Because of shifting demographics, the Taiwanese government opened the country to immigrants from Southeast Asia. Foreign-born brides of Taiwanese men have contributed significantly to this trend of new immigration, inspiring fears that their children, inadequately prepared for the literacy requirements of early education, might negatively impact the educational system and society. to better understand the socio-political implications of this cultural shift, the researcher gathered data from one hundred and twenty immigrant and native families with first graders in six major cities in Taiwan. Purposes of this research are to: (a) investigate to what extent, if any parenting style is impacted by differences in immigration status between native Taiwanese and Southeast Asian immigrant mothers, (b) examine to what extent, if any maternal parenting styles relate to children’s early literacy, and (c) determine to what extent, if any maternal parenting styles along with the children’s and familial characteristics associate with children’s early literacy. the study found that (a) immigrant mothers are statistically lower on authoritative and higher on permissive parenting style than native mothers; (b) immigrant mothers’ participation in integration programs does not relate to maternal parenting styles or children’s literacy performances; (c) children from immigrant families are significantly lower than their peers from native families on receptive vocabulary and phonological awareness; (d) children from higher income families perform better on receptive vocabulary than their lower income peers; (e) children whose mothers are senior high school graduates achieve significantly better on literacy skills than others. Furthermore, children of mothers with higher education perform better on receptive vocabulary than those whose mothers have lower education levels; (f) there was little relationship between children’s literacy development and the three maternal parenting styles; (g) age and gender are the most significant predictors of children’s literacy development. the limited influence of parenting styles on childhood literacy may be attributed to cultural differences. Parenting styles theory and instrumentation emerged from Western research and parenting expectations. Translations, both linguistic and cultural, may be imperfect once grafted onto Taiwanese society. Further complications potentially arise when foreign-born women carry their own varied cultural expectations and start families in an unfamiliar society. This research would suggest that government-sponsored programs could address the demographic inequalities which characterize this segment of Taiwanese society.

A mobile application has to be able to keep up with heavy demands to compete with all the new applications that are developed each day. Good performance and nice visuals are base requirements for the development of mobile applications. There are many options for tools when developing and one of these choices is a native application, which is said to have better performance and suitability to the mobile environment. Another choice is a tool which requires only one code base for multiple platforms and is therefore easier to maintain. Flutter is an open-source User Interface (UI) toolkit created by Google that can create cross-platform applications with one code base while said to maintain the aspects of looking native. This paper explores how Flutter compares to native applications, which are currently seen as superior in mobile behaviour and performance. An experiment was conducted to test how Flutter as a cross-compiler compared to two native applications made of kotlin and Android studio and swift and XCode, in terms of CPU performance. A survey was created to see if there was a difference in the perception of users with regards to appearance and animations. A literature study was conducted to strengthen the results from the experiment and survey and to give a background to the subject. Flutter is a new tool and it continues to grow incredibly fast. Conclusions are drawn that a Flutter application can compete with a native application when it comes to CPU performance, but is not as developed in the animation area. Flutter does not require complex code for creating a simple application and uses significantly less lines of code in development compared to native. The final conclusion is that Flutter is best to use when building smaller to medium-sized applications, but has a potential to grow to overcome its current drawbacks in the animation department. Further examination of the areas examined in this paper is needed in order to ensure and strengthen the results.

With this study, the aim is to investigate the attitudes towards the quechua language among young Peruvian people. This study has been conducted with 30 young informants in the capital region of Lima. The informants are primarily university students and young workers between the ages 20-35.The study is divided into two parts, the first one contains five general questions to establish the gender, age, place of birth, native tongue and if some of the informants have quechua speaking relatives. In the second part, the informants give their opinion in a questionnaire containing 10 positive and 10 negative items about linguistic attitudes towards the quechua speaking community. At the end of the questionnaire, there is also an additional question where the respondents were free to comment in their own words.The results of the survey show that in most cases, the 30 respondents have a positive attitude towards quechua. In the aspect of integration in the education and work environments, they consider it of cultural importance for the country, contradicting the general perception that associates quechua with poverty and ignorance.

The Native Territories Penal Code (NTPC) was passed by the Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope in 1886. It was part of the administrative machinery of the Cape colonial authorities for the Xhosa speaking people who occupied the area between the Great Kei and the Mtamvuna Rivers. However, it became the criminal code applicable to all people living in the Transkeian Territories regardless of race or colour. The Code was enacted ■following the recommendations of the Cape Government Commission on Native Laws and Customs (1883). Quite unexpectedly this Code exerted a great deal of influence on South African criminal law especially after union was formed in 1910. This was because the code was a document readily available to judges and magistrates in South Africa, and when a difficult question of law arose it was all very easy to say that the South Africa law on the point was as laid down in a particular section of the Code. In this way the Code also assisted in the importation of English law into South African lav;. Text book writers like Gardiner and Lansdown also contributed to the influence of the NTPC on South African criminal law. As time went on, however, South African jurists saw the mistake of the NTPC being recorded as a correct reflection of South African law in particular areas and set out to correct the position. Prominent among these are De Wet & Swanepoel and P.M.A. Hunt. They achieved a great measure of success in watering down the influence of NTPC on South Africa law , although it cannot be said that they eradicated it. So strong was Che influence of this Code that it was felt even as far away as Rhodesia and Bechuanaland (as they then w e r e ). / Criminology and Security Science / LL. D. (Criminology)

The increased demand for using large databases that scale easily and stay consistent requires service providers to find new solutions for storing data in databases. One solution that has emerged is cloud-native databases. Service providers who effectively can transit to cloud-native databases will benefit from new enterprise applications, industrial automation, Internet of Things (IoT) as well as consumer services, such as gaming and AR/VR. This consequently changes the requirements on a database's architecture and infrastructure in terms of being compatible with the services deployed in a cloud-native environment - this is where CockroachDB comes into the picture. CockroachDB is relatively new and is built from the ground up to run in a cloud-native environment. It is built up with nodes that work as individual machines, and these nodes form a cluster. The authors of this report aim to evaluate the characteristics of the Cockroach database to get an understanding of what it offers to companies that are in a cloud-infrastructure transition phase. For the scope of characteristics, this report is focusing on performance, throughput, stress-test, version hot-swapping, horizontal-/vertical scaling, and node disruptions. To do this, a CockroachDB database was deployed on a Kubernetes cluster, in which simulated traffic was conducted. For the throughput measurement, the TPC-C transaction processing benchmark was used. For scaling, version hot-swapping, and node disruptions, an experimental method was performed. The result of the study confirms the expected outcome. CockroachDB does in fact scale easily, both horizontally and vertically, with minimal effort. It also shows that the throughput remains the same when the cluster is scaled up and out since CockroachDB does not have a master write-node, which is the case with some other databases. CockroachDB also has built-in functionality to handle configuration changes like version hot-swapping and node disruptions. This study concluded that CockroachDB lives up to its promises regarding the subjects handled in the report, and can be seen as a robust, easily scalable database that can be deployed in acloud-native environment.

Climate change might affect the distribution of species; therefore, it is important to anticipate the imminent impact of climate change. Even though climate responses have the potential to affect species interactions, most models on the effect of climate change on species distribution assume that species respond to climate individually. Hence studies on competition effects are needed. In this study, I estimated growth, mortality, and behaviour (prey capture success, activity, exploration and boldness) at 20° C and 23° C at intra- and interspecific competition conditions in larvae of a native and a northward dispersing dragonfly. The results showed that the northward expanding Sympetrum fonscolombii had a higher growth and survival rate compared to the native Sympetrum vulgatum at interspecific conditions. At intraspecific conditions the results showed that temperature had no significant effect on the performance of S. fonscolombii, but S. vulgatum showed both a higher growth rate and a higher mortality at 23 ° C. A significant difference between temperatures within prey capture success rate was found in S. vulgatum only, during the second observation period. There was a correlation between activity and exploration in both species, between prey capture success rate and activity during the third observation round in S. vulgatum, and between prey capture success rate and boldness during the first observation round in S. fonscolombii. No other behaviours were correlated. Prey capture success rate was shown to be repeatable in both species, while boldness was repeatable in S. vulgatum only. The behavioural results suggests that behavioural traits are relatively plastic over ontogeny in both species, possibly caused by behavioural variation within each instar. Additionally, boldness, but not activity and exploration, might aid S. fonscolombii in their northward expansion. The majority of these results were similar at both temperatures and indicate that S. fonscolombii has a higher capacity to tolerate climate change, and their presence might negatively impact the performance of S. vulgatum.

Background: Although several reports have shown an adverse cardiovascular and metabolic risk profile associated with childhood obesity, few reports have examined the effects of childhood obesity on pulmonary function. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of obesity on pulmonary function in Navajo and Hopi children. Methods: Subjects included 256 (110 males, 16 females) Hopi children 6-12 years of age and 557 (274 males, 283 females) Navajo children 6-12 years of age (N=813). The body mass index was used to classify subjects as normal weight, overweight, or obese on the basis of international reference values. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expired volume in one second (FEVl), FEV1% (FEV1 to FVC ratio; FEV1/FVC), and forced expiratory flow between 25%-75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75) were determined according to the American Thoracic Society recommendations. Results: Approximately 26% of Navajo and Hopi children were defined as overweight (26.0% of boys and 25.6% of girls) and an additional 16% (14.6% of boys and 17.7% of girls) were defined as obese. In general, the patterns showed an increase in pulmonary function between normal weight and over-weight children and a decrease in pulmonary function of obese children. Significant differences among groups existed for FEV1% and FEF25-75 in boys and FVC and FEV1 in girls. Conclusions: The results indicate the pulmonary consequences of obesity in children and provide further evidence of the adverse consequences, of pediatric obesity among Native Americans.

Bibliography: pages 150-158. / Gahnite (ZnAl₂O₄) is commonly associated with sulphide mineralization in metamorphosed massive sulphide deposits, and also occurs in marbles, pegmatites and quartz veins. Its formation has been attributed to the breakdown of Zn-staurolite or desulphidation of sphalerite during metamorphism. The stability of zinc-rich spinels under a wide range of metamorphic conditions in a variety of lithologies results in its persistence in rocks where many other prograde, high temperature minerals and sulphides have been altered. Thfs has resulted in various investigations into its use in exploration and potential for determining metamorphic parameters. With the interest in finding new ore bodies and in determining the metamorphic history and mineralogy in Namaqualand, some gahnite-bearing localities have been investigated in this study.

Promoting physical activity in older adults is an important part of healthy aging. With an increasing older foreign-born population in the United States, there is limited information on physical activity participation in this group and even less for those experiencing difficulties in physical functioning and chronic illnesses. The primary objective of the study was to determine how physical factors, psychological issues, chronic illnesses, pain symptoms, perceived health status, and number of years living in the U.S. influence physical activity participation in older foreign-born respondents. The secondary objective was to identify the difference of predictors of physical activity participation between older foreign-born and older native-born respondents. The study is based on data collected from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) conducted from 2002 to 2009 for adults aged 50 or older. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to predict and explain the physical activity participation in older foreign-born respondents. Factors associated with more physical activity participation included a higher level of education, more time living in the U.S., more positively perceived health status, and having at least one chronic illnesses, or pain symptoms. Having more difficulties in physical functioning caused older foreign-born respondents to participate less in physical activity. This study provides the most recent evidence to health-care professionals to develop and implement policies and strategies to facilitate physical activity programs that will be beneficial to elderly immigrants living in the U.S.

Esta investigación analiza las diferentes perspectivas de un grupo de intérpretes de lenguas originarias registrados en el Ministerio de Cultura del Perú y el Poder Judicial Peruano con respecto a su labor de interpretación en el sistema judicial. Bajo un enfoque cualitativo, se condujeron entrevistas semiestructuradas con seis intérpretes de diferentes lenguas originarias. A través de ellas, se identificaron los procesos de aprendizaje de la lengua originaria y del castellano que siguieron los participantes, así como también las competencias que los participantes fueron desarrollando durante su formación y experiencia como traductores e intérpretes. Por otro lado, documentamos la experiencia profesional de los participantes dentro del campo de la interpretación de lenguas originarias, y también fuera de él, ya que, para ellos, la traducción e interpretación de lenguas originarias es una actividad profesional secundaria debido a la falta de demanda. Asimismo, también se analizó cómo los participantes ejercen un activismo lingüístico a través de sus actividades profesionales. Finalmente, se realiza un análisis de las percepciones de los intérpretes respecto a su rol, su estatus dentro de la sociedad peruana, y las circunstancias del ámbito judicial, factores que influencian el ejercicio de la interpretación de lenguas originarias debido a las dinámicas de poder que existen. / This research paper analyzes the different perspectives from a group of interpreters of indigenous languages accredited by the Peruvian Ministry of Culture about their interpreting work within the Peruvian judicial system. The study was conducted through qualitative data collection methods, with semi-structured interviews being conducted with six interpreters of different indigenous languages. Through the investigation, we identified their first and second language learning processes as well as the development of their competences during their training and working experiences as translators and interpreters of indigenous languages, and also from other professional work experiences, as they mentioned that the translation and interpreting of indigenous languages is a secondary professional activity for them due to the lack of demand of this service. Furthermore, the interpreters’ linguistic activism was analyzed through their professional activities. Finally, we assessed the interpreter’s perceptions regarding their role, their status within Peruvian society, and the circumstances of the judicial system, factors that influence indigenous language interpreting due the existing power dynamics in this context. / Trabajo de investigación