This thesis examines how mothers of children labeled ‘learning disabled’ negotiate with educational professionals as advocates for their children. Previous scholarship has not adequately addressed the role that parents, particularly mothers of children labeled ‘learning disabled’ play in the education of their children. Through analyzing the ways in which these educational practices shape people’s experiences and identities, we can gain a deeper understanding of the ways in which labeling processes are experienced, managed, constructed, negotiated and/or resisted. This subject was explored through in-depth interviews with six mothers, using interviewing practices informed by standpoint methodology. My analysis follows two major themes. The first theme deals with the contradictory nature of psychoeducational assessments in the classrooms of the educational system. I demonstrate how psychoeducational assessments act as a set of rules, regulations and rights. I demonstrate how the mothers in my study used these as tools for empowerment and resistance to educational structures and discourses of normalcy. I also demonstrate the limitations of these texts to secure the educational interest and rights of children labeled ‘learning disabled’. The second theme deals with transformation processes. I ask, how do mothers of children labeled ‘learning disabled’ change as a result of negotiating their child or children’s ‘learning disability’. I demonstrate how being a parent of a child labeled ‘learning disabled’ is outside the sphere of ‘regular’ parenting and the sphere of the formal educational system and the economic, social and health-related consequences of such negotiations. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate

This dissertation examines the negotiating style of the Dominican negotiator. The research presented is of qualitative nature -a phenomenology study- which looks at a single country: the Dominican Republic. Two major research strategies used in this research are (a) in-depth interviews with negotiators and observers and (b) a cultural survey instrument of Dominican managers. Data has been collected from primary sources, through interviews of negotiators in the private and public sector and through surveys completed by managers and negotiators. After distilling the interview through horizonalization and other qualitative analyses methods, within-case and across-case analysis were done to determine key findings of each interview. This dissertation provides an insight into the cultural profile of Dominicans, as the foundation to create a descriptive profile of the Dominican negotiator.

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This thesis attempts to map out the negotiation strategies used by unskilled negotiators and among these, to identify those strategies which prevent such negotiators from achieving the most effective outcome. In highlighting such incorrect negotiating strategies, the thesis aims to steer academics away from using such strategies as part of their future teaching material on negotiation strategies. The theoretical aspect of this work describes the theory behind negotiating strategies and maps the features, styles and negotiation procedures which are used during negotiation. The practical part of the thesis interprets results gained from the research which was carried out. This research, which was conducted in the winter semester of the 2013/2014 academic year, involved the staging of bargaining games that were held over five separate sessions as part of the subject "Introductory training of social and management skills".

The institution of sport has an extensive history of heterosexism, and homophobia, making sport a problematic and unsafe space for gay-identified males. The lack of representation of gay athletes in professional sports highlights the risks associated with openly identifying one’s sexual identity within athletic settings, as gay-identified players often are faced with discrimination and harassment. As a result, gay-identified athletes may choose not to be open about their sexual identity or leave sports altogether as a way to avoid being subjected to discrimination and marginalization within athletics. Grounded in queer theory, and engaging in phenomenology and arts-informed inquiry, this study seeks to explore the ways in which gay-identified males involved in sport negotiate their identies and masculinities. After each participant was interviewed, he wrote a letter to his past self as a way to share what he had come to learn about his process of coming into his own identity and negotiating masculinity. The study interrogates how gay males experience team-based competitive sports differently than individually-based sports and personal fitness activities. Additionally, it explores the personal process of defining and embracing masculinity. Deconstructing the definition of hegemonic masculinity, this study explores how masculinity can be understood in multiple ways. Changing the heterosexist and homophobic discourse that informs the organization of sport on multiple levels creates more opportunities for gay-identified athletes to be welcomed into the arena of sport and safely access the benefits associated with competitive sports and healthy active living activities. This study brings light to the emotional and psychosocial consequences that stem from homophobia and heterosexism’s dominance in our society. The perpetual discrimination and marginalization faced by those who identify as gay males highlights the need for social work’s involvement in justice-oriented research and practice as a way to bring greater equality and equity into our communities. / Thesis / Master of Social Work (MSW)

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-05T12:25:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Anderson Ferreira.pdf: 5030213 bytes, checksum: 0650ae46e15e2528d34b998321119e5f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-05T12:25:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anderson Ferreira.pdf: 5030213 bytes, checksum: 0650ae46e15e2528d34b998321119e5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP / The aim of this thesis is to examine, in contemporary society, the production of discursive reading in digital space, crossed by journalistic media. In this sense, this research proposes to identify the enunciative positions of the subjects of discourse and to verify, in the production of reading, ways of negotiating the sense effects in the discursive space of exchanges in the field of opinion. By the end of the twentieth century, the relationship with reading, in terms of form and media, had been significantly transformed by the advent of information and communication technologies. The printed text began to compete with the digital texts and the materiality of the book became immaterial, producing large digitized cultural collections. In the field of discourse, for instance, the notions of reading, genre of discourse, textuality and authorality were revisited and amplified due to the development of the digital mídiuns. This aspect gave rise to research that began to consider the modes of production and diffusion of discourses and their influence on the production of reading. The reader-subject, in this scenario, had been incited to mobilize diverse discursive skills and memories, producing the reading of the intricate world to the reading of the discourse in function of their expectations and needs. Otherwise, contemporaneity demanded of the reader a greater interaction with the world, in the moment in which the speech took place. Thus, in order to gain autonomy and face alterity, the reader has been occupying the condition of reading subject, producing and creating sense effects in the field of dissent. From this perspective, the examination of reading in the field of discourse has enabled us to grasp the issue of negotiating the sense effects, in its relation to power, ethics, democracy, citizenship, knowledge, and sociocommunication devices and enunciative and their modes of production, dissemination and reception of discourses, as well as with the notions of time, space and subject. Our hypothesis is that the reader, when articulating the socio-historical and cultural dimension with the discursive domain, occupies the condition of subject in the negotiations of the sense effects. For our study, we took as a theoretical-methodological reference the Discourse Analysis, in particular, the one practiced by Dominique Maingueneau (1997; 1998; 2000; 2006a; 2006b; 2007a; 2007b; 2008a; 2008b; 2008c; 2011; 2013a; 2013b; 2014, 2015, 2016). Also, in order to apprehend the notions of modernity, postmodernity and culture, the reflections produced in the theoretical frameworks of Philosophy, Sociology, Geography, Education, Literature and Anthropology were mobilized. In turn, historical-cultural studies grounded the discussions in the field of reading and writing practices, resignifying the problematic of the reader's mobility in its relation with the reading corpus. We test our hypothesis that the articulation of socio-historical and cultural conditions with the discursive domain provides the reader with the condition of subject. This condition produces a reading gesture that calls for the negotiation of the sense effects as a discursive mechanism in the production of reading. The association of the placements in the discursive space of exchanges in the field of opinion revealed that the communication between the reader, the other and the world occurs at the core of semantic, historical and cultural constraints that, when mobilized, become effective for the confrontation of otherness / O objetivo da presente tese consiste em examinar, na sociedade contemporânea, a produção da leitura discursiva no espaço digital, atravessado pelas mídias jornalísticas. Nesse sentido, a referida pesquisa propõe-se a identificar as posições enunciativas dos sujeitos do discurso e verificar, na produção da leitura, modos de negociação dos efeitos de sentido no espaço discursivo de trocas no campo da opinião. No final do século XX, a relação com a leitura, no tocante à forma e aos suportes, fora transformada de modo importante pelo advento das tecnologias da informação e da comunicação. O texto impresso passou a concorrer com os textos digitais e a materialidade do livro se transformou em imaterialidade, produzindo grandes acervos culturais digitalizados. No campo do discurso, por exemplo, as noções de leitura, gênero de discurso, textualidade e autoralidade foram sendo revisitadas e ampliadas devido ao desenvolvimento dos mídiuns digitais. Este aspecto suscitou pesquisas que passaram a considerar os modos de produção e difusão dos discursos e sua influência na produção da leitura. O sujeito-leitor, neste cenário, fora incitado a mobilizar competências e memórias discursivas diversas, produzindo a leitura do mundo intricada à leitura do discurso em função de suas expectativas e necessidades. De outra forma, a contemporaneidade exigiu do leitor uma maior interação com o mundo, no momento em que descentrou a tomada de palavra. Assim, a fim de conquistar autonomia e enfrentar a alteridade, o leitor vem ocupando a condição de sujeito da leitura, produzindo e criando efeitos de sentido no campo do dissenso. Nessa perspectiva, o exame da leitura no campo do discurso nos possibilitou apreender a questão da negociação dos efeitos de sentido, em sua relação com o poder, com a ética, com a democracia, com a cidadania, com o conhecimento, com os dispositivos sociocomunicativos e enunciativos e seus modos de produção, disseminação e recepção dos discursos, bem como com as noções de tempo, espaço e sujeito. Nossa hipótese é que o leitor, ao articular a dimensão sócio-histórica e cultural com o domínio discursivo, ocupa a condição de sujeito nas negociações dos efeitos de sentido. Para nosso estudo, tomamos como referencial teórico-metodológico a Análise do Discurso, em especial, a praticada por Dominique Maingueneau (1997; 1998; 2000; 2006a; 2006b; 2007a; 2007b; 2008a; 2008b; 2008c; 2011; 2013a; 2013b; 2014; 2015; 2016). Também, para apreender as noções de modernidade, pós-modernidade e cultura, foram mobilizadas as reflexões produzidas nos quadros teóricos da Filosofia, da Sociologia, da Geografia, da Educação, da Literatura e da Antropologia. Por sua vez, os estudos histórico-culturais embasaram as discussões no campo das práticas da leitura e da escrita, ressignificando a problemática da mobilidade do leitor em sua relação com o corpus de leitura. Comprovamos nossa hipótese de que a articulação das condições sócio-históricas e culturais com o domínio discursivo fornece ao leitor a condição de sujeito. Esta condição produz um gesto de leitura que solicita a negociação dos efeitos de sentido como mecanismo discursivo na produção da leitura. A associação dos posicionamentos no espaço discursivo de trocas no campo da opinião revelou que a comunicação entre o leitor, o outro e o mundo ocorre no cerne de restrições semânticas, históricas e culturais que, quando mobilizadas, se tornam efetivas para o enfrentamento da alteridade

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In demokratischen politischen Systemen haben staatliche Akteure darauf zu achten, die legitimatorische und die ökonomische Basis ihres Handelns stabil und miteinander vereinbar zu halten. Dieses Interesse des politischen Systems an sich selbst wird damit zur Grundlage all seiner Steuerungsbemühungen. Aufgrund der strukturellen Abhängigkeit des Staates von einer funktionsfähigen Ökonomie ist staatlichen Akteuren auch an der Steuerung der industriellen Beziehungen gelegen – zumindest dann, wenn sie in Rezessionsphasen das Handeln der Tarifverbände als dysfunktional bewerten. Unmittelbarer staatlicher Intervention und Steuerung steht aber das grundgesetzlich verankerte Konstrukt der Tarifautonomie entgegen. Das bedeutet jedoch nicht, dass dem Staat alle Steuerungsmöglichkeiten genommen sind. Am Beispiel der staatlichen Forcierung betrieblicher Bündnisse für Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass der Staat über den Umweg der indirekten, diskursiven Steuerung in der Lage ist, gesellschaftliche Akteure zur Selbststeuerung anzuregen. Im Ergebnis lässt sich eine Transformation der Strukturen der industriellen Beziehungen beobachten, die zu einem wesentlichen Teil nicht von den Tarifverbänden, sondern vom Staat ausgeht. / In political systems that are liberal and democratic state actors must keep the legitimating and economic basis of their actions stable and compatible with each other. This interest of political systems in themselves becomes the basis of all their intervention policies. Due to the structural dependency of the state from a functioning economy state actors also attempt to regulate industrial relations; at least during periods of recession in which free collective bargaining is regarded as dysfunctional. Direct state intervention and regulation are restricted by the right of free collective bargaining, which is guaranteed by the German constitutional law. Notwithstanding this does not mean that the state has lost all its possibilities of regulation and control. The example of the state’s demand, and to a certain extent enforcement, of internal alliances for jobs shows that the state is very well in the position to stimulate collective actors to self-regulation. This stimulation takes place through a discursive, indirect intervention. As a result of these shifts and changes a structural transformation of industrial relations takes place, which, to a great extent, is not initiated by employers’ and employee’s associations, but by the state.

馬來西亞至今已獨立58年，國內族群的問題一直備受矚。然而，回顧馬來西亞華人身份認同研究，主要從歷史脈絡結構下詮釋，缺乏經驗性研究。伴隨著世代的改變，馬來西亞華人身份認同亦可能隨之改變。本研究主要探究當今馬來西亞華人是否仍強調華人的概念以及在文化認同上是否認知為中華文化，以及影響該認同之因素。協商式認同是一種建構式認同，主要認為透過國家的主導以及社會環境可影響民眾的認同。有鑑於此，吾人認為不同世代華裔隨著國家政策與社會環境影響下，年長世代華裔與年輕世代華裔在身份與文化認同上有所差異。本文研究以馬六甲為例，在研究途徑上分成三種方式，分別是「非結構性訪談」、「內容分析法」、「參與觀察法」以探究該因果關係。吾人發現，在身份認同上，年長世代認為華人與中國人沒有差別，且他們較重視華人身份。反觀，年輕世代則認為兩者皆有差別，同時他們不太重視華人認同，傾向強調馬來西亞國家認同。至於在文化認同方面，年長世代認為中華文化等同於華人文化，且較重視華人文化，反之年輕世代則認為華人文化屬於馬來西亞文化一部分並不太重視華人文化。造成各世代認同的差異的因素主要是家庭教育、教育類別、接觸非華裔頻率、居住地區等。另一方面，倘若觀察年輕世代會館參與狀況，亦可顯現出年輕世代華裔缺乏華人文化認同，因而不投入會館，促使會館無法透過活動強化年輕世代對於華人文化的認同，並造成會館沒落的趨勢。最後，從馬來西亞報章脈絡變化，從早期偏中國化報章並於獨立時期轉向偏馬來西亞化，無論是編寫格式或內容版面差異，亦可了解年輕世代華裔缺乏華人身份與文化認同的原因。由於年長世代經歷中國模式報章，因此強化他們華人認同。反之，年輕世代則浸溺在馬來西亞模式的報章中，強化了他們的馬來西亞人認同。綜合而言，基於國家的政策主導與社會環境的影響，促使年輕世代的華裔產生新的認同，即：不太重視華人認同，反之被國族認同取代。反觀，年長世代則維繫著以往研究成果所指出，較強調華人認同。 / Malaysia had already independence for 58 years, but the ethnic problem is still the most important issue. When reviewing the research about the Malaysia Chinese identity, we can know that, most of the researches were from the historical structure annotation, therefore which lack of experience research. The main of this thesis is to explore the Malaysia Chinese will emphasize the Chinese identity or not based on the difference in generation and ideas. And what’s the reason affect the difference generation self-identity? Furthermore, in the idea of culture, what is the differences between Malaysia culture and Chinese culture thinking by Malaysia Chinese? And what’s the reason affect the difference generation thinking about the culture? Negotiating identity is an identity which constructs with civil society and political life, thus I think Malaysia Chinese in self-identity might be changed by the generation differences. This thesis use a case of Malacca city, in approaches, use the “nondirective interview”, “participant observation”, “content analysis”, to explore the relationship between Chinese identity and the affect reason. We found that, difference in generation who culture identity and Chinese identity are different, older generations think Malaysian Chinese & China people are the same and they will emphasize more on Chinese identity. On the contrary, younger generations think Malaysian Chinese & China people are different, and they won’t emphasize on Chinese identity conversely emphasize more on the national identity (Malaysia identity).The factor of affecting are family effects, educational effects, relationship with another ethnic, the region which stay, etc. Moreover, through observed the Chinese group also realized that, younger generations lack of participation in the Chinese group. This means younger generation scarcity the Chinese identity, thus Chinese group becomes wane. Finally, the analysis of Malaysian newspapers also ascertain that, older newspapers reported more on the news of China, thus strengthen older generations emphasize the Chinese identity. The other hand, newer newspapers reported more on the news of Malaysia, thenceforth created younger generations who are more emphasize on Malaysian identity.