Na contemporaneidade, mulheres e homens estabelecem diversos tipos de vínculos amorosos. Já não podemos dizer que existe um modelo único de casamento e família, tampouco fazer previsões a respeito da durabilidade de uma relação matrimonial. Durante muitos anos os estudos acadêmicos focaram a questão do rompimento do vínculo conjugal. Este trabalho foi justamente realizado a respeito dos casais que permanecem casados por muitos anos. Assim, o objetivo geral desta tese foi estudar a transmissão psíquica entre as gerações e a interferência da mesma na constituição e manutenção do vínculo conjugal. Pretendemos entender as influências que os casais receberam das famílias de origem e como elas interferiram na possibilidade de o casal desenvolver uma identidade conjugal própria, enfocando tanto as influências conscientes como as inconscientes. Abordamos, então, o mecanismo de transmissão psíquica intergeracional e transgeracional na formação e manutenção do vínculo conjugal. Utilizamos a psicanálise como referencial teórico, mais precisamente as formulações teóricas de René Kaës. O método utilizado foi o clínico-qualitativo, proposto por Turato (2003). A pesquisa foi realizada com dois casais casados entre vinte e trinta anos e que não estavam em processo terapêutico. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de entrevista semiaberta, com os dois em conjunto, e pela aplicação das pranchas 2, 4, 7RH, 7MF, 19 e 16 do Teste de Apercepção Temática, com cada cônjuge, separadamente. Com base no material coletado, evidenciamos a presença do declínio do masculino nas várias gerações das famílias de origem desses casais e apontamos para a transmissão psíquica transgeracional da fragilidade masculina. As principais conclusões indicam que as heranças psíquicas transgeracionais foram determinantes na constituição do vínculo conjugal para esses casais pesquisados e dificultaram o estabelecimento de uma identidade conjugal e familiar própria. / This study deals with couples that remain married for many years. The general objective of this dissertation is to study the psychical transmission between generations and its interference in the constitution and maintenance of the marital bond. The purpose is to understand the influence couples receive from their originating families and how it interfered with the possibility of the couple to develop their own marital identity, focusing on both conscious and unconscious influences, dealing with the intergenerational and the transgenerational mechanisms of psychical transmission in the construction and maintenance of the marital bond. The theoretical reference is based on Freud; specifically, the theoretical formulations of René Kaës. The method used was the clinical-qualitative, proposed by Turato (2003). The research was performed with two couples, married for 20 to 30 years and were not participating in therapeutic treatment. Data was obtained through a semi-open interview with the couple, and the application of cards 2, 4, 7RH, 7MF, 19, and 16 of the Thematic Apperception Test. Based on the collected material, it became evident the decline of the male persona in the various generations of the couples originating families and the psychical transgenerational transmission of male fragility. The main conclusions indicate the mental transgenerational legacy was a determinant in the marriage constitution of the studied couples, making the establishment of their own marital and family identity difficult.

Na contemporaneidade, mulheres e homens estabelecem diversos tipos de vínculos amorosos. Já não podemos dizer que existe um modelo único de casamento e família, tampouco fazer previsões a respeito da durabilidade de uma relação matrimonial. Durante muitos anos os estudos acadêmicos focaram a questão do rompimento do vínculo conjugal. Este trabalho foi justamente realizado a respeito dos casais que permanecem casados por muitos anos. Assim, o objetivo geral desta tese foi estudar a transmissão psíquica entre as gerações e a interferência da mesma na constituição e manutenção do vínculo conjugal. Pretendemos entender as influências que os casais receberam das famílias de origem e como elas interferiram na possibilidade de o casal desenvolver uma identidade conjugal própria, enfocando tanto as influências conscientes como as inconscientes. Abordamos, então, o mecanismo de transmissão psíquica intergeracional e transgeracional na formação e manutenção do vínculo conjugal. Utilizamos a psicanálise como referencial teórico, mais precisamente as formulações teóricas de René Kaës. O método utilizado foi o clínico-qualitativo, proposto por Turato (2003). A pesquisa foi realizada com dois casais casados entre vinte e trinta anos e que não estavam em processo terapêutico. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de entrevista semiaberta, com os dois em conjunto, e pela aplicação das pranchas 2, 4, 7RH, 7MF, 19 e 16 do Teste de Apercepção Temática, com cada cônjuge, separadamente. Com base no material coletado, evidenciamos a presença do declínio do masculino nas várias gerações das famílias de origem desses casais e apontamos para a transmissão psíquica transgeracional da fragilidade masculina. As principais conclusões indicam que as heranças psíquicas transgeracionais foram determinantes na constituição do vínculo conjugal para esses casais pesquisados e dificultaram o estabelecimento de uma identidade conjugal e familiar própria. / This study deals with couples that remain married for many years. The general objective of this dissertation is to study the psychical transmission between generations and its interference in the constitution and maintenance of the marital bond. The purpose is to understand the influence couples receive from their originating families and how it interfered with the possibility of the couple to develop their own marital identity, focusing on both conscious and unconscious influences, dealing with the intergenerational and the transgenerational mechanisms of psychical transmission in the construction and maintenance of the marital bond. The theoretical reference is based on Freud; specifically, the theoretical formulations of René Kaës. The method used was the clinical-qualitative, proposed by Turato (2003). The research was performed with two couples, married for 20 to 30 years and were not participating in therapeutic treatment. Data was obtained through a semi-open interview with the couple, and the application of cards 2, 4, 7RH, 7MF, 19, and 16 of the Thematic Apperception Test. Based on the collected material, it became evident the decline of the male persona in the various generations of the couples originating families and the psychical transgenerational transmission of male fragility. The main conclusions indicate the mental transgenerational legacy was a determinant in the marriage constitution of the studied couples, making the establishment of their own marital and family identity difficult.

The aim of the study was to examine central auditory processes compromised by age, age-related hearing loss, and the presentation of a distracting cafeteria noise using auditory event-related potentials (ERPs). In addition, the relation of ERPs to behavioral measures of discrimination was investigated. Three groups of subjects participated: young normal hearing, elderly subjects with normal hearing for their age, and elderly hearing-impaired subjects. Psychoacoustic frequency discrimination thresholds for a 1000-Hz pure tone were determined in quiet and in the presence of a contralateral cafeteria noise. To elicit ERPs, small frequency contrasts were presented with and without noise under unattended and attended conditions. In the attended condition, behavioral measures of d′ detectability and reaction times were also obtained. Noise affected all measures of behavioral frequency discrimination significantly. Except N1, all ERP components in the standard and difference waveforms decreased significantly in amplitude and increased in latency to the same degree in all three subject groups, arguing against a specific age-related sensitivity to the effects of contralateral background noise. For N1 amplitude, the effect of noise was different in the three subject groups, with a complex interaction of age, hearing loss, and attention. Behavioral frequency discrimination was not affected by age but deteriorated significantly in the elderly subjects with hearing loss. In the electrophysiological test, age-related changes occurred at various levels. The most prominent finding in the response to the standard stimuli was a sustained negativity (N2) following P2 in the young subjects that was absent in the elderly, possibly indicating a deficit in the inhibition of irrelevant information processing. In the attended difference waveform, significantly larger N2b and smaller P3b amplitudes and longer N2b and P3b latencies were observed in the elderly indicating different processing strategies. The pronounced age-related changes in the later cognitive components suggest that the discrimination of difficult contrasts, although behaviorally maintained, becomes more effortful in the elderly.

Two decades of event-related potential (ERP) research have established that the most consistent correlates of the onset of visual consciousness are the early visual awareness negativity (VAN), a negative component in the N2 time range over posterior electrode sites, and the late positivity (LP), a positive component in the P3 time range over fronto-parietal electrode sites. A review by Koivisto & Revonsuo (2010) had looked at 39 studies and concluded that the VAN is the earliest and most reliable correlate of visual phenomenal consciousness, whereas the LP probably reflects later processes associated with reflective/access consciousness. However, an “early” vs. “late” debate still persists. This thesis provides an update to that earlier review. All ERP and MEG studies that have appeared since 2010 and directly compared ERPs of aware and unaware conditions are considered. The result corroborates the view that VAN is the earliest and most consistent signature of visual phenomenal consciousness, and casts further doubt on the LP as an ERP correlate of consciousness. Important new methodological, empirical, and theoretical developments in the field are described, and the empirical results are related to the theoretical background debates.

No description available.

Το ακουστικό σύστημα έχει να μας διδάξει πολλά σχετικά με τις κεντρικές ακουστικές διαδικασίες, όμως ο τρόπος με τον οποίο συμπεριφέρεται και λειτουργεί σε διάφορα νοσήματα (αυτισμός, σ.Αsperger, σχιζοφρένεια), όσο και σε καταστάσεις τόσο προβληματικές (δυσλεξία, αλκοολισμός, κώμα) όσο και φυσιολογικές (εκμάθηση ξένων γλωσσών), είναι ακόμη άγνωστος. Ο λεπτός κρίκος που παρεμβάλλεται μεταξύ όλων αυτών των καταστάσεων και της λειτουργίας του ακουστικού συστήματος είναι ένα (ακουστικό) προκλητό δυναμικό, το αρνητικό δυναμικό ασυμφωνίας (ΑΔΑ). Το δυναμικό αυτό εκλύεται από τον εγκέφαλο οποτεδήποτε ένας διαφορετικός ήχος επιδράσει σε μια ακολουθία σταθερών ήχων. Πρόκειται για ένα αυτόματο φαινόμενο το οποίο υπάρχει στη φύση, είναι όμως δυνατό να εκλυθεί και να μελετηθεί και πειραματικά. Στην παρούσα εργασία αναλύεται το δυναμικό ΑΔΑ, περιγράφονται κάποιες κλινικές χρησιμότητες και μερικά πλεονεκτήματά του και αναλυτικά η μεθοδολογία και η πειραματική διάταξη που ακολουθήθηκε για την ανάδειξη του σημαντικού αυτού δυναμικού. Η πειραματική διάταξη που χρησιμοποιήθηκε στην παρούσα εργασία, επέτρεψε την ανίχνευση ισχυρών και διακριτών δυναμικών ΑΔΑ. Η διάταξη είναι εύκολα αναπαραγώγιμη και θα μπορούσε να τύχει πολλών κλινικών εφαρμογών. / By studying the function of the auditory system, it is possible to also elucidate the function of several central auditory procedures. It is however largely unknown how these are related to diseases such as autism, Asperger's syndrome, schizophrenia, but also to other situations such as dyslexia, coma, alcoholism, or the learning of foreign languages. The tiny bond that connects all these functions with central auditory processes is an auditory evoked potential called mismatch negativity (MMN). The MMN is elicited whenever a deviant sound interferes in a sequence of standard tones. Elicitation of MMN potentials is an automatic procedure that happens in nature all the time. It can however also be produced and detected in the laboratory. The present work starts with a detailed description of the MMN potential. Some of its advantages, as well as its clinical uses are also presented. This work also includes a very detailed description of the methhodology used to detect and study MMN potentials in experimental conditions. The experimental setup used in this work allowed us to detect substantial and discernible MMNs. This setup, and hence the study of MMNs is easily replicable, could therefore be also used in clinical praxis.

Des sons émotionnels furent présentés comme stimuli cibles lors d'une tâche auditive de type oddball. Les effets acoustiques furent départagés des effets émotionnels à l'aide d'une tâche contrôle similaire utilisant une version brouillée des sons originaux et dépourvue de propriétés émotionnelles. Les résultats du oddball émotionnel qui ont différé du oddball contrôle ont montré des effets de valence inversés dans les composantes électrophysiologiques P2 et P300; la valence négative ayant une amplitude plus grande dans la fenêtre de 130-270ms mais moins intense autour de 290-460ms, lorsque comparée aux valences positives et neutres. Les résultats P2 peuvent être interprétés comme une mobilisation attentionnelle précoce privilégiant les stimuli potentiellement dangereux, tandis que les résultats de la P300 pourrait indiquer une évaluation moins détaillée de ces stimuli. / In an auditory oddball task, negatively (disgust) and positively (laughter) valenced sounds were presented as rare targets. To disentangle acoustic effects from emotional ones, a control oddball was conceived with a non‐emotional scrambled version of the original target sounds as rare targets. Results from the emotional oddball that differed from the control oddball showed an inverse effect of valence in the P2 and P300 range, with negative valence having higher mean amplitude values in the 130‐270ms range, but lower values in the 290‐460 range when compared to ERPs elicited by positive and neutral valence. The P2 results are interpreted as early mobilization of attentional resources towards potentially threatening stimuli, while the P300 results could reflect less detailed evaluation of such stimuli.

Il est peu de notions aussi vastes que celle du non-savoir, mais le flou du caractère nécessairement négatif de sa définition s’accompagne tout de même du sentiment que la source de ce qui ne peut qu’être déterminé négativement par la pensée (non, cela n’est pas le savoir) ne peut qu’être positive. Notion à l’applicabilité infinie, parce qu’en elle vient s’abîmer tout ce qui ne peut tenir dans l’espace de la maîtrise relative à ce dont on peut dire : je sais de quoi il s’agit. Est non-savoir tout ce qui se rapporte au bouillonnement pulsionnel de la vie et à l’échéance fatale de la mort. Ce qui pousse l’homme au meurtre, au génocide, à la guerre et à la violence révolutionnaire se confond avec un contenu affectif et identitaire qui ne peut être ramené au savoir sans laisser de reste. Mais tenter de comprendre ce qui échappe à l’entendement est cela même qui relance sans cesse la réflexion comprise comme cœur du savoir. Le savoir se montre ainsi sous une extrême dépendance face à son Autre. À la lumière de cette hypothèse devant beaucoup aux découvertes de la psychanalyse, le présent mémoire s’est donné pour objectif de jeter un regard frais sur quelques grandes tensions sociopolitiques de l’Histoire; mais il a d’abord fallu évaluer philosophiquement la possibilité d’un concept de non-savoir. Des champs identitaires majeurs — révolutions totalitaires ou démocratiques, bouleversements ou synergies culturelles — sont ainsi analysés sous l’angle d’une économie pulsionnelle qui s’inscrit dans une interaction perpétuelle avec ce qui s’ébauche ici comme une économie du rapport entre non-savoir et savoir. Est ainsi produite une esquisse des rapports possibles entre la vie pulsionnelle de l’homme, le savoir institutionnel et le monde sociopolitique. / Few notions are as vast as that unknowing; but the imprecise nature of its definition is nonetheless accompagnied by the implication that what offers itself only negatively to the mind has a positive source. The applicability of the notion of unknowing is infinite; it swallows up all that resists the mastery indicated by statements about that which is. Unknowing encompasses all that belongs to the boiling drive of life and to the faceless moment of death. What leads human beings to murder, to genocide, to war and to revolutionnary violence is bound up with an affective content of identification that cannot be subsumed by knowledge without leaving a residue. Yet attempting to understand what exceeds the mind’s grasp serves as the motor of mental reflection at the heart of knowledge production itself. In this sense, knowledge is inescapably dependent on its « other ». In light of this hypothesis drawn from the domain of psychoanalysis, this thesis aims to reexamine the conceptual underpinnings of basic sociopolitical tensions in History. The conceptual impetus driving major identity movements — such as totalitarian or democratic revolutions and cultural disruptions or synergies — is analysed in terms of a libidinal or drive-oriented economy which is in perpetual interaction with what this thesis characterizes as an economy of the relation between knowing and unknowing, between knowledge and its negation.

La grossesse est un moment charnière de la vie où la femme reconsidère les bienfaits de chacune de ses habitudes de vie. Il est bien connu que l'activité physique apporte des bénéfices pour la cognition des enfants et des adultes, mais est-ce aussi le cas des femmes enceintes? Et qu'en est-il de l'enfant à naitre? L’objectif général de cette thèse était d’examiner l'effet de l'interaction entre l'activité physique et la grossesse sur les fonctions cognitives de la mère et de l'enfant. Une première étude démontre que la cognition de la femme enceinte diminue lors du troisième trimestre sans effet de condition physique. Une seconde étude présente les effets d'une séance d'activité physique sur plusieurs habiletés cognitives des femmes enceintes. On retrouve chez elles une diminution de la mémoire de travail et de la capacité d'attention soutenue alors qu'il n'y a pas d'effet chez la femme non enceinte. Enfin, une dernière étude présente l'impact de l'activité physique pratiquée tout au long de la grossesse sur le cerveau du nouveau-né. Cette étude démontre que les nouveau-nés de mères actives présentent des réponses neurophysiologiques plus matures que les enfants de mères sédentaires. L'ensemble de ces résultats démontre que la grossesse entraine des déficits cognitifs. De plus, les fonctions cognitives de la femme enceinte seront réduites à la suite d'une séance d'activité physique. Il serait donc préférable pour elle de ne pas prévoir son activité physique avant une activité qui nécessite ses capacités cognitives. Elle devrait tout de même effectuer de l'activité physique tout au long de sa grossesse afin d'offrir le meilleur départ possible dans la vie à son enfant. / Pregnancy is a pivotal moment in life when a woman reconsiders the value of each of her lifestyle choices. It is well known that physical activity brings benefits for cognition in children and adults, but is this also the case for pregnant women? What about their children? The overall objective of this thesis was to examine the effect of the interaction between physical activity and pregnancy on the cognitive functions of the mother and of the child. A first study shows that the cognition of pregnant women decreases during the third trimester and is not affected by their fitness level. A second study shows the effects of an exercise session on several cognitive abilities of pregnant women. We observed that pregnant women's self-monitoring ability is poorer than that of control women and that pregnant women's self-monitoring and sustained attention diminish after a bout of acute cardiovascular exercise. Finally, a third study shows the impact of physical activity performed throughout pregnancy on the brain of the newborn. This study demonstrates that newborns of active mothers have more mature neurophysiological responses than children of sedentary mothers. Taken together, these results demonstrate that pregnancy induces cognitive deficits. In addition, the cognitive functions of pregnant women are impaired as a result of an exercise session. Thus, they should not plan to exercise before a cognitively demanding activity. Nonetheless, women should still exercise regularly during pregnancy to provide the best possible start in life for their child.

A substantial amount of behavioural, genetic, and neurophysiological data suggest that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is influenced by an underlying abnormality in the midbrain dopamine system. A previous study found that children with ADHD are unusually sensitive to the salience of rewards, mediated in part by the dopamine system (Holroyd, Baker, Kerns & Mueller, 2008). The current study aimed to replicate and expand upon the previous finding using event-related potentials (ERP) recorded from typically developing children and children with ADHD as they navigated a “virtual T-Maze” in two conditions differing on reward saliency. Children also completed a behavioural task designed to measure decision making and sensitivity to reward and punishment. Both groups of children responded to the behavioural task in a way that is indicative of increased sensitivity to reward. Unlike the previous study, the salience of reward as reflected in the ERP did not have an effect on either children with ADHD or typically developing children. However, both groups displayed a larger error-related negativity (ERN) in the condition presented second.