For Muscogee Creek poet Joy Harjo, poetry is a real world force that can empower the reader by utilizing mythic memory, recovery of history, and a spiral journey to regain communal identity. Her poetic career transforms from early lyric poems to a hybridized form of prosody, prose, and myth to accommodate and to reflect Harjo's concerns as they progress from personal, to tribal, and then to global. She often employs a witnessing strategy to combat the trauma caused by racism in order to create the possibility for renewal and healing. Furthermore, Harjo's poetry combats forces that seek to define Native American existence negatively. To date, Harjo's poetic works create a myth that will refocus humanity's attention on the way in which historical meaning is produced and the way difference is encountered. In an effort to revise the dominant stories told about Indians, Harjo privileges the idea that Native Americans are present and human, and it is this sense of humanity that pervades her poetry. Sequentially, Joy Harjo's volumes of poetry-She Had Some Horses (1983), In Mad Love and War (1990), and The Woman Who Fell from the Sky (1994)-create a regenerative cycle that combats the effects of oppressive history and racism. Through her poetry, violent and tragic events are transformed into moments of hope and renewal. Her collections are powerful testimonies of endurance and survival. They directly defy the stereotype of the "vanishing" or "stoic" Indian, but more importantly, they offer regeneration and grace to all peoples. The poems create a map to help navigate the multiple simultaneous realms of existence, to find a way to travel through the barriers that separate existence. In this dissertation, I employ various reading strategies to support my contentions. Blending a postcolonial standpoint with feminism, I believe Harjo uses a feminist ethnic bildungsroman to explain how a woman of color achieves maturation of self-identity given the many layers of restrictions that act to muffle her voice. Utilizing mediational theory, I study the way in which Harjo's poetry addresses multiple audiences in an attempt to achieve renewal. Furthermore, I posit that Harjo questions the validity of history, and through her retelling of the historical narrative, she impacts the collective consciousness of a nation in an attempt to combat the ill effects of historical trauma. Finally, Joseph Campbell's ideas about the sustaining power of myth, an idea shared by many Native Americans, shapes my arguments regarding Harjo's use of myth as a source of renewal and strength.

This dissertation is grounded in stories of how Chickasaw people have restructured and dedicated their lives to ensuring the continuance of Chikashshanompa', their Indigenous heritage language. Building on an earlier study of what motivates Chickasaw people-across generations-to engage in language reclamation, these pages explore how: 1) Chickasaw young adult professionals who have established careers with the Chickasaw Nation Department of Language have made language reclamation their life's pursuit; 2) Chickasaw citizens-at-large, who reside outside of the Chickasaw Nation, engage in language reclamation, and 3) the study of Chikashshanompa' in school has impacted Chickasaw high school and university students' conceptualizations of their personal and social identities. Together, the perspectives of these groups of language learners comprise a case study of Chickasaw people's resilient and tireless efforts to ensure that Chikashshanompa' ilanompohóli bí­yyi'ka'chi¹ [we will always speak the Chickasaw language]. As a Chickasaw person and language learner myself, I worked from culturally-grounded research methodology which embraced my cultural identity and personal relationships with other Chickasaws involved in language reclamation. One key feature of this methodology was my reconstruction of in-depth, phenomenological interviews as participant profiles-or stories-as a means to present and analyze data. Individually, these stories tell of the nuanced and diverse experiences of Chickasaw language learners representing distinct generational categories and demographics. Collectively, they reflect three key themes enabling the vitality and efficacy of Chickasaw language reclamation: 1) a raised critical Chickasaw consciousness, 2) the conception of Chikashshanompa' as cultural practice, and 3) the (re)valuing of language learners.

This study examines three commercially driven swedish news organizations that cover consumer electronics in some way. These are: MacWorld, Dagens Industri and Ny Teknik. The aim of this study is to analyze the policies and ethical guidelines regarding consumer electronics of each news organization and see how these translate to the finished articles. This study also aims to examine if the articles from each news organization can be interpreted as native advertising and/or adverising for the product. To achieve this, qualitative interviews have been conducted with representatives from each news organization, about their guidelines and general attitudes regarding consumer electronics. Furthermore, a qualitative content analysis of 13 articles in total has been conducted. To limit this study, one product has been chosen as the analysis object. This product is the Apple Watch and all the analyzed articles has a focus on the product. The results show that the policies and ethical guidelines about consumer electronics where very similiar between the three news organizations. All three were strongly against native advertising and any other form of favouritism. They emphazied that their credibilty towards their audience was the most important thing and that their focus were on what was important and interesting for the audience, not financial gain. However, the representatives, did say that they experienced their reporting about consumer electronics as difficult, and descibed it as a balancing act. The content analysis show that all of the articles about the Apple Watch had similarities to native advertisning and regular advertising for the product, and that they could be interpreted as such. There was a discrepancy between the policies and the actual articles. The interviews painted a picture of the ideal and morally correct way of reporting about consumer electronics. The articles on the other hand did not always live up to these standards. However, this should not be interpreted as if the media organizations were immoral and lied about their use of native advertising. Yet, this study illustrates the difficulty in reporting about consumer electronics without it being interpreted as advertising, and supports previous calls for revised guidelines and definitions about what is and what is not considered native adverising.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

<p>This dissertation compares four programs to create equal employment opportunity on the trans Alaska oil pipeline construction project in order to demonstrate the ruptures and continuities between manpower programs to end poverty and affirmative action to eradicate race and sex discrimination. These four programs posited different subjects and strategies for equal employment opportunity, including a statewide affirmative action plan supporting minority men in the construction industry, federal hiring goals for Alaska Natives, a state "Local Hire" law establishing hiring preference for residents of Alaska, and corporate affirmative action plans for women and minorities. I use archival records and original oral histories with pipeline employees to examine the methods government officials and agencies, corporations, trade unions, social movements, and nongovernmental organizations used to fulfill their visions of equality in employment on the 800-mile long, $8 billion pipeline project. I bridge the gender history of welfare with the history of civil rights in order to show how liberal ideals of economic citizenship in the late 1960s that prioritized creating male workers and breadwinners served as the foundational impetus for equal employment opportunity. I challenge the standard historical narrative of equal employment opportunity in the US, which has attributed affirmative action for women to a logical, if hard won, expansion of positive liberal rights first demanded by the black civil rights struggle, then legislated by the state and implemented by state bureaucrats and corporate personnel. What this narrative does not account for is how the gendered dimensions of liberalism underlying affirmative action for male minorities were able to so abruptly accommodate women as workers and economic citizens by the mid-1970s. I find that, over the course of construction of the pipeline, women in nontraditional jobs on the "Last Frontier" emerged as symbols of the success of equal employment opportunity and the legitimacy of American exceptionalism.</p> / Dissertation

This paper looks at economic factors and water rights quantification on 95 Native American reservations economies in the western United States (U.S.). The study looks at the issues in two parts: (1) the characteristics of reservations quantifying their water rights compared to those who do not and (2) the effects of water rights quantification on reservation economic characteristics. Data was compiled from the U.S. Census Bureau, USDA, water specialists, court decrees, news articles, and scholarly papers. Results found that tribes who operate casinos and have higher revenues from agricultural goods are more likely to have quantified their water rights. Tribes with quantified water rights also had increased income levels. This study can help tribes design policies to create sustainable water management policies and economies on tribal reservations.

Dans une société américaine multiculturelle et multiraciale, la question de l’identité indienne est aujourd’hui l’objet de beaucoup de contestations et de polémiques. Souvent liées au métissage ou au quantum sanguin des individus, ces contestations poussent les tribus à redéfinir leur identité pour préserver leur souveraineté. Initialement identifiés comme l’une des cinq tribus dites « civilisées » par les Européens, qui jugent leurs efforts d’adaptation et leur recherche d’un consensus comme le signe de leur acculturation fulgurante, les Cherokees se battent au fil des siècles pour sauvegarder l’identité tribale et la souveraineté à laquelle le gouvernement américain a toujours voulu les faire renoncer. Ces attaques les amènent en 2007 à radicaliser les critères d’appartenance à la tribu et à exclure certains membres sur la base de quantums sanguins empruntés aux Européens, et qu’ils étaient jusqu’alors l’une des seules tribus à n’avoir pas adoptés. / Native American identity has always been a highly controversial issue, all the more so in today’s multicultural and multiracial American society. The questions raised are often based on intermarriages, race-mixing or blood quantum, prompting the tribes to redefine their tribal identity to preserve their sovereignty: a high native blood quantum supposedly correlates with cultural authenticity or ethnic identity, while race mixing is inevitably associated with cultural loss. Originally identified as one of the five “civilized” tribes by the Europeans, who regarded their efforts to adapt and reach tribal consensus as a sign of the rapid acculturation of the tribe, the Cherokees have been fighting ever since to preserve their tribal identity and sovereignty. They chose in 2007 to adopt more radical requirements for tribal membership and disenrolled some of their long-time citizens, on an Indian blood quantum basis that they were one of the last tribe not to have considered a valid criterion for identification.

<p>This dissertation investigates identity, citizenship, and belonging on the Navajo (Diné) Nation in Arizona and New Mexico through an ethnographic study of Navajo country western bands and the politics of Navajo language use. As the second largest tribe in the United States, the Navajo have often been portrayed by scholars as a singular and somewhat monolithic entity. But my dissertation tracks the ways that Navajos distinguish themselves from one another by dint of geographic location, physical appearance, linguistic abilities, degree of Navajo or Indian blood, class affiliations and musical taste. These distinctions are made over and above citizenship requirements for enrollment in the Navajo Nation. Thus, I focus on how a Navajo politics of sameness and difference indexes larger ideas and perceptions of "social authenticity" linked to the ability to speak, look and act "Navajo." Based on 28 months of fieldwork, the dissertations draws on three types of qualitative data: 1) interviews with Navajo country music performers and Navajo language activists 2) participant observation that included playing with three Navajo country bands and living on the reservation 3) discourse analysis of musical performances, band rehearsals, Navajo newspaper articles and other media The resulting study joins linguistic anthropology, the anthropology of music (ethnomusicology) and American Indian Studies to show how "being Navajo" is contested and debated, and, more broadly, to interrogate the complex ways that indigenous identities are negotiated across multiple, often-contradictory and crisscrossing axes.</p> / Dissertation

Percutaneous kidney biopsies have been performed since 1944 to establish diagnoses and treatment. Risk factors based on a limited amount of data have shown age, blood pressure, kidney function and needle size as some risk factors for biopsy complications. Although the techniques of biopsy have improved over the years, it is still an invasive procedure and serious complications can occur. The overall aim of this thesis was to obtain a large series of data from biopsy procedures and to use these to bring further light on risk factors to help minimize the risk for patients and to optimize diagnostics. Specific aims were to clarify if different factors, such as gender, diagnoses, localization of biopsies, needle types and sizes, could be useful to help minimize complication risks in native kidney biopsies (Nkb) and transplant kidney biopsies (Txb). Another point to investigate was the value of the Resistive Index (RI) obtained at ultrasound before performing Txb. Materials and methods: A protocol for prospective multicentre registration of various factors and complications associated with Nkb and Txb was designed. Consecutive data were obtained from seven hospitals. All biopsies, except one computer tomography-guided Nkb, were performed using real-time ultrasound guidance and an automated spring-loaded biopsy device. For the biopsies 14- to 20- Gauge (G) needles were used. The kidney function level, i.e. estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula (GFR in mL/min per 1.73m2). For statistical analyses the IBM SPSS Statistic 22 (Armonk, NY, USA) and OpenEpi (Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health, www.OpenEpi.com) were used. Data were presented as Odds Ratio (OR), Risk Ratio (RR) and Confidence Intervals (CI). A two sided p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered significant. In total 1299 consecutive biopsies (1039 native and 260 transplant kidneys) in 1178 patients (456 women and 722 men) were used for investigation. The median age of patients was 55 years (range 16 to 90 years). Major (require an intervention) and minor biopsy complications (no need of intervention) were registered. Results: The overall frequency of biopsy complications for Nkb was 8.8% (major 6.7%, minor 2.1%) and for Txb was 6.5% (major 3.8%, minor 2.7%); no death. Women had a higher risk for development of major (10.7% versus 4.7%, OR 2.4, CI 1.4-4.2) and overall biopsy complications (13.2% versus 6.5%, OR 2.2, CI 1.4-3.5) compared to men in Nkb. In Nkb, major complications were more common after biopsies from the right kidney in women versus men (10.8% vs 3.1%, OR 3.7, CI 1.5–9.5), in patients with lower versus higher BMI (25.5 vs 27.3, p=0.016) and for younger versus older age (44.8 vs 52.3 years, p=0.002). Lower (90 mmHg) compared to higher (98 mmHg) mean arterial pressure in Txb indicated a risk of major complications (p=0.039). Factors such as number of passes and kidney function did not influence complication rates. Biopsy needles of 16 G compared to 18 G showed more glomeruli per pass in Nkb (11 vs 8, p&lt;0.001) and in Txb (12 vs 8, p&lt;0.001). Sub-analysis revealed that 18 G 19 mm side-notch needles in Nkb resulted in more major (11.3% vs 3%, OR 4.1, CI 1.4-12.3) and overall complications (12.4% vs 4.8%, OR 2.8, CI 1.1-7.1) in women than in men. If the physician had performed less compared to more than four Nkb per year, minor (3.5% vs 1.4%, OR 2.6, CI 1.1-6.2) and overall complications (11.5% vs 7.4%, OR 1.6, CI 1.1-2.5) were more common. The localization of biopsy within the kidney (Nkb and Txb) was not a risk factor for complications. Patients with IgA-nephritis compared to patients with other diseases had a higher risk of major complications (11.7% vs 6.4 %, OR 1.8, CI 1.1–3.2). More major complications were found in Nkb if they had higher versus lower degree of glomerulosclerosis (31% vs 20 %, p=0.008) and in Txb if there was a higher versus lower degree of interstitial fibrosis (82% vs 33%, p&lt;0.001). Re-biopsies (Nkb) were more common in patients with IgA-nephritis than those with other diseases (4.7% vs 1.3 %, OR 4, CI 1.5–11), in younger versus older age (42.6 vs 52.3 years, p=0.031), and in those with a higher versus lower degree of interstitial fibrosis (63% vs 34 %, p=0.046). In Txb, a RI≥0.8 compared to RI&lt;0.8 predicted major (13.3% vs 3.2%, RR 4.2, CI 1.3-14.1) and overall biopsy complications (16.7% vs 5.3%, RR 3.2, CI 1.2-8.6). In the group &lt;0.8, RI correlated with age (rs=0.28, p&lt;0.001) and systolic blood pressure (rs=0.18, p=0.02). In the group ≥0.8, RI correlated with degree of interstitial fibrosis (rs=0.65, p=0.006) and systolic blood pressure (rs=0.40, p=0.03). The multiple regression analysis showed that the &lt;0.8 RI group correlated only with age (p&lt;0.001), whereas the ≥0.8 RI group correlated only with the degree of interstitial fibrosis (p=0.003). Conclusions: The present results motivate greater attention to be paid to the possibility of major side-effects after Nkb in women and biopsies from their right side, but as well in younger patients, and in those with lower BMI. This also applies for patients with presumptive IgA-nephritis and higher degree of glomerulosclerosis. In Txb, patients with higher degree of interstitial fibrosis had a greater risk of major complications. Moreover, the present data indicate that Nkb and Txb should be preferably taken with 16 G needles with 20 mm sample size. This results in better histological quality and there is a lower risk for major complications as compared to 18 G needles. The localization of biopsy within the kidney (Nkb and Txb) does not alter complication rates. For Nkb there were fewer complications if the physician had performed at least four biopsies per year. A RI≥0.8 in Txb indicates a greater risk for major and overall complications.

The thesis covers the subject about challenges in the multilingual classroom. How the pupils' education works in regards to the teachers’ perspective is the focus for this thesis. The purpose of the thesis is to examine how four primary school teachers view the teaching in the multilingual classroom. The thesis has a qualitative research approach where the method choice is semi-structured interviews with the primary teachers. Four interviews where conducted with primary teachers with proper and relevant education for the selected grade.   The data were analysed by a qualitative content-analysis. The different title in the background section constitutes this thesis theme. The theoretical frame of the thesis is the sociocultural perspective with focus on Vygotskijs theory about teaching. This study builds upon the perspective that teaching is an interaction between people and that the language is seen as a tool to gain knowledge.  The result of the thesis shows that the multilingual classroom increases the awareness of the primary teachers concerning clear instructions and explaining the tasks in different ways. The primary teacher treats every individual in the classroom from his or her former experience, knowledge and language. Furthermore the thesis shows the importance of a good relation with the native language teacher. A good cooperation with the native language teacher increases the language development for the multilingual pupils. For example using the same books but in different languages showed better language development. The result of the thesis also shows that a cooperation between the home and the multilingual pupils' guardians do not differ from the cooperation with other guardians, but it shows in this thesis the importance of having a regularly and mutual cooperation. / Studien behandlar ämnet det flerspråkiga klassrummet. Hur elevernas undervisning fungerar utifrån lärarens perspektiv är fokus i denna studie. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur fyra grundlärare i förskoleklass till årskurs tre ser på lärandet i det flerspråkiga klassrummet. Studien har en kvalitativ forskningsansats där metodvalet är semistrukturerade intervjuer av grundlärare i de aktuella årskurserna. Fyra intervjuer genomfördes med grundlärare med behörighet i förskoleklassen till årskurs tre. Datamaterialet analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. De olika rubrikerna i bakgrunden utgör denna studies teman. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt är det sociokulturella perspektivet med utgångspunkt i Vygotskijs teori om lärande. Denna studie bygger på perspektivet att lärandet sker i samspel med andra samt att språket betraktas som ett redskap för att tillägna sig kunskap.  Resultatet visar att grundlärare anser att flerspråkiga elever i klassrummet ökar deras medvetenhet om att vara tydliga med instruktioner och förklaringar på olika sätt. Grundlärarna bemöter varje individ i klassrummet utifrån dess tidigare erfarenheter, kunskapsnivå och språk. Vidare framkommer i resultatet betydelsen av en god kontakt med modersmålsläraren. Ett samarbete med modersmålslärare gynnar språkutvecklingen för de flerspråkiga eleverna, där arbete med samma texter sker både hos modersmålsläraren och i klassen. Resultatet av studien visar även att samverkan mellan hem och skolan med flerspråkiga elevers vårdnadshavare inte skiljer sig från samverkan med övriga föräldrar, men det framkommer i denna studie att det är betydelsefullt att ha ett regelbundet samarbete.