Literature indicates that the sustainability of Non-Profit Organisations (NPOs) is important as they provide pivotal services to the community. In this study, the researcher investigates common problems associated with strategy formulation and implementation in NPOs in the Nelson Mandela Metropole. The researcher reports on the importance of strategy within all organisations and outlines a strategy process that can be used as a guide to measure strategic planning in NPOs. In pursuit of conducting qualitative research, a self-constructed questionnaire was used to perform telephonic interviews with managers of NPOs. The study yielded a low response rate, but based on the analysis of the data collected, findings indicate that the main problem is not with strategy formulation or implementation, but with the understanding of the concept of strategic planning. During the interview process, it became evident that there is a common misconception that the annual operations planning constitutes a strategic plan. A major limitation to this study was the absence of a benchmark against which to measure success. Unlike a for-profit organisation where success is measured by profit margins, NPOs have different priorities and therefore successful strategic planning differs from one organisation to another. A recommendation for managers at NPOs is that they start thinking strategically about their organisation, its planning, and methods for doing so (which is discussed in Chapter Five).

The Nelson Mandela Bay area will be used to investigate the ethical and moral considerations faced by the informal sector. It is generally believed that informal sector businesses are characterised by high levels of unethical behaviour. The informal economy in many developing and under developed countries is large in terms of contribution to GDP and number of participants. The informal economy is largely composed of very small businesses that are not registered. They are not operating from suitable premises but run from homes, street pavements and other informal arrangements. In developing countries, self-employment has a greater share of informal employment than wage employment. It represents 70 percent of informal employment in Sub-Saharan Africa (if South Africa is excluded, the share is 81 percent), 62 percent in North Africa, 60 percent in Latin America and 59 percent in Asia. Consequently, informal wage employment in the developing world constitutes 40 percent of the informal employment outside of agriculture (Becker, 2004). The informal economy is as high as 56 percent of GDP in countries such as Georgia, Zimbabwe and Bolivia, where as it represents about 8 to 12 percent of economic activity in advanced or developed economies (Becker, 2004). In South Africa, informal businesses provide a viable alternative for many who are unable to find jobs in the formal sector of the economy.

Income-generating projects represent one strategy adopted by the Eastern Cape Department of Social Development (DoSD) to alleviate poverty. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of an income-generating, or poverty alleviation, project funded by the DoSD in New Brighton, Port Elizabeth, in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. A sample of ten respondents was drawn from the project. The sampling method of this study was purposive sampling. Data was gathered through semi-structured questionnaires. Related literature focusing on income-generating projects for poverty alleviation was reviewed. Various recommendations have been made, based on the findings of the study. The findings of the study indicated the need for regular visits from Department officials to conduct monitoring and evaluation. Project members also need training in financial management as they cannot manage their finances. The research findings indicated clearly that strategies used by the Department were not effective enough to achieve the desired goals of an income-generating project.

Project Xanadu is a complex hypertext system, a predecessor of the World Wide Web, which has not been implemented in its full potential. The goal of the thesis is to describe features of Xanadu and to critically evaluate implementation options of these features in the current Web with benefits and limitations of this approach. The thesis introduces a historical context of hypertext systems and analyzes Project Xanadu from two viewpoints: as a set of abstract designs and as a series of software prototypes. The thesis defines main features and goals of Xanadu and recontextualizes them for the current Web using new web standards and technologies. Based on the proposed solutions a new design is conceived which implements features of Xanadu in the context of the Web.

It always exists different methods/models to build a yield curve from a set of observed market rates even when the curve completely reproduces the price of the given instruments. To create an accurate and smooth interest rate curve has been a challenging all the time. The purpose of this thesis is to use the real market data to construct the yield curves by the bootstrapping method and the Smith Wilson model in order to observe and compare the performance ability between the models. Furthermore, the extended Nelson Siegel model is introduced without implementation. Instead of implementation I compare the ENS model and the traditional bootstrapping method from a more theoretical perspective in order to perceive the performance capabilities of them.

For a long time, being able to model and mitigate financial risk has been a key success factor for institutions. Apart from an internal incentive, legal and regulatory requirements continue to develop which increases the need for extensive internal risk control. Interest rate risk in the banking book ("IRRBB") alludes to the cur- rent or prospective risk to the bank’s earnings and capital emerging from adverse movements in interest rates that influence the bank’s banking book positions. When interest rates change, the value but also the timing of future cash flows are affected. Thus, the underlying value of a bank’s liabilities and assets and other off-balance sheet items change as a consequence, and therefore its economic value. In 2004, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision published a paper Principles for the Management and Supervision of Interest Rate Risk which later lead the European Banking Authority ("EBA") to publish a renewed framework in 2016. In December 2021, the EBA published a draft of an updated version of this framework. This paper investigates how banks and risk managers should model IRRBB under these new guidelines. This is achieved by constructing an IRRBB model which is then evaluated to see whether the IRRBB framework provided by the EBA is adequate and comprehensive. The IRRBB model by the EBA is fundamentally constructed by creating six different shock scenarios where the yield curve is stressed (parallel- , short rate-, and long rate shifts). Thereafter, one measures risk by investigating how these shifts affect the bank’s or financial institutions’ economic value and net interest income. In this paper, additional stressed scenarios were produced through Principal Component Analysis and Monte Carlo Simulations. This paper found that the framework by the EBA is adequate and formulates good methods. However, the framework is not fully standardized and comprehensive, and some computations and methods are left for the institution to decide. This is most likely due to the uniqueness of each institution and that it is hard to formulate methods that are pertinent for all. A more complete, standardized framework would however be advantageous for, on the one hand, governing agencies which would benefit from decreasing the number of resources needed when supervising institutions’ internal models. On the other, institutions would benefit from decreasing the probability of potentially overlooking some risk. Furthermore, this would help companies de- crease their capital requirement, which is desirable. / Att modellera och minska finansiella risker har under lång tid varit en nyckelfaktor för företags framgång. Förutom interna incitament fortsätter regulatoriska krav att utvecklas vilket ökar behovet av omfattande intern riskkontroll. Ränterisk i bankbo- ken ("IRRBB") anspelar på den nuvarande eller framtida risken till bankens intäkter och kapital som kommer från ogynnsamma rörelser i räntor som påverka bankens positioner i bankboken. När räntorna förändras påverkas värdet men också tid- punkten för framtida kassaflöden. Således förändras det underliggande värdet av en banks skulder och tillgångar och andra poster utanför balansräkningen som en konsekvens, och därmed dess ekonomiska värde. 2004 publicerade Basel Commit- tee on Banking Supervision ("BCBS") ett dokument Principles for Management and Supervision of Interest Rate Risk som senare ledde till att European Banking Authority ("EBA") publicerade ett förnyat ramverk 2016. I december 2021 publicerade EBA ett utkast till en uppdaterad version av detta ramverk. Denna rapport undersöker hur banker och riskhanterare bör modellera IRRBB i enlighet med dessa nya riktlinjer. Detta uppnås genom att konstruera en IRRBB-modell som sedan utvärderas för att se om det IRRBB-ramverk som tillhandahålls av EBA är adekvat och heltäckande. IRRBB-modellen av EBA är i grunden konstruerad genom att skapa sex olika chockscenarier där avkastningskurvan är stressad (parallell-, kort- och långränteskiften). Därefter mäts risk genom att undersöka hur dessa förskjutningar påverkar bankens eller finansiella institutioners ekonomiska värde och ränteinkomstnetto. I detta dokument har ytterligare stressade scenarier tagits fram genom Principalkomponentanalys och Monte Carlo Simuleringar. Detta dokument fann att EBA:s ramverk är adekvat och formulerar bra metoder. Ramverket är dock inte helt standardiserat och heltäckande och vissa beräkningar och metoder lämnas åt företagen att bestämma. Detta beror med största sannolikhet på varje institutions unika karaktär och att det är svårt att formulera metoder som är relevanta för alla. Ett mer komplett, standardiserat ramverk skulle dock vara fördelaktigt för å ena sidan styrande myndigheter som skulle gynnas av att minska mängden resurser som behövs när de övervakar institutionernas interna modeller. Å andra sidan skulle företag dra fördel av att att minska sannolikheten för att eventuellt förbise vissa risker. Dessutom skulle detta hjälpa företag att minska sitt kapitalkrav, vilket är önskvärt.

NASCIMENTO, Juliana Maria Girão Carvalho. Os (des)caminhos das mulheres no teatro de Nelson Rodrigues: uma articulação entre o teatro e a psicanálise. 2011. 105 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Psicologia) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Fortaleza-CE, 2011. / Submitted by moises gomes (celtinha_malvado@hotmail.com) on 2012-01-23T12:06:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_JMGCNascimento.PDF: 779356 bytes, checksum: 29cbb0da465e2064d41100cd8ab646b1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-03-08T12:24:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_JMGCNascimento.PDF: 779356 bytes, checksum: 29cbb0da465e2064d41100cd8ab646b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-03-08T12:24:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_JMGCNascimento.PDF: 779356 bytes, checksum: 29cbb0da465e2064d41100cd8ab646b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / This dissertation leans on some Nelson Rodrigues theater’s emblematic female characters, aiming to investigate these characters ways or un-ways, in order to understand the different expressions of female sexuality, as well as the fantasies and the subjective positions that rodriguean women take on living this sexuality and love. Considering the rodriguean theater’s virulence and the art’s power of giving expression to the unconscious creations, we suppose Nelson Rodrigues dramaturgy may carry important contributions on the psychoanalyst knowledge improvement about female sexuality. For that, this study has taken as analysis material the plays: Senhora dos Afogados(Lady of the Drowned), Vestido de Noiva (The Wedding Dress) and A Serpente (The Serpent. Based on Psychoanalysis theoretical references, Freudian concepts of unconscious, drive, repression, Oedipus complex, early Oedipus complex, castration complex, identification e superego were fundamental to guide this investigation; as well as the drama category action. The present research was bibliographic and sought, by the plays discourse analysis, to stick to the Rodrigues writing subtlety, as a sort of discourse transmitted by words and action. Thereby, Nelson Rodrigues theater’s women showed themselves, above all, rapt by passion and voluptuousness, in name of a “want” that exceeds desire and the meeting with the object; “want” also seems to lean on the shape of “another woman”, depository of an ambivalent love par excellence. / Esta dissertação se debruça sobre algumas das personagens mulheres emblemáticas do teatro de Nelson Rodrigues, visando investigar os possíveis caminhos ou descaminhos dessas personagens, a fim de compreender as diversas expressões da sexualidade feminina, bem como as fantasias e posições subjetivas que as mulheres rodriguianas ocupam no exercício dessa sexualidade e no amor. Considerando a virulência do teatro rodriguiano e o poder da arte de dar expressão às formações do inconsciente, supomos que a dramaturgia de Nelson Rodrigues pode trazer importantes contribuições para o avanço do saber psicanalítico sobre a sexualidade feminina. Para tanto, essa investigação tomou como material de análise as peças: Senhora dos Afogados, Vestido de Noiva e A Serpente. Tendo como base o referencial teórico da Psicanálise, foram fundamentais para guiar essa investigação os conceitos freudianos de inconsciente, pulsão, recalque, complexo de Édipo, fase pré-edipiana, complexo de castração, identificação e supereu; bem como a categoria teatral da ação. A presente pesquisa foi bibliográfica e buscou, na análise do discurso das peças, ater-se às sutilezas do texto rodriguiano, enquanto discurso veiculado pela palavra e pela ação. Desse modo, as mulheres do teatro de Nelson Rodrigues mostraram-se, sobretudo, arrebatadas pela paixão e pela voluptuosidade, em nome de um “querer” que ultrapassa o desejo e o encontro com o objeto; “querer” que parece se escorar também na figura da “outra mulher”, depositária de um amor ambivalente por excelência.

The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of the housing backlog in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality from 2000 to 2014. Fifty participants which were two ward councilors and two PR councilors, four community development members, four ward committee members , twenty backyard dwellers from ward 17 and ward 18 and eighteen senior officials (project managers) from the Department of Human Settlement in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality were purposively sampled for the study. A qualitative design was used. In-depth interviews were conducted to collect data to enable the researcher to ask open ended questions and explore the participants’ perspectives about the causes of housing backlog. The study revealed that the factors which are playing a role in this regard include the role played by the Eastern Cape Province in housing, the large portion of land which is privately owned, beneficiary management by municipal officials and political interference on the waiting list Metropolitan subsequently, recommendations for further research were made.

The purpose of this study was to investigate community development through the ward committee structures in the Northern Areas of the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality. Community development through the ward committees is the key principle in the democratisation process, as well as the promotion of good governance. Community development is an opportunity for both local government and the community to strengthen the democracy that is being enjoyed; and simultaneously to promote accountability. In terms of the Local Government: Municipal Systems, 2000 (Act 32 of 2000), the role of local communities in the particular interests of their municipality must take place, among other things, by the ward councillor – as well as all other suitable procedures, mechanisms and processes set up by the municipality. Ward committees have the power to advise the ward councillor; and as municipal structures, they must ensure that there is always community participation in the sphere of local government. Community participation gives communities the opportunities to express their views, as well as giving them a sense of ownership. The objectives of the study were: - To determine the roles and responsibilities of the ward councillors in terms of the new developmental mandate (the need to encourage the involvement of communities and organisations in local government matters). - To investigate the relations between ward councillors and their ward committees, and between the offices of ward councillors and the general public. - To examine the extent to which ward councillors in the northern areas of the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality understand the policy and administrative procedures and processes in the municipality, when addressing issues that affect the community. In order to achieve these objectives, it was necessary to review literature on community participation. An empirical search was conducted in wards 10 and 11 in the Northern Areas of Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality. Recommendations were provided which could assist the municipality to effectively make use of the ward committees and the ward councillors. If implemented, these recommendations could also enhance community development through the ward committee structures. Thus, the relationship between the ward committees and the ward councillor should be harmonious; and subsequently, they should also strengthen trust between them. Then the flow of communication will improve.

Around the globe, towns and cities are growing rapidly in developing countries due to migration. The rate of urban growth outweighs job creation and the ability of most governments to provide basic services and infrastructure. The process of migration often precipitates into high levels of poverty and hunger, leading many urban dwellers to engage in agricultural activities to help themselves in satisfying their food need. The context of the research area is the NMBM townships where urban agriculture projects are taking place. There are three urban agriculture projects that were selected for this study and these are located in three different townships within the NMBM. Two of these projects are located in the Port Elizabeth area, which are the Emmanuel Haven Hydroponics Project, which is located in Motherwell Township, and the Walmer Hydroponics Co-operative that is in Walmer Township. The third project is located in the Uitenhage area near Kwa Nobuhle Township and that is the Tinarha Agriculture Tourism Initiative (TATI). The discussion in this research focuses on the NMBM poverty alleviation projects in the form of urban agriculture as a key driver of LED. The discussion also focuses on different factors that are required for urban agriculture projects to be effective and sustainable in the NMBM. Five project participants from each project responded to a structured questionnaire. Two municipal officials, the Agricultural Technician and the Urban Agriculture Director were interviewed and responded to a separate structured questionnaire. The third official, Assistant Director for Economic Development and Recreational Services was not interviewed but completed a questionnaire. The aim of the interviews was to determine the following from the project participants: (i) The impact of the projects in their livelihood; (ii) The role of the projects in creating employment; (iii) The views of the project participants regarding the sustainability of the projects. vi The aim of the interviews was to determine the following from the municipal managers: (i) The approach of the NMBM to urban agriculture initiatives as a LED strategy; (ii) The role of NMBM to ensure sustainability of the urban agriculture projects. The theoretical base that underpins this research hinges on four theoretical approaches: the basic needs approach, the people-centred development approach, the participation approach and the sustainable development approach. The research method that was chosen for this study is qualitative method included the following data collection instruments a literature review, a documentary analysis, a survey using questionnaires and interviews with project participants and municipal officials responsible for urban agriculture in the NMBM. The literature review formed the conceptual basis against which the information gained from documentary analysis, interviews and questionnaires were analysed. The projects that participated in the study were formed, amongst others, to alleviate poverty, thereby serving one of the basic needs which is food. Food is one of the basic needs in terms of Maslow‟s Hierarchy of Needs. The data collected in this study revealed that the three projects helped the project participants a great deal in meeting their basic needs, especially the food need. Therefore, there is a direct connection between the Basic Needs theory and the rationale behind the formation of these projects. In conclusion, the researcher has been able to draw a link between the theoretical underpinnings of the study and the practice as represented by experiences of the group sample. The researcher has also been able to demonstrate how the aims and the objectives of the study have been met.