This thesis addresses the roles and experiences of fourteen London correspondents for New Zealand newspapers, 1884-1942. It argues that these correspondents made a small but significant contribution to news flow into New Zealand and that the importance of London’s role as an imperial, cultural and news-flow metropole make it central to studies of the New Zealand press during this period. However, correspondents identities as New Zealanders and the unique requirements of the New Zealand press system were also important, meaning that correspondents and their correspondence need to be addressed in terms of layered identity and of both imperial and domestic press systems.

Within the quantitative financial community there are a lot of different approaches in forming profitable trading strategies. This is frequently performed by analyzing historical prices from different perspectives. Some have analyzed other factors than price that might provide insight in which way the market is heading, which in some cases have been successful. This thesis investigates if a news flow model based on a multivariate Hawkes process could give a peek into the future news flow, and if it can be used to successfully predict financial market movements in terms of logarithmic returns by utilizing regression and classification models such as support vector machines. The results show that the trained models perform poorly in general in terms of common regression and classification metrics. Applying the trained models in simple trading strategies show that in some cases they perform better than a buy-and-hold strategy. The ambiguous results indicate that the models might be profitable in trading strategies, but that the predictions might not be very reliable. The trained models cannot seem to find important structures in the predicted news flow relating to market returns, but before dismissing the news flow model entirely it might altered in some sense by, e.g., expanding the dataset with more observations and by looking at other granularities of time. / Kvantitativa analytiker inom finansvärlden försöker med olika tillvägagångssätt utforma vinnande trading-strategier. Oftast görs detta genom att analysera historiska priser från olika perspektiv. Vissa har analyserat andra faktorer än prisrelaterade sådana, i hopp om att dessa ska ge insikt om vart marknaden är på väg, som i vissa fall har lyckats. Det här arbetet undersöker om en nyhetsflödesmodell baserad på en multivariat Hawkes-process kan ge en inblick i det framtida nyhetsflödet, och om det kan användas för att lyckosamt prediktera finansiella marknaders rörelser i termer av logaritmisk avkastning genom att nyttja regressions- och klassificeringsmodeller. Resultaten visar att de tränade modellerna generellt sett presterar dåligt i termer av vanliga regressions- och klassificeringsmått. Genom att applicera de tränade modellerna till enkelt utformade trading-strategier visas att i vissa fall kan dessa prestera bättre än en buy-and-hold-strategi. De tvetydiga resultaten indikerar att modellerna kan vara lönsamma, men att prediktionerna inte är särskilt pålitliga. De tränade modellerna verkar inte kunna finna viktiga strukturer i data från nyhetsflödesmodellen som relaterar till marknadsavkastningar, men innan nyhetflödesmodellen avfärdas skulle den kunna modifieras genom att, t. ex., utöka antalet observationer, och genom att undersöka andra tidsgranulariteter.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2016-08-19T18:17:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ValSilva.pdf: 920543 bytes, checksum: 10eb31d37d41d2203f770bb582e15f2d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:17:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ValSilva.pdf: 920543 bytes, checksum: 10eb31d37d41d2203f770bb582e15f2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-14 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Journalism is the main of many ways to offer themes to discuss and shape the public opinion, but depends on a technical system to be transmitted. For over a hundred years, the information produced by the press were issued, stored, transmitted and received by the so-called mass communication vehicles, using centralized network, whose features are in material shortages, mass production and massification. This system separates in time and space emitters and receivers creating an unequal relation of power, in which large companies have controlled the informative flow, defining what facts would be aired as news. In 1995, the internet which information circulates under distributed network technology, has been appropriated by society, changing the ways of production, storage and transmission of information. The technology aroused the hope that this tool could provide a more dialogic and democratic communication. However, gradually, it is possible to notice new companies taking ownership of the technology of distributed network under which circulates the internet, generating a new control of the information flow. This research conducted a survey and a critical reflection of the different intermediaries between the fact and the news, both in centralized network and in the distributed network, aiming to arouse a discussion that provides new ideas for policies and alternatives for a more libertarian and democratic communication. / O jornalismo é um dos principais meios de oferta de temas para a discussão e formação da opinião pública, porém depende de um sistema técnico para ser transmitido. Durante mais de cem anos as informações produzidas pela imprensa foram emitidas, armazenadas, transmitidas e recebidas pelos chamados veículos de comunicação de massa que utilizam a rede centralizada cujas características estão na escassez material, produção em série e massificação. Esse sistema separa no tempo e no espaço emissores e receptores criando uma relação desigual de força em que as grandes empresas controlaram o fluxo informativo, definindo quais fatos seriam veiculados como notícia. Em 1995, a internet cuja informação circula sob a tecnologia da rede distribuída, foi apropriada pela sociedade, alterando a forma de produção, armazenamento e transmissão de informação. A tecnologia despertou a esperança de que esta ferramenta poderia proporcionar uma comunicação mais dialógica e democrática. Mas aos poucos pode-se perceber novas empresas se apropriando da tecnologia da rede distribuída sob a qual circula a internet, gerando um novo controle do fluxo informativo. Realizou-se nessa pesquisa um levantamento bibliográfico para estabelecer uma reflexão crítica dos diferentes intermediários entre fato e a notícia tanto da rede centralizada como na rede distribuída, objetivando despertar uma discussão que possa oferecer novas ideias para políticas, bem como alternativas para uma comunicação mais democrática e mais libertária.

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This dissertation examines the flow of economic news in Africa, in order to investigate the potential existence of regional hierarchies in international news flow. The research was based on a framework of theories on international news flow. A quantitative and qualitative content analysis of a sample of news articles published in Africa Investor, African Business and Business in Africa during 2007 and 2008 was analysed. The quantitative results showed that South Africa received the highest level of coverage and was covered to a greater extent than any other African country. The qualitative results indicated that there was clear evidence of regional hierarchy in the coverage of African countries: South Africa received extensive coverage probably due to the fact that it is the largest, most advanced and influential economy in the continent. The study showed that inequality in news coverage is not only a global issue, but also a regional one. / Communication Science / M.A. (International Communication)

This dissertation examines the flow of economic news in Africa, in order to investigate the potential existence of regional hierarchies in international news flow. The research was based on a framework of theories on international news flow. A quantitative and qualitative content analysis of a sample of news articles published in Africa Investor, African Business and Business in Africa during 2007 and 2008 was analysed. The quantitative results showed that South Africa received the highest level of coverage and was covered to a greater extent than any other African country. The qualitative results indicated that there was clear evidence of regional hierarchy in the coverage of African countries: South Africa received extensive coverage probably due to the fact that it is the largest, most advanced and influential economy in the continent. The study showed that inequality in news coverage is not only a global issue, but also a regional one. / Communication Science / M.A. (International Communication)

This comparative study conducted within the framework of world system theory aimed to analyse the international flow of news regarding the 2003 Iraq War in online newspapers representative of centre, semi-peripheral and peripheral countries. Two of the newspapers represent centre nations directly involved in the war. Overall, the findings confirmed that the extensive war coverage of the newspapers can in part be attributed to the status of the USA and the UK as centre nations. The findings furthermore indicate the importance of both event and context-related factors as filters in the selection of items for news coverage of the war. Distinct differences emerged in the coverage of newspapers from the three spheres of the world system. These differences can be ascribed to the attitudes of the newspapers towards the war, the use of sources in the war coverage, the propaganda strategies deployed and the framing of the events / Communication Science / M. A. (Internal Communication)

Since the 1960s, the United States has experienced steady declines in news consumption and commensurate attrition in civic engagement and political participation. Americans read newspapers at less than one fourth the rate of 60 years ago; voter turnout has fallen to the point where the U.S. ranks 23 out of 24 established democracies; signing petitions, volunteering for a civic organization like the PTA and political party affiliation are all at contemporary lows. But these indicators only tell half the story…the younger half. Because among Americans over age 50, attrition in all these areas is much milder; among those under age 30 they are much steeper. So do young adults get news? If so, how do they get news? If not, how do they find out about things? A 21-year old journalism student reported that: “I usually just hear it from friends, when I talk to friends.” The present study employed four methods: Secondary analysis of longitudinal Pew data; interviews and focus groups about news consumption and media use habits, including social media and wireless devices; a survey on social media use and its relationship to news and news knowledge; and an experiment testing a novel game as a way to convey news and civics knowledge, all involving students at three large state universities. Findings include the following: students often rank social media use, like Facebook, as their most important and most-used media; social media are negatively related with traditional news use and with news knowledge; students draw clear and important distinctions between news and information; one method of teaching (direct instruction) works well while another (a news game) works, but not as well. Of particular interest is the role of opinion leaders in the two-step flow of news, and the role of relevance and need for orientation in agenda setting. Novel contributions include a clearer definition of students’ distinction between news and important information as they define it, a framework by which to experiment with creating an interactive game using news to promote news seeking, and some provocative recommendations for future research. / text

本研究試圖從「國際新聞流通」之理論背景出發、根據「新聞馴化」與「新聞框架」理論架構，多層次比較分析不同國家之主要平面媒體對臺灣2012年總統大選報導之趨向，透過內容分析與新聞論述法， 分析自2011年1月1日至2012年1月21日期間，《紐約時報》 ( The New York Times )、《華盛頓郵報》( The Washington Post ) 、《基督教科學箴言報》 ( The Christian Science Monitor ) 則 、香港《南華早報》( South China Morning Post ) 、新加坡《海峽時報》( The Straits Times ) 、南韓《韓國時報》( The Korea Times )、英國《衛報》（The Guardian）與澳洲《澳洲人報》( The Australian ) ，八家不同報紙的相關報導。進而瞭解發生在國外的重要事件如何被其他國家所報導與呈現，是否存在不同差異？並從中探析影響國際媒體報導臺灣本次選舉內容呈現的可能因素。研究發現各報報導數量有顯著差異、報導類型無顯著差異、報導篇幅有顯著差異、報導版面配置具有差異、新聞來源無顯著差異、報導偏向大致相同、主要消息來源存有差異、馴化策略無顯著差異、新聞框架應用大致相同。 / The present study is aimed to explore the significances how major foreign news agencies represented presidential election of Taiwan in 2012. By manifesting contexts of chosen news agencies such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Christian Science Monitor, South China Morning Post, The Strait Times, The Korea Times, The Guardian and The Australian with chosen period from 1st January, 2011 to 21st January, 2012, the author furthers the study embedded with theoretical approaches focused on international news flow, domestication and framing of news to articulate how foreign news agencies represented the news event abroad on the basis of data analysis and new discourse, furthermore, the author also examines the potential variables which might influence the news tendency among foreign news agencies when depicting presidential election of Taiwan in 2012. The results suggest there is no overt significance regarding news categories, news sources, news orientation, news domestication and news frames; however, the significance could be applied to the findings as exploring the quantity of news coverage, news layout and major news sources.

This comparative study conducted within the framework of world system theory aimed to analyse the international flow of news regarding the 2003 Iraq War in online newspapers representative of centre, semi-peripheral and peripheral countries. Two of the newspapers represent centre nations directly involved in the war. Overall, the findings confirmed that the extensive war coverage of the newspapers can in part be attributed to the status of the USA and the UK as centre nations. The findings furthermore indicate the importance of both event and context-related factors as filters in the selection of items for news coverage of the war. Distinct differences emerged in the coverage of newspapers from the three spheres of the world system. These differences can be ascribed to the attitudes of the newspapers towards the war, the use of sources in the war coverage, the propaganda strategies deployed and the framing of the events / Communication Science / M. A. (Internal Communication)