?”. In this study, three participants took part in a semi-structured, open-ended, individual interview. Through data analysis, four themes were identified about the participants’ shared experiences: the worth and weight of working on a reservation, the impact of culture and community on counseling, four forms of trauma impacting the counselor and their work, and the effects of personal and professional wellness on counselors. The discussion of these findings are presented, along with implications for future research and policy change. In short, the goal of this study is to assist Native American counselors in maintaining their wellness, so they may continue providing counseling services to a population of people who experience significant trauma.

Native American women have been historically disadvantaged as victims of domestic violence. These hardships were primarily due to a policy that limited Native American tribes’ criminal jurisdiction over non-Native individuals on Native American reservations. This policy changed with the passage of the Special Domestic Violence Criminal Jurisdiction (SDVCJ) in 2013. This qualitative case study employed the social construction of target populations conceptual framework to explore the experiences of tribal officials and judicial officers of the Tulalip tribe. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 9 key informants selected through purposeful sampling on the basis of their role within the Tulalip tribe’s SDVCJ. Data were sorted, organized, and coded by hand using a deductive thematic analysis to identify key themes. The key themes were leadership, protection against domestic violence, healing, accountability, training, and increased work. These conclusions may be useful to extend protection to individuals not protected under SDVCJ, which include Native American children, men, and elders who may also be victims of domestic violence.

abstract: Riparian areas are an important resource, especially in the arid southwest, for many wildlife species. Understanding species occurrence in areas dominated by non-native vegetation is important to determine if management should be implemented. Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) is one of the most prevalent non-native trees in riparian areas in the southwest United States and can alter vegetation structure, but little is known about how medium and large carnivores use stands of saltcedar. Three riparian forest types make up the San Pedro riparian corridor: non-native saltcedar, native mesquite (Prosopis spp.) bosque, and a mixture of native cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and willow (Salix goodingii) woodlands. My goals were to determine relative use, diversity, and occupancy of medium and large mammals across forest types to evaluate use of the non-native stands. I sampled mammals along approximately 25.7 river kilometers between July 2017 and October 2018, using 18 trail cameras (six per forest type) spaced 1km apart. I summarized environmental variables around the camera sites to relate them to species occupancy and reduced them to 4 components using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). I observed 14 carnivore species, including bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), and coati (Nasua narica) over 7,692 trap nights. Occupancy of some species may have been influenced by the different components, but models showed high standard errors, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Most mammal species used all three forest types at some level and no surveyed forest type was completely avoided or unused. Coyote tended to have greater use in the mesquite forest while canids trended toward greater use in saltcedar forest. Based on two-species occupancy models as well as activity overlap patterns, subordinate species did not appear to avoid dominant species. No species seems significantly affected by non-native saltcedar at this time. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2019

En el Perú, los estudios que existen acerca de la traducción institucional, la traducción comunitaria y la traducción de lenguas originarias son campos de investigación relativamente nuevos. La mayoría de las investigaciones que abordan este tema presentan vacíos respecto a la labor traductora y qué papel desarrolla cada uno de los agentes involucrados en estos procesos de traducción en específico: los traductores de lenguas originarias y las entidades estatales. Debido a esto, si bien existen protocolos que guían el trabajo conjunto de las instituciones y los traductores de lenguas originarias, es posible que estos procesos sean afectados por los roles y posicionamientos asumidos por los agentes involucrados. De la misma manera, esta dinámica de trabajo sería distinta a las estudiadas en otros contextos institucionales, por lo que es posible que la interacción entre ambas partes tenga aspectos particulares que influencian el proceso de traducción de lenguas originarias en el Perú. La investigación se perfila como un estudio de caso múltiple que tiene dos unidades de análisis: las perspectivas de los traductores y las de los funcionarios de las instituciones. Estas se obtendrán a partir de entrevistas a ambas partes. / In Peru, studies regarding institutional translation, community translation and translation of indigenous languages are relatively new. Most studies that focus on these topics do not cover all aspects of the translator’s duties nor the role each participant plays in the translation process; specifically, indigenous language translators and state agencies. As a result, even if there exists certain documents intended to lead the joint work between state agencies and indigenous language translators, those guidelines may be influenced by the roles of each participant. Moreover, this work dynamic might not resemble the ones studied in other contexts. Consequently, it is possible that the interaction between both parties have particularities that may impact the process of indigenous translation in Peru. The current study is a multiple case study that has two analysis units: the perspective of the indigenous language translators and those of the state agencies. The data will be collected through interviews. / Trabajo de investigación

The purpose of this study was to investigate how African heritage language learners in Grade 3 constructed their language identity in a culturally diverse urban classroom. The data reflects the Grade 3 learners’ beliefs and feelings toward being educated in an English-medium school instead of attending a school where they were taught in their home language. A theoretical framework, based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological system informed my study. The framework provides a holistic picture of how the Grade 3 learners constructed their language identity, as it did not only focus on the learners as such. The ecological system examined the unique aspects of the learners within their microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem. In this exploration of multiple cases studies from a social constructivism perspective, the researcher collaborated with two Grade 3 teachers, seven parents and six Grade 3 African heritage language learners, to create a mosaic by using semi-structured interviews, documents, observational field notes, narrative reflections, photographs, drawings and a reflective journal. Participants’ perceptions of attending an English-medium school revealed how the Grade 3 learners constructed their language identity through assimilation. The findings revealed that the Grade 3 participants did not favour their home language or heritage culture as much as they favoured the Western culture. The following factors influenced the construction of the Grade 3 learners’ language identity: their environments, the school setting, their teachers’ attitude toward teaching in a culturally diverse classroom, their parents’ attitude toward their attending an English-medium school and lastly their friends. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Early Childhood Education / MEd / Unrestricted

The development of apps in a cross-platform framework is something that has been appearing more over the latest years. But the knowledge of knowing which of the two popular frameworks, React Native, and Flutter are most efficient when it comes to resource management and general comparisons are less known. This is what this thesis investigates. To find out the comparisons between React Native and Flutter we created two similar apps and document the process of creating an app with the selected frameworks. To get data on the differences when developing an app with these frameworks, we made a survey to get more experienced developers' input. We then did performance tests of the apps to be able to compare the results of the respective framework. The applications we built had several similar functionalities that we used to measure the performance. We also touched on the subject of comparison between a cross-platform framework and a native framework. To do this we performed a literature review on related work to conclude the approaches. From our result, we could conclude that the performance of the Flutter app had a slight advantage over the React Native app. But the difference was not that remarkable, and the overall development was fairly similar. There were some differences to the approaches of development when it came to less experienced developers compared to more experienced developers which we learn from our survey. More experienced developers tended to use external debugging tools, while less experienced used built-in tools such as console commands. Finally, we want to conclude that both Flutter and React Native has their pros and cons. Both frameworks have a big community which is growing everyday, but we believe that Flutter might overtake the popularity from React Native due to its slight performance superiority.From our literature review we can conclude that both approaches has their advantages and it depends a lot on the concept of the app. When developing a more complex app, the native approach is superior. When developing smaller apps with shorter life periods, cross-platform will faster get the app on the market.

Previous studies in Native American ethnobotany on the shared use of medicinal and cultural plants between communities fail to clearly reveal if these shared uses are part of changing culture or remain a stabilizing connection between old and new tribes. During the late 1700's to early 1800's, various factions of the Creek tribes of Georgia migrated into Florida, forming a new tribe called the Seminoles. This event provides the unique opportunity to study the changing cultural and medicinal uses of plants by a new tribe in a new geographic location, revealing if cultural purposes were passed from one group to another. A list of plants used for medicinal purposes by the Creek and Seminole tribes was produced from previous studies. Utilizing these lists, comparisons were drawn to determine if cultural practices were carried on between tribes as they changed locations and lifestyles. This study examines the use of 465 plants in 125 plant families. Of these, 39 plants were found to be used by both tribes for different treatment purposes. In contrast, only 15 plants where used by both tribes for similar treatments. The small number of shared use of plants indicates the newly formed Seminole tribe developed new cultural and medicinal practices. These findings indicate that the plants used for medicinal purposes by the Native American tribes of the southeast were a part of a changing culture, not a stabilizing connection between old and new tribes as previously thought.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Graduate Dentistry, [1976], (Dental Public Health) / Bibliography: leaves 21-22. / Until recently, little attention has been directed toward meeting the dental needs of Boston’s Native American community. Through the cooperation and support of Boston University School of Graduate Dentistry and the Boston Indian Council, plans were developed to establish a comprehensive dental program providing continuous dental care and dental health education to the Native American people living in the Boston area. A needs assessment was conducted to gather baseline data on the dental needs of children in the Indian community. Fifty children ranging in age from 2-19 were screened for dental disease and evaluated for oral hygiene. Results of the screening find the Indian children in Boston exhibiting a high number of decayed teeth with little or no previous dental care. In addition, approximately 46% of the children displayed poor oral hygiene. It was agreed by the Boston Indian Council and the Boston University School of Graduate Dentistry that dental services along with dental health education was needed for the population. Staff workshops were conducted to train members of the community to be dental health educators. Plans to educate the children by the trained dental health educators were not implemented at that time due to the community’s desire to obtain needed dental services for the children. It is anticipated that next year the community will be ready for an educational program after witnessing positive results from the dental treatment. The dental school provided therapeutic, preventive and emergency services to insure at least a maintenance level of care. The dental students were sensitized to the special needs of the Indian children before they began treatment. Of the 50 children screened between 10/1975 and 1/1976, 2 of the most severe cases have completed all treatment, 12 are presently receiving treatment and many more are waiting their turn. The community’s response to the dental program has been quite favorable. Parents are calling the dental school requesting appointments for their children to receive dental services. A pragmatic approach to the development of a dental program for an underserved Indian population was undertaken. An available source of dental care is now accessible and affordable to a culturally-precious Indian community.

Through using a Positive Youth Development framework and culturally based education program, Konaway Nikka Tillicum Native American Youth Academy aspires to mentor and prepare Native youth through high school and on to higher education. This collaborative research partnership investigated cultural identity, self-esteem, and academic optimism of Native American youth attending the academy. The results of this program evaluation found that cultural identity, self-esteem, and academic optimism were all closely related to each other as well as that they increased significantly when measured before and after the academy. GPA was found to not be predictive of cultural identity, self-esteem, or academic optimism prior to students attending the academy. Lastly, the relationship between cultural identity and academic optimism appeared to be explained through the indirect effect of self-esteem. The results suggest that culturally based education and positive youth development programs such as Konaway are efficacious in increasing protective factors among Native American youth.

Wellbriety is a multifaceted concept utilized in Native American communities that demonstrates meanings of health in Native-based discourse. Conceptually, wellbriety symbolizes strength through resilience. During this ethnographic study, I spent two years working within an Urban Indian Health Service facility where I used community-based participatory research methods. I examined complex intersections between meanings of urban native identities, colonization, and tribal sovereignty. Through deconstructing structural violence, I seek to place current urban native health status in a socially-informed context. This research explores how Native peoples define wellbriety and wellness through the lens of healthworld, which addresses how Native communities attempt to heal from traumas inflicted by the U.S. Federal Government. Additionally, I analyze dimensions of food sovereignty among Native community members by exploring how the act of consuming food shapes social and identity meanings which impact community members’ health.