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This thesis draws on the 2014 Ontario Child Health Study (2014 OCHS) to address four contemporary and policy-relevant issues associated with measuring child and adolescent mental health need and children’s mental health service use in the general population. The first and second papers focus on the development and evaluation of instruments to measure child mental disorder. The first paper develops a simple, brief symptom checklist used to measure child mental disorder conceptualized as a dimensional phenomenon, a core concept in the 2014 OCHS. The second focuses on a briefer version of this checklist to measure child mental disorder dimensionally in general and clinical populations for the purposes of assessing and monitoring children’s mental health need. The third and fourth papers use these measures as the basis for assessing children’s mental health need in evaluations of policy-relevant health service questions. The third paper focuses on a substantive question about area-level variation in children’s unmet need for mental health services using 2014 OCHS data linked to government administrative data and 2016 Census data. The fourth paper estimates the extent to which child mental health service expenditures in 2014-15 were allocated according to children’s mental health need. Together, these papers respond to the need for simple, brief, self-report measures of child and adolescent mental disorders and show how these types of measures, in combination with administrative government data sources can advance our knowledge about policy and funding decisions in children’s mental health services research in Ontario. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The goals of this thesis are to address issues relating to: (1) measuring child and adolescent mental health need using brief, self-report problem checklists and (2) using these measures to answer questions about children’s mental health service use and service expenditures in the general population in Ontario. The individual manuscripts in this thesis respond to the need for simple, brief, self-report measures of child and adolescent mental disorders and advance our knowledge about policy and funding decisions in children’s mental health services research in Ontario.

The abundance of forgiveness research has advanced scientific knowledge of the construct. Its multifaceted nature, however, has created specialization and domain-dependent research (e.g., close-relationship vs. non-relationship forgiveness). The current paper argues that a comprehensive framework that could be applied across domains is needed. The general principles perspective (Higgins, 1990, 1999), which identifies mechanisms that explain both chronic and situational variance, was used as a framework for forgiveness, specifically the mechanisms of accessibility and need for closure. Two studies tested the principles, a two-part study (N = 244 and 78, respectively) and an online survey (N = 214). The two-part study tested chronic accessibility for forgiveness (Accessibility Study One) within the context of the religiosity-forgiveness relationship (an area that has previously produced complex and contradictory results) and both the chronic and situational influence of need for closure (Need for Closure Study). The online survey was designed to test both situational and chronic accessibility (Accessibility Study Two) by priming half of the participants with religious words. Students from a large, Mid-Atlantic university participated. For accessibility, it was proposed that religious individuals would have higher chronic accessibility for forgiveness, because of the emphasis religions place on it; similarly, it was proposed that increasing accessibility for religiosity would increase situational accessibility for forgiveness. Results supported a weak, positive relationship between religiosity and chronic accessibility for forgiveness; however, increased accessibility did not relate to likelihood to forgive future transgressions. For situational accessibility, the religious prime did not successfully influence accessibility for religiosity; thus, situational accessibility could not be tested. For need for closure, it was proposed that forgiveness requires some comfort with uncertainty in order to engage in the process. Therefore, chronic need for closure was expected to negatively relate to likelihood to forgive future transgressions. Results replicated this previously found relationship. For situational need for closure, manipulated through perceived time limitations, it was proposed that it would interact with chronic forgiveness to predict likelihood to forgive, because as need for closure increases so too does automaticity. Forgiveness is arguably an automatic response for someone high in chronic forgiveness. Results did not support the interaction effect. In general, the project supported the chronic influence of the principles but did not support the situational. The limitations of the current project necessitate further inquiry for clarification, though some conclusions are suggested. Results suggest that motivations may be more influential than cognitions in forgiveness, that forgiveness research may require more highly contextualized models, and thus that the potential advantages of a comprehensive framework will require more sophisticated theoretical and empirical work. / Ph. D.

The study of work-life balance, teleworking, and diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility are increasingly studied among scholars using different theoretical frameworks. However, no study examines work-life balance, teleworking, and diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility as needs in these contemporary times that, when met, lead to higher employee job satisfaction. Existing scholarship suggests that employee job satisfaction is a function of needs. However, with globalization, human needs have changed to include social justice concerns and the desire to have a more fulfilling family life. When organizations respond to these needs, it leads to employee job satisfaction, which ultimately improves organizational performance. This dissertation proposes a Contemporary Needs Theory of employee job satisfaction and contends that work-life balance, teleworking, and diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility (DEIA) are contemporary needs that influence employee job satisfaction. Just as physiological, safety, love, self-esteem, and self-actualization needs are important, so are efforts to meet needs that contribute to work-life balance, teleworking, and DEIA policies. Using the 2022 federal employee viewpoint survey data and multivariate regression analysis, the findings indicate that work-life balance, teleworking, and commitment to DEIA policies contribute to employee job satisfaction. The study's policy and management implications inform researchers and practitioners of the socio-demographic dimensions affecting federal employee job satisfaction, the need for the federal government to examine policies from a historical perspective, and more effective ways of managing organizations. The study recommends that policymakers constantly review their policies and evaluate the workplace for disparities, cultural changes, and policy effect on employee behavior.

Previous studies have shown that the FFM factor neuroticism was negatively correlated with Need for Cognition. Anxiety has been shown to be highly correlated with neuroticism. It has also been shown that women tend to score higher on both neuroticism and anxiety. Need for Cognition has been shown to predict long term academic success. This study aims to contribute to the current understanding of anxiety, neuroticism and Need for Cognition by examining these three constructs together. The study will also analyzes how gender can affect the relationships between the constructs. 272 participants responded to three questionnaires measuring the constructs. 86 were men, 183 were women and 3 defined themselves as "other". 246 of the respondents were university students and 26 responded did not currently study at university. Results indicate that anxiety is a negative predictor for Need for Cognition. This is speculated to be because anxiety has an effect on working memory which in turn is associated with Need for Cognition. Gender differences are significant regarding all three constructs. Findings are complicated by a negative suppressor effect. Results, limitations, and future research are discussed. / Tidigare studier har visat att FFM faktorn neuroticism var negativt korrelerad med Need for Cognition. Ångest har visat sig vara starkt korrelerat med neuroticism. Det har också visat sig att kvinnor tenderar att skatta högre på både neuroticism och ångest. Need for Cognition har visat sig förutsäga långsiktig akademisk framgång. Denna studie syftar till att bidra till aktuell kunskap om ångest, neuroticism och Need for Cognition genom att undersöka dessa tre konstrukt tillsammans. Studien analyserar också hur kön påverkar relationerna mellan konstruktionerna. 272 deltagare svarade på tre enkäter som mäter dessa konstrukt. 86 var män, 183 kvinnor och 3 definierade sig som "övrigt". 246 av de svarande var universitetsstuderande och 26 svarande studerade inte för närvarande på universitet. Resultaten tyder på att ångest kan vara en negativ prediktor för Need for Cognition. Detta spekuleras kunna bero på att ångest har en effekt på arbetsminnet, som i sin tur kan påverka Need for Cognition. Det fanns signifikanta könsskillnader gällande alla tre konstrukt. Resultaten kompliceras av en negativ suppressor effekt. Resultat, begränsningar och framtida forskning diskuteras.