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The question that this study addressed was how Catholic educators from diverse experiential backgrounds negotiate personally persuasive and authoritative discourses in fashioning their identities as assistant principals. The inquiry is framed by poststructuralist perspectives on identity and uses as a methodology an ethnographic interview approach in an effort to understand the transition from teacher to assistant principal. Interviews with three first-year assistant principals in two Catholic school districts in a Western Canadian province formed part of the data. To obtain the school district’s perspectives, I also interviewed district-level personnel who were responsible for leadership formation. Documents from the Ministry of Education that included the newly developed provincial standards for principals as well as documents from the two school districts were also analyzed. The research findings reveal that beginning assistant principals negotiate their identities as educational leaders when they assume a role and that the expectations of the role existed before their arrival. These expectations are the authoritative discourses that shape the educational leader within the school district and that are negotiated with the personally persuasive discourses of the leader. The tensions that new assistant principals in the study negotiated were conflicting discourses of leadership and the dissonance between the challenges and affirmations regarding participants’ deeply held values and the traditional institutional demands on administrators and between the role expectations and the autonomous decision making of leaders. The implications of emphasizing questions of identity in leadership development shift the thinking on the assistant principal beyond the organizational structure of the role. School districts must better attend to the development of the identity of their educational leaders by restructuring leadership training programs and ensuring the effectiveness of mentoring programs. New assistant principals must themselves address the differences between role and identity and direct attention to the importance of developing and strengthening their identities as educational leaders.

“One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman,” Simone de Beauvoir once famously said presenting the hypothesis that the idea of a woman, the female identity, is constructed as a reflection of its context. The purpose of this paper is to discover one aspect of this construction by exploring the identity development and expression of five young women, in the context of Saudi Arabia, to theorize about how they construct their ego identity and sense of self in the context in which they exist. Though in-depth conversations it is established how the women view themselves and their expression. This material is then reflected upon through the prism of defining identity and the identity status’ as explored by Eric Erikson and James Marcia as to create a further understanding of the women’s creation of self. The conclusion is that young women in Saudi Arabia construct their identity through negotiation. Faced with blurred lines of personal, religious and national identity, negotiation is unavoidable in the complex structure in which the women’s expression and development takes place.

The influence of cultural diversity on international business negotiation continues to increase in importance as a result of globalization, liberalization of worldwide markets, and the growth of cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Negotiating styles' options and choices are key factors in determining successful outcomes in cross-cultural negotiations. While much research has been conducted on the influence of cultural dimensions on international negotiation styles, the samples and comparative studies have focused mainly on developed regions of the world - the United States of America, Europe, and Asia. This study focuses on the influence of selected cultural dimensions on the negotiating styles of the United States, and Jamaica - a developing Caribbean territory. Previous research in this area was minimal or non-existent. The study engaged tertiary student respondents in both territories and adopted the GLOBE Leadership Scale instrument to measure the effect of six cultural dimensions on cultural practices and cultural values in both countries. Simultaneously, the Glaser and Glaser Negotiating Style instrument was used to measure five different style choices grounded in the Dual Concerns Theory. The findings suggest that US negotiators would demonstrate a higher concern for self than Jamaican negotiators while Jamaican negotiators would show a higher concern for others in the negotiating process. This was also supported by the finding that the higher collectivism culture of the Jamaicans has a significant positive influence on their compromising style approach. Another significant finding was on the gender egalitarian cultural construct which suggests that both the US and Jamaican negotiators would embrace the participation of a greater number of female negotiators in the future. The US would also be more accommodative in their negotiating style where greater gender equity prevails. Power distance as a cultural dimension was not significant on negotiating styles in both countries but it was encouraging to note that power distance gaps would be narrower in the future.

El Perú está negociando el Acuerdo de Asociación Transpacífico, un acuerdo comercial que podría tener serias implicancias para los sistemas de salud de las naciones incluidas. Los capítulos de transparencia y propiedad intelectual son los más controversiales. El primero porque abre la posibilidad a los grupos interesados a objetar las decisiones de las autoridades sanitarias acerca de la incorporación de tecnologías sanitarias al sistema de salud, dándoles mecanismos de arbitraje si sus productos no son incorporados al sistema. El segundo, porque plantea restricciones al ingreso de productos genéricos al ampliar el período de datos de prueba e implementar mecanismos de oposición al registro de los mismos. Adicionalmente, el acuerdo contempla la posibilidad de restringir la regulación del consumo de alcohol, tabaco y alimentos procesados. Se deben crear sistemas de vigilancia del impacto del acuerdo si este se concreta, y generar mecanismos que impidan que los escasos recursos disponibles para la salud se desvíen a financiar tecnología de punta que no necesariamente va a tener un impacto positivo a nivel poblacional. / Peru is negotiating the Transpacific Partnership Agreement, a commercial treaty that could have deleterious implications for the health systems of the included partners. Transparency and Intellectual Property chapters are the most controversial elements. The first mostly because it opens the possibility for groups of interest to refuse decisions being taken by the sanitary authorities concerning the incorporation of health technologies to the public health systems. The second because it poses restrictions to the entrance of generic medical products, widening the period of data exclusivity and implementing mechanisms of opposition to their registry. Other chapters include strategies to block the states from regulating the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and processed foods. We ought to create surveillance systems to evaluate the impact of the agreement if it is signed, and generate mechanisms that prevent the little resources we already have devoted for health to be deviated to top technology that will not necessarily have a positive impact at a population level.

Faculty of Information Systems School of Economic and Business Sciences 9406128v georgia.sirinidis@fnbcorporate.co.za / Interpersonal Conflict is a neglected topic in Information System Development (ISD). While deemed important, few ISD studies have examined interpersonal conflict, the management of this conflict, or the impact this conflict has on project outcomes. Research in this field has revealed that conflict between different user groups within the systems development team is considered to be a significant threat to the success of a project. Failed systems have been attributed to resistance to system change, political issues that arise as a result of the system change and poor qua lity of teamwork between users and technical staff, analysts, programmers and other IS professionals and cultural differences. Better methods of systems analysis and design are thus needed to ensure appropriate, feasible and acceptable programs and applications and it is therefore with this intention, that this dissertation is submitted: to consider organisational behavioural means, in particular the importance of negotiating within the Systems Development process, to improve systems development. There were multiple objectives to this dissertation. These were: · to investigate whether system development is currently experienced as a process of conflict · to ascertain which roles experience a greater degree of conflict · to ascertain which systems development life cycle (SDLC) and which methodologies experience a greater degree of conflict · to assess whether negotiating skills vary across the different roles within the SDLC, to assess whether negotiating skills vary across SDLC methodologies · to determine whether the interest to improve negotiating skills varies within the SDLC · to evaluate the importance attached to negotiating skills in the SDLC · to assess whether the acceptance of the proposed negotiating framework for systems development varies within the SDLC · to examine what factors play a role in the acceptance of the proposed frameworks and · to assess whether the proposed framework will improve systems delivery. ii The reach of the research was limited to organisations in Southern Africa. These organisations were either large software development houses, or small IT departments within organisations, which specialised in developing either outsourced systems or in- house systems. Selfadministered questionnaires were mailed out to system development teams in South Africa, of varying industries and a total sample of one hundred and fifty five respondents replied. A quantitative approach was adopted to analyse the data. The results of the research show that minimal conflict is currently experienced in the SDLC and respondents across all roles and methodologies feel they possess negotiation skills to handle the conflict. The majority of the sample favourably accepted the proposed framework. Some roles attached more importance to the need for negotiating skills in their line of work, and paid more attention to improving their negotiating skills than others.

The social construction and the behavior of organization transform continuously, and the relative prices keep changing. When the relative prices changing will cause the negotiating power of the organization to change and further affects institutional evolution? "The Remedial Institution of Soil and Groundwater Pollution¡¨ had passed through successively institutional evolution during 10 years, how does the pollutant and interest group affect the institutional evolution. Through Douglass C. North¡¦s view of the institutional evolution, I collected many different Taiwanese articles of evolvement policy and rules of soil and groundwater pollution to understand the relationship between the lawmaking of "The remedial institution of soil and groundwater pollution" and the organization of behavior. Besides that, using ¡§The Remedial Fee of Soil and Groundwater Pollution," the subsidiary bill of ¡§The Remedial Institution of Soil and Groundwater Pollution" as a case study. Deeply understand the North¡¦s Theories of institutional evolution in formal rule, informal rule and enforce characteristic and their relationship. According to the analysis of the interaction between institutions and organizations, it explained that the formal rule, The Remedial Institution of Soil and Groundwater Pollution, cause it 10 years for revising. Under such structure of the institutions, the network of the administration, legislative agency and different ideology, had affected the actors who take the action regulate the transaction costs and caused new arrangement of the institution to generate stable and slow changes. It proves that our notion of the behavior of organizations exists transaction cost and has interacted effect on the construction of institutional evolution to be right, and also proves that under North's theory of institutional evolution, provided a good explanation for "The Remedial Institution of Soil and Groundwater Pollution¡¨ can't quickly revise in Taiwan¡¦s current institutions. At the same time, this statement has enhanced the explanation capability of the theories toward the environment policies of Taiwan.

In this study, classic grounded theory is used to explore and explain the relationship between street-involved youth and the streets. The main concern of the youth in this study is negotiating duality, and at the heart of this negotiation process is seeking safety on the streets while struggling to emerge into mainstream society. Data was collected in a mid-sized urban Canadian city through semi-structured interviews, observation, conversations and photography with 52 current street-involved youth, 6 former street-involved youth, and 8 adults who work with this population. The study led to the development of a substantive theory of negotiating duality, the core construct which emerged as the means by which street-involved youth handle their need to both survive in the day-to-day context of the streets while simultaneously working their way off the streets and back to mainstream society. Four domains of duality emerged as significant: dual logic, dual space and place, dual identity, and dual normality. Additionally, three interrelated concepts (social processes) emerged from the data: seeking safety, struggling to emerge, and living outside normal. These processes were characterized by five bifocal strategies: escaping, provisioning, anchoring, routing, and using (in)visibility. This theory is a model of person-place interaction, explaining the dynamic relationship street-involved youth have with and between the street and mainstream society. The findings of this study enhance understanding about street-involved youth and their interaction with the streets and mainstream society and provide a framework that can be utilized to inform youth homelessness services, policy development, and future research. / Graduate

As China emerges as a major player on the international business scene, it is becoming increasingly important for Western negotiators to understand how the Chinese negotiate business deals. Existing knowledge regarding the Chinese negotiation style is largely based on considering China as one single country and the Chinese as to negotiate in one homogeneous way. Regional differences in the Chinese negotiation style have traditionally been overlooked in the literature. Guided by a negotiation analysis approach, this thesis conducts an exploratory study of the diversity of the Chinese negotiation style from a regional sub-cultural perspective. It suggests four characteristics of the Chinese negotiation style based on the frameworks of international business negotiations and the Chinese cultural roots and values. This thesis investigates five research questions, which address the characteristics of regional negotiation styles and the consequences of these different styles in relation to Sino-Western negotiations. A case study research strategy is employed to study four regions in China, including the Northern, the Eastern, the Southern and the Central region. Each case was studied using three research methods: semi-structured interviews, secondary documents, and negotiation experiments. Interview data analysis focuses on the perceptions of the Chinese negotiators, the Chinese government official, and the foreign negotiators regarding regional negotiation styles, whereas the experiments examine the students cognitive information on regional differences. The results confirm that regional negotiation styles exist in China. The findings show that Northern and Central negotiators have the Chinese negotiation style in the literature. They place emphasis on relationship and face and show low time-sensitivity and risk-taking propensity. On the contrary, Eastern and Southern negotiators are extremely task-oriented and deal-focused, which means they place little value on relationship and face in negotiations. Differences also exist between the two groups of business-oriented negotiators as Southern negotiators have higher time-sensitivity and risk-taking propensity than Eastern negotiators. Differences in historical and geographical backgrounds are found to be the key drivers in the forming of these regional negotiation styles. Importantly, the experiment results show that, in contrast to the conventional idea, Western negotiators might find it easier to negotiate with the relationship-focused Chinese than with the deal-focused Chinese. This is because Northern and Central negotiators appear to be cooperative in Sino-Western negotiations, whereas Eastern and Southern negotiators tend to use a competitive approach. This thesis provides a number of contributions to the existing literature. First, it provides a better understanding of the overall picture of the Chinese negotiation behaviour and fine-tunes the Chinese negotiation style from a regional sub-cultural perspective. This regional approach to the study of culture is not only rare in Sino-Western negotiation studies, but also uncommon in the literature of international business negotiations. Second, this research highlights the fallacious assumption of cultural homogeneity with nations. It calls for academic attention to balance inter-cultural and intra-cultural diversity in the studies of international business. Third, a step is taken towards exploring the regional values and behavioural differences in China. The findings of this research provide directions for future regional studies on other managerial issues.

<p>The aim of this paper is to analyze the North Korean leader Kim Jong-Il’s personality and its influence on North Korea’s negotiating behavior regarding the nuclear issue. Through the theory of social identity shaping and personality disorder, this study has generated a hypothesis by the operationalization of the theoretical framework. By using these analytical methods the following conclusions have been drawn:</p><p>Kim Jong-Il had experienced a sense of loss and damaged self-esteem in his childhood. He had tried to compensate for these feelings through the film industry (which served as an ideological tool) in order to regain his father’s affection, and he succeeded in becoming recognized for his political ability. However, he overcompensated for these feelings of low self-esteem by removing his potential political enemies. The experiences made him acquire an idiosyncratic character and personality disorder. This study has found that North Korea’s nuclear negotiations with the United States since 1993 have reflected Kim Jong-Il’s personality.</p><p>The model of the study can be used as a basis for further academic studies in the practical exploration of the correlations between a country’s foreign policy and its leader’s personality.</p>