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The host encoded cellular prion protein (PrPC) is an N-linked glycoprotein tethered to the cell membrane by a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Under certain conditions, PrPC can undergo conversion into a conformationally-altered isoform (PrPSc) widely believed to be the pathogenic agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Thus, tissues expressing PrPC are potential sites for conversion of PrPSc during TSE pathogenesis. Although much is known about the role of PrPSc in prion diseases, the normal function of PrPC is poorly understood. Lines of mice and cattle in which PrPC has been ablated by gene knockout show no major phenotypical alterations other than resistance to TSE infection. However, recent reports using Prnp-null mouse models have suggested the participation of PrPC in neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. The first objective in our study was to map the expression of PrPC in twenty six somatic and reproductive tissues in ruminants. Our second objective was to characterize the ontogeny of PrPC expression during bovine embryonic and early fetal development. Finally, we used a mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) model to study the potential role of PrPC during neurogenesis. In adult tissues, intense expression of PrPC was detected in the central nervous system (CNS), thymus and testes, whereas the liver, striated muscle and female reproductive tissues showed the lowest expression. We observed that PrPC was associated with tissues undergoing cellular differentiation including spermatogenesis, lymphocyte activation and hair follicle regeneration. Analyses in bovine embryos and fetuses indicated peaks in expression of PrPC at days 4 and 18 post-fertilization, stages associated with the maternal-zygote transition and the maternal recognition of pregnancy and initiation of placental attachment, respectively. Later in development, PrPC was expressed in the CNS where it was localized in mature neurons of the neuroepithelium and emerging neural trunks. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that PrPC was involved in neurogenesis. We tested this hypothesis in a murine embryonic stem cell model (mESC). mESC were induced to form embryoid bodies (EBs) by placing them in suspension culture under differentiating conditions and allowed to differentiate in vitro for 20 days. We detected increasing levels of PrPC starting on day 12 (8.21- fold higher vs. day 0; P < 0.05) and continuing until day 20 (20.77-fold higher vs. day 0; P < 0.05). PrPC expression was negatively correlated with pluripotency marker Oct-4 (r= -0.85) confirming that mESC had indeed differentiated. To provide a more robust system for assessing the role of PrPC in neural differentiation, mESC were cultured with or without retinoic acid (RA) to encourage differentiation into neural lineages. Induction of EBs with retinoic acid (RA) resulted in an earlier up-regulation of PrPC and nestin (day 12 vs. day 16; P < 0.05). In addition, immunofluorescence studies indicated co-expression of PrPC and nestin in the same cells. The results of these experiments suggested a temporal link between PrPC expression and expression of nestin, a marker of neural progenitor cells. We next tested whether PrPC was involved in RA-enhanced neural differentiation from mESC using a PrPC knockdown model. Plasmid vectors designed to express either a PrP-targeted shRNA or scrambled, control shRNA were transfected into mESC. Stable transfectants were selected under G418 and cloned. PrP-targeted and control shRNA clones, as well as wild-type mESC, were differentiated in presence of RA and sampled as above. PrPC expression was knocked down in PrP-targeted shRNA cultures between days 12 and 20 (62.2 % average reduction vs. scrambled shRNA controls). Nestin expression was reduced at days 16 and 20 in PrPC knockdown cells (61.3% and 70.7%, respectively vs. scrambled shRNA controls). These results provide evidence that PrPC plays a role in the neural differentiation at a point up-stream from the stages at which nestin is expressed. In conclusion, the widely distributed expression of PrPC in ruminant tissues suggests an important biological role for this protein. In the present work we have provided evidence for the participation of PrPC in the differentiation of mESC along the neurogenic pathway. / Ph. D.

O início da neurogênese e diferenciação neural no sistema nervoso do embrião é controlado pela expressão orquestrada de fatores de transcrição. A caracterização de novos reguladores transcricionais nestes processos é importante para o entendimento dos mecanismos responsáveis pela formação de neurônios. Neste trabalho, nós investigamos a função do fator de transcrição Scrt2 na medula espinhal do embrião de galinha. Nossos resultados indicam que Scrt2 é expresso imediatamente após a saída do ciclo celular e em conjunto com Ngn2 e NeuroM, sugerindo uma função em neurônios recém-nascidos. Para identificar potenciais alvos de Scrt2, realizamos experimentos de eletroporação in ovo no tubo neural posterior e analisamos os fenótipos transcriptômicos com RNA-Seq. Por fim, apresentamos também uma caracterização do transcriptoma do tubo neural posterior selvagem entre HH18 e HH29 (E6), provendo uma extensa base de dados de expressão gênica para futuras investigações. Com base em nossa experiência, nós discutimos o uso de RNA-Seq em diferentes abordagens experimentais. / The onset of neurogenesis and neural differentiation in the embryonic nervous system is controlled by the coordinated expression of transcription factors. Identification of novel transcriptional regulators in these processes is essential for our understanding of the mechanisms underlying neuronal differentiation. Here, we used the chick embryonic spinal cord to investigate the role of the transcription factor Scrt2. Our results indicate that Scrt2 is expressed in cells that recently exited the mitotic cycle and overlaps with Ngn2 and NeuroM, suggesting a function in newborn neurons. To identify potential gene targets of Scrt2, we performed in ovo electroporation experiments in the posterior neural tube and assessed the transcriptomic phenotypes using RNA-Seq. Finally, we also present the transcriptomic profiles of the wild-type posterior neural tube from HH18 to HH29 (E6), providing an informative gene expression database for future investigations. Based on our experience, we discuss the use of RNA-Seq in distinct experimental approaches.

The mRNA cap added to the 5’ end of nascent transcripts is required for the efficient gene expression in eukaryotes. In vertebrates, the guanosine cap is methylated at N7 position by RNMT, which is in complex with its activating subunit RAM. Additionally, the first and second transcribed nucleotides can be methylated at ribose O2 position by CMTR1 and CMTR2 respectively. The mRNA cap protects transcripts from degradation and recruits cap-binding factors to promote pre-mRNA processing, nuclear export and translation initiation. In mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), high levels of RAM maintain expression of pluripotency factors. Differentiation of mESCs to neural progenitors is accompanied by a suppression of RAM, resulting in downregulation of pluripotency factors and efficient formation of neural cells. Here, I demonstrated that the suppression of RAM during neural differentiation is promoted via ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Concurrently, neural differentiation is associated with an increase in CMTR1 expression, creating a developmental cap methyltransferase switch. Moreover, differentiation into endodermal and mesodermal lineages exhibited distinct changes in the mRNA capping enzymes expression. In mESCs, RAM promotes expression of translation-associated proteins and promotes global loading of mRNA on ribosomes. RAM contributes to the ESC-specific gene expression program, by maintaining optimal expression of pluripotency-associated transcripts and inhibiting expression of neural genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that RAM, RNMT and CMTR1 promote binding of RNA polymerase II at gene loci. In RAM-repressed cells, RNA polymerase II binding was reduced at pluripotency-associated genes, but relatively increased at neural genes. Moreover, knock-down of RNMT or CMTR1 induced increased or decreased accumulation of RNA polymerase II at promoter proximal regions respectively. In naïve T cells, Rnmt or Cmtr1 conditional knock-outs caused downregulation of translation-related transcripts and upregulation of cell cycle transcripts. Furthermore, many transcripts were specifically dependent on RNMT or CMTR1 for expression, demonstrating distinct roles of these cap methyltransferases. Thus, the mRNA cap methylation emerges as an important regulator of pluripotency and differentiation, modulating gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.

O uso de células-tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) na medicina regenerativa, principalmente quando associado ao sistema nervoso, requer alternativas em relação à via de aplicação. A associação da terapia celular com a nanotecnologia para uso em neurociências, desenvolvida nesse trabalho, é uma abordagem inovadora no Brasil. Dessa forma, as matrizes de nanofibras, produzidas pela técnica de electrospinning (ES), funcionam como suportes para a proliferação e diferenciação celular proporcionando uma alternativa para a reconstituição do tecido lesado. O processo de regeneração do tecido neural pode ser aperfeiçoado com a liberação controlada de fatores neurotróficos, através do uso dessas matrizes. Entre esses fatores, encontra-se o NGF (Nerve Growth Factor – fator de crescimento neural), o qual exerce um papel central no desenvolvimento, manutenção e sobrevivência dos neurônios. Além disso, características de superfície das matrizes, como o alinhamento de nanofibras, podem estimular a diferencição neural. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi desenvolver matrizes de nanofibras alinhadas e não alinhadas com e sem o NGF incorporado, através da técnica ES de emulsão. Além disso, objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento celular, bem como a capacidade de diferenciação neural das CTMs, sobre as estruturas tridimensionais desenvolvidas. As CTMs foram extraídas da polpa de dentes decíduos esfoliados humanos. Quatro grupos de scaffolds foram desenvolvidos, caracterizados e avaliados: scaffolds com fibras randomizadas e com fibras alinhadas, sendo cada tipo com e sem o NGF incorporado. As análises físico-químicas realizadas foram morfologia, diâmetro das fibras e degradabilidade do biomaterial. Os parâmetros biológicos avaliados foram morfologia, adesão, viabilidade e proliferação celular, bem como a citotoxicidade frente ao biomaterial. A diferenciação neural foi quantificada através da expressão dos genes neurais nestina, β- III tubulina e NSE (enolase específica para neurônios). As matrizes de nanofibras produzidas mostraram-se satisfatórias para o cultivo de CTMs, mimetizando a estrutura física da matriz extracelular (MEC). Além disso, a técnica utilizada permitiu a obtenção de estruturas com nanofibras alinhadas e randomizadas. As CTMs cultivadas nas matrizes foram capazes de aderir e proliferar com vantagens para adesão nas matrizes alinhadas contendo o NGF, em relação às matrizes alinhadas controle. As estruturas produzidas não apresentaram características tóxicas permitindo que as CTMs mantivessem a viabilidade ao longo do tempo. A avaliação da diferenciação neural das CTMs indicou que todos os grupos de matrizes foram capazes de promover o aumento da expressão de genes neurais. Tal capacidade foi observada tanto para CTMs cultivadas sobre as matrizes com o meio controle quanto com o meio de indução neural. Esses achados mostram a possível influência das características químicas e topográficas providas pelos substratos produzidos. As características da matriz artificial permitem que as CTMs respondam adequadamente ao microambiente e expressem genes neurais, podendo auxiliar na regeneração tecidual quando aplicada em lesões do sistema nervoso. / The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative medicine, particularly when associated with the nervous system, requires alternatives with respect to cell application methods. The association of cellular therapy with nanotechnology for use in neuroscience, developed with this work, is an innovative approach in Brazil. Scaffolds produced by electrospinning (ES) technique act as supports for cell proliferation and differentiation, providing an alternative to reconstitute the damaged tissue. The process of neural tissue regeneration can be improved through the controlled release of neurotrophic factors from the scaffolds. Among these factors, NGF (Nerve Growth Factor) plays a central role in the development, maintenance and survival of neurons. Furthermore, surface characteristics of nanofibers, such as alignment, can stimulate neural differentiation. The main objective of this study was to develop aligned nanofiber scaffolds and random nanofiber scaffolds with and without NGF incorporated through emulsion ES. In addition it was aimed to characterize the physico-chemical properties of the scaffolds, related to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and evaluate the cell behavior, as well as the neural differentiation on these three-dimensional devices. The MSCs were extracted from the dental pulp of human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Four groups of scaffolds were developed, characterized and evaluated: scaffolds with randomized fibers and with aligned fibers, each type with and without NGF incorporated. The physico-chemical analyzes performed were morphology, fiber diameter and degradability of the biomaterial. The biological parameters evaluated were cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation and viability, as well as cytotoxicity by the biomaterial. The neural differentiation was quantified by measuring gene expression for the neural genes nestin, β-III tubulin and NSE (neuron-specific enolase). The scaffolds produced demonstrated a satisfactory environment for MSC growth, mimicking the ECM physical structure. Furthermore, the technique allowed for the production of scaffolds with aligned and with randomized nanofibers. MSCs cultured on scaffolds were able to adhere and proliferate, with better adhesion performance on aligned nanofiber scaffolds with NGF incorporated, when compared to aligned nanofiber scaffolds control. The devices produced showed nontoxic characteristics permitting MSCs to maintain their viability over time. The evaluation of MSC neural differentiation indicated that all groups of scaffolds were able to upregulate neural genes expression. Such ability was observed for both MSCs cultured on scaffolds with control medium as on scaffolds under neural induction medium. These features provided by this artificial ECM permit proper MSC response to microenvironment, leading to neuronal genes expression, which could improve tissue regeneration when applied to nerve lesions.

We isolated and expanded stem cells from dental pulp from extracted third molars using an innovative culture method consisting of low serum-containing medium supplemented with epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor BB. We evaluated the differentiation potential of these cells when they were growing either adherently or as micromass/spheroid cultures in various media. Undifferentiated and differentiated cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting. The flow cytometry results showed that the dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were positive for mesenchymal stromal cell markers, but negative for hematopoietic markers. Immunocytochemical and/or immunoblotting analyses revealed the expression of numerous stem cell markers, including nanog, Sox2, nestin, Musashi-1 and nucleostemin, whereas they were negative for markers associated with differentiated neural, vascular and hepatic cells. Surprisingly, the cells were only slightly positive for α-smooth muscle actin, and a heterogeneous expression of CD146 was observed. When cultured in osteogenic media, they expressed osteonectin, osteopontin and procollagen I, and in micromass cultures, they produced collagen I. DPSCs cultured in TGF-β1/3-supplemented media produced extracellular matrix typical of cartilaginous tissue. The addition of vascular endothelial growth factor to serum-free media resulted in the expression of endothelial markers. Interestingly, when cultured in neurogenic media, DPSCs exhibited de novo or upregulated markers of undifferentiated and differentiated neural cells. Collectively, our data show that DPSCs are self-renewing and able to express markers of bone, cartilage, vascular and neural tissues, suggesting their multipotential capacity. Their easy accessibility makes these cells a suitable source of somatic stem cells for tissue engineering. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

O uso de células-tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) na medicina regenerativa, principalmente quando associado ao sistema nervoso, requer alternativas em relação à via de aplicação. A associação da terapia celular com a nanotecnologia para uso em neurociências, desenvolvida nesse trabalho, é uma abordagem inovadora no Brasil. Dessa forma, as matrizes de nanofibras, produzidas pela técnica de electrospinning (ES), funcionam como suportes para a proliferação e diferenciação celular proporcionando uma alternativa para a reconstituição do tecido lesado. O processo de regeneração do tecido neural pode ser aperfeiçoado com a liberação controlada de fatores neurotróficos, através do uso dessas matrizes. Entre esses fatores, encontra-se o NGF (Nerve Growth Factor – fator de crescimento neural), o qual exerce um papel central no desenvolvimento, manutenção e sobrevivência dos neurônios. Além disso, características de superfície das matrizes, como o alinhamento de nanofibras, podem estimular a diferencição neural. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi desenvolver matrizes de nanofibras alinhadas e não alinhadas com e sem o NGF incorporado, através da técnica ES de emulsão. Além disso, objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento celular, bem como a capacidade de diferenciação neural das CTMs, sobre as estruturas tridimensionais desenvolvidas. As CTMs foram extraídas da polpa de dentes decíduos esfoliados humanos. Quatro grupos de scaffolds foram desenvolvidos, caracterizados e avaliados: scaffolds com fibras randomizadas e com fibras alinhadas, sendo cada tipo com e sem o NGF incorporado. As análises físico-químicas realizadas foram morfologia, diâmetro das fibras e degradabilidade do biomaterial. Os parâmetros biológicos avaliados foram morfologia, adesão, viabilidade e proliferação celular, bem como a citotoxicidade frente ao biomaterial. A diferenciação neural foi quantificada através da expressão dos genes neurais nestina, β- III tubulina e NSE (enolase específica para neurônios). As matrizes de nanofibras produzidas mostraram-se satisfatórias para o cultivo de CTMs, mimetizando a estrutura física da matriz extracelular (MEC). Além disso, a técnica utilizada permitiu a obtenção de estruturas com nanofibras alinhadas e randomizadas. As CTMs cultivadas nas matrizes foram capazes de aderir e proliferar com vantagens para adesão nas matrizes alinhadas contendo o NGF, em relação às matrizes alinhadas controle. As estruturas produzidas não apresentaram características tóxicas permitindo que as CTMs mantivessem a viabilidade ao longo do tempo. A avaliação da diferenciação neural das CTMs indicou que todos os grupos de matrizes foram capazes de promover o aumento da expressão de genes neurais. Tal capacidade foi observada tanto para CTMs cultivadas sobre as matrizes com o meio controle quanto com o meio de indução neural. Esses achados mostram a possível influência das características químicas e topográficas providas pelos substratos produzidos. As características da matriz artificial permitem que as CTMs respondam adequadamente ao microambiente e expressem genes neurais, podendo auxiliar na regeneração tecidual quando aplicada em lesões do sistema nervoso. / The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative medicine, particularly when associated with the nervous system, requires alternatives with respect to cell application methods. The association of cellular therapy with nanotechnology for use in neuroscience, developed with this work, is an innovative approach in Brazil. Scaffolds produced by electrospinning (ES) technique act as supports for cell proliferation and differentiation, providing an alternative to reconstitute the damaged tissue. The process of neural tissue regeneration can be improved through the controlled release of neurotrophic factors from the scaffolds. Among these factors, NGF (Nerve Growth Factor) plays a central role in the development, maintenance and survival of neurons. Furthermore, surface characteristics of nanofibers, such as alignment, can stimulate neural differentiation. The main objective of this study was to develop aligned nanofiber scaffolds and random nanofiber scaffolds with and without NGF incorporated through emulsion ES. In addition it was aimed to characterize the physico-chemical properties of the scaffolds, related to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and evaluate the cell behavior, as well as the neural differentiation on these three-dimensional devices. The MSCs were extracted from the dental pulp of human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Four groups of scaffolds were developed, characterized and evaluated: scaffolds with randomized fibers and with aligned fibers, each type with and without NGF incorporated. The physico-chemical analyzes performed were morphology, fiber diameter and degradability of the biomaterial. The biological parameters evaluated were cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation and viability, as well as cytotoxicity by the biomaterial. The neural differentiation was quantified by measuring gene expression for the neural genes nestin, β-III tubulin and NSE (neuron-specific enolase). The scaffolds produced demonstrated a satisfactory environment for MSC growth, mimicking the ECM physical structure. Furthermore, the technique allowed for the production of scaffolds with aligned and with randomized nanofibers. MSCs cultured on scaffolds were able to adhere and proliferate, with better adhesion performance on aligned nanofiber scaffolds with NGF incorporated, when compared to aligned nanofiber scaffolds control. The devices produced showed nontoxic characteristics permitting MSCs to maintain their viability over time. The evaluation of MSC neural differentiation indicated that all groups of scaffolds were able to upregulate neural genes expression. Such ability was observed for both MSCs cultured on scaffolds with control medium as on scaffolds under neural induction medium. These features provided by this artificial ECM permit proper MSC response to microenvironment, leading to neuronal genes expression, which could improve tissue regeneration when applied to nerve lesions.

O uso de células-tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) na medicina regenerativa, principalmente quando associado ao sistema nervoso, requer alternativas em relação à via de aplicação. A associação da terapia celular com a nanotecnologia para uso em neurociências, desenvolvida nesse trabalho, é uma abordagem inovadora no Brasil. Dessa forma, as matrizes de nanofibras, produzidas pela técnica de electrospinning (ES), funcionam como suportes para a proliferação e diferenciação celular proporcionando uma alternativa para a reconstituição do tecido lesado. O processo de regeneração do tecido neural pode ser aperfeiçoado com a liberação controlada de fatores neurotróficos, através do uso dessas matrizes. Entre esses fatores, encontra-se o NGF (Nerve Growth Factor – fator de crescimento neural), o qual exerce um papel central no desenvolvimento, manutenção e sobrevivência dos neurônios. Além disso, características de superfície das matrizes, como o alinhamento de nanofibras, podem estimular a diferencição neural. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi desenvolver matrizes de nanofibras alinhadas e não alinhadas com e sem o NGF incorporado, através da técnica ES de emulsão. Além disso, objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento celular, bem como a capacidade de diferenciação neural das CTMs, sobre as estruturas tridimensionais desenvolvidas. As CTMs foram extraídas da polpa de dentes decíduos esfoliados humanos. Quatro grupos de scaffolds foram desenvolvidos, caracterizados e avaliados: scaffolds com fibras randomizadas e com fibras alinhadas, sendo cada tipo com e sem o NGF incorporado. As análises físico-químicas realizadas foram morfologia, diâmetro das fibras e degradabilidade do biomaterial. Os parâmetros biológicos avaliados foram morfologia, adesão, viabilidade e proliferação celular, bem como a citotoxicidade frente ao biomaterial. A diferenciação neural foi quantificada através da expressão dos genes neurais nestina, β- III tubulina e NSE (enolase específica para neurônios). As matrizes de nanofibras produzidas mostraram-se satisfatórias para o cultivo de CTMs, mimetizando a estrutura física da matriz extracelular (MEC). Além disso, a técnica utilizada permitiu a obtenção de estruturas com nanofibras alinhadas e randomizadas. As CTMs cultivadas nas matrizes foram capazes de aderir e proliferar com vantagens para adesão nas matrizes alinhadas contendo o NGF, em relação às matrizes alinhadas controle. As estruturas produzidas não apresentaram características tóxicas permitindo que as CTMs mantivessem a viabilidade ao longo do tempo. A avaliação da diferenciação neural das CTMs indicou que todos os grupos de matrizes foram capazes de promover o aumento da expressão de genes neurais. Tal capacidade foi observada tanto para CTMs cultivadas sobre as matrizes com o meio controle quanto com o meio de indução neural. Esses achados mostram a possível influência das características químicas e topográficas providas pelos substratos produzidos. As características da matriz artificial permitem que as CTMs respondam adequadamente ao microambiente e expressem genes neurais, podendo auxiliar na regeneração tecidual quando aplicada em lesões do sistema nervoso. / The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative medicine, particularly when associated with the nervous system, requires alternatives with respect to cell application methods. The association of cellular therapy with nanotechnology for use in neuroscience, developed with this work, is an innovative approach in Brazil. Scaffolds produced by electrospinning (ES) technique act as supports for cell proliferation and differentiation, providing an alternative to reconstitute the damaged tissue. The process of neural tissue regeneration can be improved through the controlled release of neurotrophic factors from the scaffolds. Among these factors, NGF (Nerve Growth Factor) plays a central role in the development, maintenance and survival of neurons. Furthermore, surface characteristics of nanofibers, such as alignment, can stimulate neural differentiation. The main objective of this study was to develop aligned nanofiber scaffolds and random nanofiber scaffolds with and without NGF incorporated through emulsion ES. In addition it was aimed to characterize the physico-chemical properties of the scaffolds, related to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and evaluate the cell behavior, as well as the neural differentiation on these three-dimensional devices. The MSCs were extracted from the dental pulp of human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Four groups of scaffolds were developed, characterized and evaluated: scaffolds with randomized fibers and with aligned fibers, each type with and without NGF incorporated. The physico-chemical analyzes performed were morphology, fiber diameter and degradability of the biomaterial. The biological parameters evaluated were cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation and viability, as well as cytotoxicity by the biomaterial. The neural differentiation was quantified by measuring gene expression for the neural genes nestin, β-III tubulin and NSE (neuron-specific enolase). The scaffolds produced demonstrated a satisfactory environment for MSC growth, mimicking the ECM physical structure. Furthermore, the technique allowed for the production of scaffolds with aligned and with randomized nanofibers. MSCs cultured on scaffolds were able to adhere and proliferate, with better adhesion performance on aligned nanofiber scaffolds with NGF incorporated, when compared to aligned nanofiber scaffolds control. The devices produced showed nontoxic characteristics permitting MSCs to maintain their viability over time. The evaluation of MSC neural differentiation indicated that all groups of scaffolds were able to upregulate neural genes expression. Such ability was observed for both MSCs cultured on scaffolds with control medium as on scaffolds under neural induction medium. These features provided by this artificial ECM permit proper MSC response to microenvironment, leading to neuronal genes expression, which could improve tissue regeneration when applied to nerve lesions.

We isolated and expanded stem cells from dental pulp from extracted third molars using an innovative culture method consisting of low serum-containing medium supplemented with epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor BB. We evaluated the differentiation potential of these cells when they were growing either adherently or as micromass/spheroid cultures in various media. Undifferentiated and differentiated cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting. The flow cytometry results showed that the dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were positive for mesenchymal stromal cell markers, but negative for hematopoietic markers. Immunocytochemical and/or immunoblotting analyses revealed the expression of numerous stem cell markers, including nanog, Sox2, nestin, Musashi-1 and nucleostemin, whereas they were negative for markers associated with differentiated neural, vascular and hepatic cells. Surprisingly, the cells were only slightly positive for α-smooth muscle actin, and a heterogeneous expression of CD146 was observed. When cultured in osteogenic media, they expressed osteonectin, osteopontin and procollagen I, and in micromass cultures, they produced collagen I. DPSCs cultured in TGF-β1/3-supplemented media produced extracellular matrix typical of cartilaginous tissue. The addition of vascular endothelial growth factor to serum-free media resulted in the expression of endothelial markers. Interestingly, when cultured in neurogenic media, DPSCs exhibited de novo or upregulated markers of undifferentiated and differentiated neural cells. Collectively, our data show that DPSCs are self-renewing and able to express markers of bone, cartilage, vascular and neural tissues, suggesting their multipotential capacity. Their easy accessibility makes these cells a suitable source of somatic stem cells for tissue engineering. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Mes études doctorales ont permis de démontrer que les souris déficientes en VIP présentent une microcéphalie ayant principalement une origine maternelle qui affecte secondairement le développement de la substance blanche. Cette production placentaire par les lymphocytes T pourrait être affectée dans des pathologies du système immunitaire. De plus, nos données indiquent qu’une déficience en VIP prédispose à l'apparition de troubles sensoriels, en particulier de la nociception. Il est donc possible que les déficits précoces de développement du cerveau murin et l'apparition de l'hypersensibilité cutanée mécanique et thermique froide soient deux facettes d'une même pathologie. Des mesures d'activité de décharge spontanée des neurones dans le thalamus sensoriel chez des mâles adultes anesthésiés ont montré que les neurones des animaux KO sont hyper-excités, ce qui suggère un traitement aberrant des informations, notamment nociceptives, ou que l'activité inhibitrice des interneurones des réseaux locaux est réduite. / The studies carried out during my PhD demonstrate that VIP-deficient mice suffer from microcephaly and as well as white matter deficits mainly due to the absence of maternal VIP during embryogenesis, Placental secretion of VIP is dependent on T lymphocytes and could be altered in pathologies of the immune system. Moreover, our data links VIP deficiency to sensory alterations, specifically, the nociceptive system. Thus, it is possible that early developmental defects and hypersensitivity to mechanical and cold stimuli are two manifestations of the same pathology. This hypothesis was reinforced following analysis of spontaneous firing patterns of neurons in the sensory thalamus of anesthetized adult males. Neurons from VIP-KO mice are hyperactive, which suggests aberrant local processing of nociceptive input or that the inhibitory inputs from local interneuron networks is reduced.