Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / I n order to provide effective control regarding neighborhood impacts, a town needs well-defined and clear laws and methods of assessment. The federal law known as the City Statute established the Neighborhood Impact Study (NIS). The document states that its development should follow minimum criteria to ensure quality in the environment where the study becomes necessary and that towns should legislate on the NIS to define which projects should be presented as a condition for its approval. Since the publication of the Law of Use and Occupation in 2009 to date, the specific laws, made at the municipal level in Santa Maria-RS, do not help the public agency to have an effective means of collecting and evaluating studies. Neither there is a definition of minimum items to be evaluated, whether in EIVs for new enterprises or establishments already set, which must be submitted with the technical reports evaluating the sound pressure level produced. The following research aims to develop a tool for analysis of NIS, to be used by municipal authorities in order to standardize the method of assessing these studies specifically in the area of noise. The research is characterized as applied to the nature and the objectives as exploratory. It brings a qualitative and quantitative approach taking into account many factors, like the items required in an NIS to secure the deployment of a project, without that entail damage to its surroundings. It also allows the evaluation of existing laws ruling the development of NISs. The technical procedure used was the case study, with data collection in the city of Santa Maria-RS, where with the help of the technical staff of the Office of the city was recorded a total of 108 NISs for 3 months, for a thorough detailing of the research. Still, as seen in both the identification of laws related to NISs as the data collection performed with the assistance of the Office of the city, were assessed deficiencies of these laws, where NISs, specifically for this work-related noise emissions, are not delimited their minimum items so difficult for the evaluation team and for the professionals responsible for their preparation either. Thus propose modifications of the laws to fill the gaps in them, addition to delimiting minimum items through a tool for analysis of NISs in the area of noise. This way it is expected to contribute not only to the quality and agility of NISs, but also achieve all objectives. / Para propiciar um controle efetivo em relação aos impactos de vizinhança um município precisa de uma legislação bem definida e métodos de avaliação claros. A Lei Federal conhecida como Estatuto da Cidade, instituiu o Estudo de Impacto de Vizinhança (EIV). O documento afirma que a sua elaboração deverá seguir critérios mínimos para garantir a qualidade no entorno onde o estudo se fizer necessário e que os municípios devem legislar sobre o EIV a fim de definir quais empreendimentos devem apresentá-lo como condicionante para a sua aprovação. Desde a publicação da Lei de Uso e Ocupação do Solo em 2009 até o momento, as legislações específicas, feitas em âmbito municipal em Santa Maria-RS, não auxiliam o órgão público a ter um meio efetivo de cobrança e avaliação dos estudos. Tão pouco existe a definição de itens mínimos a serem avaliados, seja nos EIVs para empreendimentos novos ou para estabelecimentos já fixados, onde devem ser encaminhados os laudos técnicos com a avaliação do nível de pressão sonora produzido. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo desenvolver uma ferramenta para análise do EIV, a ser utilizada por Prefeituras Municipais, visando padronizar o método de apreciação desses estudos especificamente na área de emissões sonoras. A pesquisa caracteriza-se quanto à natureza como aplicada e quanto aos objetivos como exploratória. Apresenta uma abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa levando em conta diversos fatores, como os itens necessários em um EIV para garantir a implantação de um empreendimento, sem que este acarrete prejuízos ao seu entorno. A mesma também permite a avaliação das legislações existentes que regem a elaboração dos EIVs. O procedimento técnico utilizado foi o estudo de caso, com o levantamento de dados da cidade de Santa Maria-RS, onde com auxílio da equipe técnica do Escritório da Cidade foi contabilizado um total de 108 EIVs durante 3 meses, para um profundo detalhamento da pesquisa. Ainda, conforme verificado, tanto na identificação das leis ligadas aos EIVs quanto no levantamento de dados feito com auxílio do Escritório da Cidade, foram avaliadas as deficiências destas leis, onde os EIVs, especificamente para este trabalho os relacionados a emissões sonoras, não são delimitados seus itens mínimos, dificultado assim tanto para a equipe de avaliação como para os profissionais responsáveis por sua elaboração. Desta forma propõem-se modificações para preencher as lacunas existentes nas legislações, além de delimitar itens mínimos através de uma ferramenta para análise dos EIVs na área de emissões sonoras. Assim espera-se contribuir não somente com a qualidade e agilidade dos EIVs, mas também atingir todos os objetivos propostos.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aims to identify and analyze the relationship between the Basic Ecclesial Communities (CEBs - Comunidades Eclesiais de Base) and religious, social and political lives of the residents of Mathias Velho Neighborhood, in Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, between 1975 and 1988, from the participation of Marist Brother Antônio Cechin and popular educator Matilde Cechin. The CEBs are an ecclesial organization with socio-political dimensions, considered both as a new area of religious experience and an instrument for social struggles of the working classes. The CEBs have their origins in the changes that occur in the Catholic Church from the Second Vatican Council, and in particular, the Conference of Medellin, with the preferential evangelical option for the poor". These communities are spread in Brazil, in a context of authoritarian military governments, and we focus our research in the CEBs who settled in the Mathias Velho Neighborhood. Informed by the Liberation Theology and inserted into the project of a new church, Brother Antônio and Matilde Cechin worked among the poor of Mathias Velho, between 1975 and 1988. This action results in the formation of social movements that carry out the occupation of land and the creation of Santo Operário and União dos Operários Villages. This paper seeks to identify the residents of Old Mathias as historical subjects in a context of social diversity, social movement agents of community characteristics, driven by the CEBs. The struggle for labor, employment and income is the main goal of the population who reaches Canoas. The organization of mothers' clubs, neighborhood associations, community garden and oven, plus specific demands such as water, electricity, transport and streets are results obtained by the social movement, built by the residents themselves, from the "seed" launched by religious agents Antônio and Matilde. As research methodology, we consulted existing literature about the period, as well as about Canoas and the CEBs, along with research in the personal collection of the main religious leaders. We also conducted interviews with Brother Antônio Cechin, popular educator Matilde Cechin, Father Pedrinho Guareschi, Friar Wilson Dallagnol and lawyer Jacques Alfonsin - all involved with the CEBs and social movements in Mathias Velho Neighborhood. We understand that the issue is relevant to the history of social movements and also for studies on religiosity, as it focuses on social movements from religious motivations. In the case, motivations which have their origins in transformations experienced by the Catholic Church, especially by the emergence and spreading of Liberation Theology and the CEBs. / A presente pesquisa tem como propósito identificar e analisar a relação entre as Comunidades Eclesiais de Base (CEBs) e a vida religiosa, social e política dos moradores do Bairro Mathias Velho, em Canoas, no Rio Grande do Sul, entre 1975 e 1988, a partir da participação do Irmão marista Antônio Cechin e da educadora popular Matilde Cechin. As CEBs são uma organização eclesial com dimensões sócio-políticas, consideradas tanto um novo espaço de vivência religiosa quanto um instrumento para as lutas sociais das classes trabalhadoras. As CEBs tem sua matriz nas mudanças que ocorrem na Igreja Católica, a partir do Concílio Vaticano II, e, em especial, na Conferência de Medellín, com a opção evangélica preferencial pelos pobres . Essas comunidades se difundem no Brasil, em um contexto de governos militares autoritários, e centramos nossa pesquisa nas CEBs que se estabeleceram no Bairro Mathias Velho. Informados pela Teologia da Libertação e inseridos no projeto de uma nova Igreja, Irmão Antônio e Matilde Cechin atuam entre a população pobre do Mathias Velho, entre 1975 e 1988. Esta atuação resulta na formação de movimentos sociais que realizam a ocupação de terrenos e a criação das vilas Santo Operário e União dos Operários. Neste trabalho busca-se identificar os moradores do Mathias Velhos como sujeitos históricos em um contexto de diversidade social, atores de movimentos sociais de características comunitárias, impulsionados pelas CEBs. A luta por trabalho, emprego e renda é o objetivo principal da população que chega a Canoas. A organização de clubes de mães, associações de moradores, forno e horta comunitários, além de demandas pontuais como água, luz, transportes e ruas são resultados obtidos pelo movimento social, construído pelos próprios moradores, a partir da semente lançada pelos agentes religiosos Antônio e Matilde. Como metodologia para pesquisa, consultamos bibliografia existente a cerca do período, assim como sobre Canoas e as CEBs, juntamente com pesquisa em acervo pessoal das principais lideranças religiosas. Também realizamos entrevistas com Irmão Antônio Cechin, a educadora popular Matilde Cechin, o padre Pedrinho Guareschi, o frei Wilson Dallagnol e o advogado Jacques Alfonsin todos eles envolvidos com as CEBs e os movimentos sociais do Bairro Mathias Velho. Entendemos que o tema é relevante para a história dos movimentos sociais e também para os estudos sobre religiosidade, na medida em que enfoca os movimentos sociais a partir de motivações religiosas. No caso, motivações que tem sua matriz em transformações vividas pela Igreja Católica, em especial pelo surgimento e difusão da Teologia da Libertação e das CEBs.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Stephanie A. Rolley / Equestrian Communities are platted housing developments that include amenities suited for horse boarding and riding. Since the mid 1970s, this particular sector of amenity community development has become an increasing trend. This study was designed to take a look at the way these communities are designed; where they are located; how they are managed; and, to whom they are marketed. Designing equestrian communities requires knowledge of how these communities are designed, where the land comes from, why people are buying into them and who those people are. Case study methodology was used to gather data on 22 communities across the US. Data sources included review of the marketing websites belonging to the communities; a literature review; and, interviews conducted with individuals responsible for the design and sales of the communities' lots or the management of the equestrian facilities. Statistics and images of the communities, including plats where available, were compiled into community "cut sheets" which are single-page synopses of each community.

Background: Lower respiratory illnesses (LRIs) and asthma are common diseases in children < 5 years of age. Few studies have investigated the relationships between multiple, home-based social and environmental risk factors and asthma and LRIs in children. Of those that have, none have focused exclusively on children < 5 years of age, who are more physiologically vulnerable and spend more time at home compared to older children. Further, no studies have done so at the community level. Methods: We modeled relationships between emergency department visits and hospitalization rates for asthma and LRIs for children < 5 years and geographic risk factors, including socio-economic and housing characteristics, ambient air pollution levels, and population density in Maricopa and Pima Counties, Arizona, from 2005 to 2009. We used a generalized linear model with a negative binomial observation distribution and an offset for the population of very young children in each tract. To reduce multicollinearity among predictors, socio-economic characteristics, and ambient air pollutant levels were combined into unit-less indices using the principal components analysis (PCA). Housing characteristics variables did not exhibit moderate-to-high correlations and thus were not included in PCA. Spatial autocorrelation among regression model residuals was assessed with the Global Moran's I test. Results: Following the regression analyses, almost all predictors were significantly related to at least one disease outcome. Lower socio-economic status (SES) and reduced population density were associated with asthma hospitalization rates and both LRI outcomes (p values < 0.001). After adjusting for differences between counties, Pima County residence was associated with lower asthma and LRI hospitalization rates. No spatial autocorrelation was found among multiple regression model residuals (p values > 0.05). Conclusions: Our study revealed complex, multi-factorial associations between predictors and outcomes. Findings indicate that many rural areas with lower SES have distinct factors for childhood respiratory diseases that require further investigation. County-wide differences in maternal characteristics or agricultural land uses (not tested here) may also play a role in Pima County residence protecting against hospitalizations, when compared to Maricopa County. By better understanding this and other relationships, more focused public health interventions at the community level could be developed to reduce and better control these diseases in children < 5 years, who are more physiologically vulnerable.

Gestational weight gain outside the recommended ranges puts women at risk for pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes. Food insecurity and environmental factors including neighborhood deprivation may influence gestational weight gain. This research 1) examines the impact of neighborhood deprivation on gestational weight gain, 2) identifies if the association varies by selected maternal characteristics, 3) examines the relationship between food insecurity and gestational weight gain, 4) determines if stress mediates the relationship between food insecurity and gestational weight gain, and 5) examines whether selected maternal characteristics mediate this relationship. The research was conducted through the analysis of the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, the American Community Survey and Florida Vital Statistics. Bivariate analyses, logistic regression and multilevel logistic regression were conducted to examine the associations. Results indicate that neighborhood deprivation and food insecurity are important risk factors for gestational weight gain that vary by stress and maternal characteristics.

Cette étude examine si la composition et l’organisation sociale du quartier résidentiel sont associées au rendement scolaire d’élèves québécois âgés de 12 à 15 ans (N = 630). L’effet modérateur des problèmes de comportement extériorisés sur ces associations est aussi analysé. Les résultats montrent que le désordre physique et social du quartier ainsi que son niveau de désavantage socioéconomique sont associés à des aspects du rendement scolaire des élèves au-delà de leurs caractéristiques familiales et individuelles. La présence de problèmes de comportement chez les jeunes modère cependant certaines de ces associations. Ces résultats sont discutés en fonction des retombées pour la pratique. / Abstract : This study investigates if the socioeconomic composition, as well as the physical and social disorder of neighborhoods were associated with academic performance among Quebec school children, with and without conduct problems, aged 12 to 15 (N = 630). In particular, the moderating role of conduct problems was explored. Findings indicated that physical and social disorder, along with the percentage of low income individuals in the neighborhood were associated with some aspects of academic performance. Conduct problems did, however, moderate between neighborhood variables and school performance. The implications of these findings will also be discussed.

In an attempt to prove that cooperation between a public and a private agency will give a more efficient recreational programme for a specified area, the study, although strictly limited, investigates the area, and membership distribution at Alexandra House and Kitsilano Community Centre. After stating the function of a public and a private recreational agency, and describing three experimental programmes, the historical development and administration of the two agencies is outlined. Next, the study analyses the Junior teenage programme of Alexandra House, and the teenage programme at Kitsilano Community Centre on the basis of facilities, activities, leadership and programme development. The method used was to study the records of the respective agencies with particular reference to the teenage programmes mentioned. Programmes exhibiting cooperation in other cities were also studied with a view to their application to the local scene. Interviews and discussions with officials followed. The writer also drew upon his personal experiences as a social worker at Alexandra House. The study reveals facts which are important to the conclusions drawn and the recommendations made. Namely, that the area known as "Kitsilano" has not been defined, that transiency on the part of membership effects the programme, that Kitsilano High School is a common meeting ground for members of both agencies, that patterns of cooperation on the part of public and private agencies is possible, that Alexandra House, being an older agency than Kitsilano Community Centre, has worked through some of the problems facing the Centre, that administratively the two agencies are quite different. The analysis of the respective programmes points up that the two agencies are meeting the recreational needs of a large number of teenagers in different ways but that gaps in services do exist. The conclusions drawn are that the two agencies should cooperate in instigating research: to define the "Kitsilano" area, to ascertain the needs of the area in definite terms, to establish the division of labour between a public and a private agency, and to interpret a total programme of services to the public. It is further recommended that patterns of cooperation should be established along the lines of the Cleveland experiment, the Los Angeles Youth Board, and the New York City Youth Commission. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Ce travail s’inscrit dans les enjeux actuels liés à l’environnement urbain ; il vise à définir ce qu’est un écoquartier, à partir de l’étude de projets de référence en premier lieu mais surtout à partir de l’opérationnalité et ses contraintes spécifiques; Dans ce cadre pratique l’évaluation environnementale se positionne au cœur de l’opérationnalité comme un outil d’aide à la décision essentiel pour les acteurs de la conception de la ville face aux préoccupations du développement urbain durable. La finalité est de proposer une méthode d’évaluation environnementale des écoquartiers pour un projet urbain en phase esquisse (AVP).Cette thèse, encadrée dans une convention CIFRE avec l’entreprise Nobatek (Centre technologique sur la construction et l’aménagement durable) et le laboratoire GRECAU (Groupe de recherche environnement conception architecturale et urbaine), propose une analyse de la pratique urbaine, l’identification des besoins en termes d’outils pour la construction d’un projet urbain à l’échelle du quartier et propose un outil d’évaluation environnementale. L’objectif est une recherche appliquée à l’opérationnalité du projet urbain.La première partie établit les enjeux liés à l’urbanisme et propose une étude historique des modèles urbains pour la ville idéale. Il y est proposé un regard sur les principes et évolutions de la notion de ville idéale afin de situer et comprendre la notion de ville durable. La deuxième partie établit la pertinence du quartier comme une échelle d’expérimentation, propose une définition de l’écoquartier et analyse certains cas de référence à travers leurs typologies, leur forme urbaine et leurs réponses techniques. La troisième partie propose un éclairage général sur différents outils d’analyse des processus de conception et d’évaluation des écoquartiers. Cette analyse souligne notamment la non existence de l’outil absolu, et conclue au besoin de développer des outils d’évaluation en complément des outils d’aide à la conception déjà existant. Une analyse des systèmes d’indicateurs est proposée, elle permet de montrer l’utilité de ces approches dans le contexte d’un projet urbain. La quatrième partie propose une analyse de la pratique opérationnelle du contexte français et propose une approche opérationnelle de mise en œuvre d’un écoquartier. Cette dernière introduit le développement de l’outil d’évaluation NEST qui a constitué la partie finale de ce travail. L’outil s’appuie sur la technique d’analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) pour évaluer les impacts environnementaux du quartier. Pour cela les éléments physiques du quartier (bâtiments, espaces publics, espaces verts, infrastructure), tels que définis dans une phase précoce du projet urbain (phase AVP), sont intégrés dans l’outil. Il calcule alors 7 indicateurs environnementaux pour évaluer le projet, ces résultats étant rapportés à l’usager du quartier pour en assimiler toute l’importance. Dans cette dernière partie une expérimentation opérationnelle de la démarche proposée et de l’outil d’évaluation est présentée sur la ZAC de Kleber à Biarritz pour montrer l’apport de l’outil pour une conception des projets urbains dans l’objectif de constituer un écoquartier. Introduire le concept de développement durable dans l’urbanisme demande, en plus d’une approche environnementale, sociale et économique, une compréhension technique de la ville et de ses composants urbains, comme un système fermé qui consomme des ressources et en cela génère un impact. Comprendre la ville comme un système pour établir des objectifs et des stratégies pour arriver à transformer la ville en une ville durable demande l’implication des acteurs de la décision, de la conception et de l’usage de la ville. / The present work is focused on the current stakes related to the urban environment; it aims at defining what is a sustainable neighborhood, starting from the study of reference projects and integrating strongly field process requirements and constraints; Within this framework, environmental evaluation is positioned in the earth of the neighborhood design process as a tool for decision-making aid, allowing city stakeholders to inscribe their project in the concerns of sustainable urban development. The finality is to propose a method for evaluating the environmental impact of sustainable neighborhoods projects in the first design phase.This thesis is integrated in a CIFRE convention with the Nobatek company (technological Center working on sustainable construction and planning) and the GRECAU laboratory (Group of research in environment architectural and urban design). It proposes an analysis of the urban practice, defines the requirements for specific tools for the planning of sustainable urban projects and proposes a tool for environmental evaluation. The research work here presented is conducted for pragmatic objectives, as required by the collaboration with the company nobatek, i.e. closed to the reality of the planning process. The first part establishes the dependent stakes with town planning and proposes a historical study of the urban models for the ideal city. It is proposed there a glance on the principles and evolutions of the concept of ideal city in order to locate and include/understand the concept of sustainable city. The second part establishes the relevance of the district as the best scale of experimentation and proposes a definition of the sustainable neighborhood and analyzes various reference cases through their typologies, their urban form and their technical solutions. The third part proposes an overview of various tools allowing the analysis of the processes of design and evaluation of the sustainable neighborhoods. This analysis underlines in particular the non existence of the “absolute tool”, and concluded with the need to develop particular tools for evaluation, complementary to those already existing focused on design assistance and based on qualitative approaches. An analysis of the existing set of indicators is proposed, it shows their utility for an urban project as well as their limits. The fourth part proposes an analysis of the operational practice of town planning in the French context and proposes an operational approach of implementation of sustainability in such process. The latter part introduces the development of the tool for evaluation called NEST which constituted the final part of this work. The tool is based on the technique of life cycle analysis (ACV) to evaluate the environmental impacts of the district to be created. The physical elements of the district (buildings, public spaces, green areas, infrastructures), such as defined in an early phase of the urban project, are integrated in the tool. It calculates then seven environmental indicators to evaluate the project, these results being brought back to the stakeholders of the district planning process. An operational experimentation of the process proposed and the use of the evaluation tool is also eventually presented, based on the ongoing Kleber neighborhood project in Biarritz (Fr). It shows the contribution of the tool for the design of such district with the goal to set up there a sustainable neighborhood.Introducing the concept of sustainable development into town planning requires, in addition to environmental, social and economic approaches, a technical comprehension of the city and its urban components, as a closed system which consumes resources and as a consequence generates impacts.

In this paper,we propose an adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic for the Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem (2E-VRP) and the Location Routing Problem (LRP).The 2E-VRP arises in two-level transportation systems such as those encountered in the context of city logistics. In such systems, freight arrives at a major terminal and is shipped through intermediate satellite facilities to the final customers. The LRP can be seen as a special case of the 2E-VRP in which vehicle routing is performed only at the second level. We have developed new neighborhood search operators by exploiting the structure of the two problem classes considered and have also adapted existing operators from the literature. The operators are used in a hierarchical scheme reflecting the multi-level nature of the problem. Computational experiments conducted on several sets of instances from the literature show that our algorithm out performs existing solution methods for the 2E-VRP and achieves excellent results on the LRP.

Este artículo estudia el efecto del envejecimiento de los vecinos sobre las organizaciones locales en San Felipe, un barrio de clase media en Lima, Perú. Ilustro el efecto de este fenómeno usando el caso del control del espacio público en el barrio. Para esta investigación realicé observación participante durante un año. Durante ese año observé la dinámica de las asambleas locales, entrevisté a 46 vecinos de distintas características y observé una gran cantidad de situaciones y controversias entre vecinos en los espacios públicos de San Felipe. Encuentro que los adultos-mayores son los que imponen su punto de vista respecto al destino del barrio. Dicho resultado es sorprendente pues los adultos-mayores no son ni el grupo demográficamente más importante, ni el de mayores recursos. Sostengo que ello ocurre porque los adultos-mayores transforman el tiempo (un recurso escaso para los adultos-jóvenes, pero ampliamente disponible para los adultos-mayores) en poder organizacional. Con dicho poder organizacional, los adultos-mayores logran influir en los funcionarios municipales quienes no sólo defienden el punto de vista de los adultos-mayores respecto al espacio público, sino que además lo transforman de acuerdo al mismo. / In this article, I study the effect of aging of neighbors on local organizations in San Felipe, a middle-class neighborhood in Lima, Peru. I elaborate on this effect by using the case of the control of public space in the neighborhood. I conducted participant observation during a year. During that year, I observed the dynamics of local organizations’ meetings; I interviewed 46 residents of different characteristics; and I observed a large amount of situations andcontroversies among actors in San Felipe’s public space. I find that senior residents are the ones who impose their point of view about the neighborhood’s fortune. This result is surprising considering that senior residents are neither the most numerous group in the neighborhood, neither the one with higher resources. I claim that that happens because senior residents transform time (a scarce resource for young-adult neighbors, though abundant for the seniorneighbors) into organizational power. With that organizational power, senior residents are able to influence on the municipality’s functionaries who not only defend the discourse of senior residents regarding the use of public space, but also transform it according to this discourse.