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Orientador: Fernando Alvarez / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T13:13:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OchoaBecerra_ErikaAbigail_D.pdf: 5724102 bytes, checksum: c62c9d58c0f942077a9cfd1ba1d75d94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A presente tese trata o estudo as propriedades físicas resultantes em sistemas metálicos com superfícies nanoestrutura as pelo bombardeio com gás nobre e posteriormente nitretados com técnicas basea as em plasma. A busca e novas condições e tratamento que aumentem a velocidade a ifusão o nitrogênio é e grande interesse para a modificação e superfícies metálicas. Para isto, o pré-tratamento a superfície o material, através e métodos e refinamento os grãos a superfície, é fundamental na melhora a incorporação e nitrogênio no material. Este trabalho visa o estudo e sistemas basea os em ferro, especialmente aços e interesse tecnológico, com superfícies refinadas até a escala nanométrica e submeti os ao processo e nitretação. Neste caso, a superfície a amostra considera a po e ser nanoestrutura a por bombar eiodiônico com gases nobres ("atomic attrition") e posteriormente nitreta a usan o feixe e íons. O material escolhi o para o presente trabalho é o aço enomina o AISI 4140, um aço e baixa liga. O tratamento superficial ("atomic attrition") prévio ao processo e nitretação possibilita o aumento o conteúdo e nitrogênio em profundidade permitindo ainda que a nitretação possa ser realizada a temperaturas relativamente mais baixas (T ~ 300 °C). A caracterização as amostras pré-trata as e/ou nitretadas é realizada in-situ por espectroscopia e elétrons fotoemitidos garantindo condições únicas para o estudo o fenômeno e nanoestruturação e sua influência na ifusão o nitrogênio. Outras técnicas usuais e caracterização utiliza as foram a nano-in entação, raios-X (em nosso grupo e no LNLS) e microscopia óptica e eletrônica. Os resultados indicam o sucesso na nanoestruturação a superfície as amostras pela formação e caminhos e rápida difusão e nitrogênio e assim aumentando a dureza resultante o material / Abstract: The present thesis treats the stu y of the physical resultant properties in metallic systems with nano-structure surfaces by the bombar ment with noble gas an subsequently nitri e with techniques base on plasma. The search for new con itions of treatment that increase the spee of diffusion of the nitrogen is of great interest for the modification of metal surfaces. For this, the pre-treatment of the material surface, through methods of refinement of the grains at the surface, is fundamental in the improvement of the incorporation of nitrogen in the material. This work aims at the study of systems base on iron, especially steels of technological interest, with surfaces refine up to the nanometric scale an subjecte to the nitriding process. In this case, the surface of the considere sample can be nano - structure by ionic bombar ment with noble gases ("atomic attrition") an subsequently nitride using bundle of ions. The material chosen for the present work is the steel AISI 4140, a steel of low alloy. The superficial treatment ("atomic attrition") prior to the process of nitriding makes possible the increase of the content of nitrogen in epth allowing still that nitriding could be carrie out to relatively lower temperatures (T ~ 300 °C). The characterization of the samples pre-treate an / or nitride is carrie out in-situ by spectroscopy of photo-emitte electrons guaranteeing singular conditions for the study of the phenomenon of nano-structuring an its influence in the nitrogen iffusion. Other usual techniques of characterization use were nano - in dentation, X-rays (in our group an at LNLS), optical an electronic microscopy. The results indicate the success in the nano - structuring of the sample surface for the formation of ways of quick diffusion of nitrogen an so increasing the resultant har ness of the material / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

Quartz and pyrite samples from Pliocene-recent, sub-economic orogenic gold mineralisation in the Southern Alps and Mesozoic economic deposits in the Otago Schist Belt have been analysed for noble gases and halogens. Palaeo-hydrothermal fluids preserved in fluid inclusions were released by crushing and analysed by mass spectrometry. Helium isotope measurements confirm the absence of a mantle-derived fluid component in gold-bearing veins from the Southern Alps and at the large gold deposit at Macraes in Otago. A possible minor mantle helium component is observed in veins within 10km of the Alpine Fault that do not contain gold. Halogen ratios support the absence of mantle-derived fluid and support the presence of a crustal fluid derived from sediments, indicated by high I/Cl ratios. Mixing trends between 40Ar/36Ar and Cl/36Ar indicate mixing between a meteoric-derived fluid or air and crust-derived fluid in all sample types. A correlation between 40Ar/36Ar and 132Xe/36Ar shows that xenon is also sourced from the crustal fluid. Despite a strong crustal-radiogenic Ar signal in some samples, measured neon isotope ratios are atmosphere like. Noble gas elemental ratios show strongly fractionated 20Ne/36Ar away from air-saturated water and air values in deeper formed veins, suggesting air contamination is not dominant. Evidence for the presence of a significant trapped vapour phase is provided by calculated noble gas concentrations in water. Formation of this vapour phase using a two-stage model of de-gassing of meteoric water, and subsequent partial re-dissolution by a Rayleigh fractionation process could account for fractionated 20Ne/36Ar and atmospheric neon isotope ratios. In the Southern Alps, three main types of mineralisation can be identified by noble gas and halogen properties. Deep forming veins contain the most gold and are characterised by 20Ne/36Ar greater than air, 132Xe/36Ar ratios up to 75 times the air value, indicating metamorphic and meteoric fluid components. Some deep ankeritic type veins that display evidence of a CO2-rich component fluid show the highest 20Ne/36Ar ratios. Shallow, late veins have 20Ne/36Ar between air-saturated water and air values, and lower xenon and iodine contents. These veins formed from a boiling rock-exchanged meteoric fluid with a minor metamorphic fluid component and contain less gold. The characteristics of the Nenthorn deposit in Otago are similar to those of the shallow Alpine veins. The economically significant Macraes deposit possibly formed from a meteoric component and a strong metamorphic fluid component derived from the original sediments. This is indicated by the highest levels of excess xenon (relative to air) determined in this study. There is some potential for xenon to be used to fingerprint gold bearing fluids sourced from similar metasedimentary piles in orogenic belts.

La théorie de la rigidité permet de prédire les comportements de nombreuses propriétés de verres, que ce soit avec la composition, la température ou la pression, tout en réduisant la structure de ceux-ci à un simple critère mécanique : flexible, isostatique ou rigide sur-contraint. Des travaux récents ont mis en évidence l'utilité d'une telle analyse, tant de manière expérimentale que théorique. Dans cette thèse, nous appliquons une méthode d'établissement de contraintes à partir de simulations par dynamique moléculaire, afin d'explorer la rigidité dans différentes conditions de température, pression ou composition pour des verres ayant des potentiels d'application. Cet algorithme de dénombrement de contraintes, radiales ou angulaires, nous a permis de définir des zones de compositions particulières dans les verres d'oxydes, avec une compréhension différente de la structure et des contraintes entourant les ions dans la silice. Par la suite, nous avons aussi pu montrer des effets topologiques faibles des gaz nobles dans la silice, et relier les anomalies dynamiques observées dans la silice sous pression à des conditions de rigidité du réseau. / Rigidity theory allows to predict the behavior of many properties of glasses with respect to composition, while considering the underlying network as simple mechanical trusses that can be flexible, isostatic or stressed-rigid. Some recent works showed how useful such an analysis can be, either theoretically or experimentally. In the thesis we will use a method to analyse topological constraints from molecular dynamics simulations in order to establish the rigidity of silica systems of interest under various conditions of composition, pressure and temperature. Applying this constraints counting algorithm to radial and angular constraints in soda-lime systems allowed us to establish composition intervals of isostatic properties while giving a novel comprehension of the constraints and the structure surrounding the ions. We later highlight the faint influence of noble gases atoms upon silica when melted in the bulk. That study also allowed us to link dynamical anomalies of silica under pressure to rigidity changes of the network.

Le Traité d'Interdiction Complete des Essais nucléaires (TICE) met en oeuvre des moyens de détection d'essais nucléaires au sein d'un système de surveillance international (SSI). Le Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) a développé, dès le milieu des années 90, le système SPALAX (Système de Prélèvement d'Air en Ligne avec l'Analyse des radioXénons). L'analyse du xénon, y compris les isotopes radioactifs issus de la réaction de fission lors de l'explosion, requiert le développement de procédés très performants pour la concentration de celui-ci. Dans ces travaux de thèse, les phénomènes d'adsorption et de diffusion du xénon sont étudiés dans une zéolithe ZSM-5 échangée à l'argent. Le couplage « expérience/simulation Monte-Carlo » est mis à profit pour déterminer les données thermodynamiques essentielles sur l'adsorption des gaz rares et pour caractériser les sites d'adsorption. La présence d'un site fort d'adsorption, identifié comme étant des nanoparticules d'argent et intervenant à faible concentration de gaz rares (notamment pour le xénon et le radon) dans certaines zéolithes échangées à l'argent, permet d'atteindre des performances d'adsorption et de sélectivité à ce jour inégalées. Ces résultats permettent d'envisager leur utilisation pour de nombreuses applications cruciales dans le domaine de la capture et de la séparation des gaz rares : production industrielle de gaz rares, retraitement des gaz issus du combustible irradié, dépollution de l'air en radon / The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) implements means for detecting nuclear tests in an International Monitoring System (IMS). The Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) has developed in the mid-90s, the SPALAX system (Système de Prélèvement d’Air en Ligne avec l’Analyse des radioXénons). Xenon analysis, including radioactive isotopes from the fission reaction during the explosion, requires the development of highly efficient process for xenon concentration. In this work, the adsorption and diffusion phenomena of noble gases are studied in silver exchanged ZSM-5 zeolite. The "experience / Monte Carlo simulation" coupling is used to determine the essential thermodynamic data on the adsorption of noble gases and to characterize the adsorption sites. The presence of a strong adsorption site, identified as silver nanoparticles and intervening at low concentration of noble gases (including xenon and radon) in some silver exchanged zeolites, achieves adsorption and selectivity performance to date unrivaled. These results allow considering their use in many critical applications in the field of capture and separation of rare gases: rare gas industrial production, reprocessing of spent fuel from gas, radon in air pollution control

L'origine de l'atmosphère terrestre demeure énigmatique. De plus, de nombreux évènements tels que les contributions de matière extraterrestre, le dégazage de la Terre solide ou encore les fuites de l'atmosphère vers l'espace ont modifié la composition de l'atmosphère au cours du temps. Ces travaux de thèse visaient à analyser précisément la composition de l'atmosphère ancienne piégée dans des roches âgées de plusieurs milliards d'années afin de mieux contraindre son origine et son évolution. L'analyse des isotopes du xénon, un gaz rare, démontre qu'une fraction de l'atmosphère terrestre ne peut avoir été apportée par les météorites mais plutôt par des corps riches en eau et en éléments volatils tels que les comètes. De plus, la composition isotopique de l'atmosphère a évolué au cours du temps jusqu'à il y a deux milliards d'années environ. Cette évolution du fractionnement est peut-être concomitante à celle l'oxygénation progressive de l'atmosphère qui a permis le développement de la vie telle que nous la connaissons aujourd'hui. / The origin of the Earth's atmosphere remains poorly understood. Its elemental and isotopic compositions have been shaped by numerous events in the history of our planet, such as extraterrestrial contributions, mantle degassing, atmospheric escape etc. This study aimed to analyze the composition of atmospheric gases trapped in several billion years old samples in order to better understand the origin and evolution of the Earth's atmosphere. Isotope analyses of xenon, a noble gas, demonstrate that part of the atmosphere was not brought by meteorites but might have been delivered to the Earth's atmosphere by volatile-rich bodies such as comets. Furthermore, the isotopic composition of atmospheric Xe evolved over geological ages and can be linked to the progressive oxidation of the atmosphere that permitted the emergence and development of modern forms of life.

No description available.

Le rapport isotopique de l'hélium atmosphérique (RA = 3He/4He = 1.39 × 10-6) est lié aux flux naturels et anthropiques de 3He et de 4He en provenance de la Terre (et de l'espace pour 3He). Les activités industrielles ont émis des gaz riches en 4He radiogénique (exploitation des combustibles fossiles) et en 3He (activités nucléaires). Du fait de ces flux d'hélium, il a été proposé que le rapport 3He/4He dans l'air a varié dans le temps et dans l'espace. De telles variations pourraient permettre l'utilisation de ce rapport comme nouveau traceur des émissions atmosphériques de polluants anthropiques et/ou naturelles. Pour vérifier ces possibilités, nous avons entrepris la mesure haute-précision (2-6‰, 2σ) de la composition isotopique de l'hélium atmosphérique au Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (Université de Lorraine et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France). Nous avons effectué des analyses d'intercalation avec un spectromètre de masse double collecteur (Helix Split Flight Tube de la société Thermo Instruments). Au cours de ces analyses, plusieurs analyses individuelles d'un échantillon d'air sont effectuées en alternance avec un standard d'air. Nous n’avons détecté aucune évidence de variation temporelle du rapport 3He/4He dans l’air de France piégé dans des boules de pétanque (1965, 1990, 2010, 2013), dans des réservoirs métalliques (2010, 2016) et dans un carburateur de voiture (1910). Nous avons également re-analysé des échantillons d'air ancien prélevés dans des réservoirs métalliques depuis 1978 à Cape Grim (Tasmanie, Australie). En incluant les mesures de Mabry et al. (2015) pour certains de ces réservoirs, nous obtenons une tendance commune de -0.05 ± 2.46 ‰, montrant l'absence de variation statistiquement significative sur une période de 106 ans. Au niveau mondial, nous avons seulement détecté deux échantillons d’air sur seize (Dôme C, Antarctique; Tokyo, Japon) dont les compositions sont statistiquement distinctes, marquées par des excès en 3He de 2.0 ± 1.4 ‰, et 1.7 ± 1.5 ‰, respectivement (intervalle de confiance de 95%). Ces excès pourraient être liés aux flux d’hélium locaux par : (i) les précipitations aurorales en Antarctique ; (ii) les volcans et/ou les déchets nucléaires (Fukushima Daï-Ichi) au Japon. Dans la région de l’Afar (Éthiopie), nous avons détecté des excès en 3He de ~1 % au-dessus du lac de lave du volcan Erta Ale, pouvant être utilisés pour tracer des gaz réactifs (e.g. CO2) simultanément émis. Ces excès sont toutefois rapidement dilués dans les masses d’air régionales. L'isolation des gaz libérés par le sol du cratère de l'Erta Ale à l'aide d'un contenant inversé placé à sa surface a permis d'évaluer les flux diffusifs en 3He (via l'augmentation du rapport 3He/4He dans l'air isolé) et en CO2. Globalement, cette thèse conforte l’utilisation de RA comme standard inter-laboratoire. Dans certaines régions (Dôme C, Japon), une investigation plus poussée dans le temps devrait être effectuée pour contraindre les sources d’hélium atmosphérique pouvant engendrer de faibles variations locales / The helium isotopic composition of air (RA = 3He/4He = 1.39 × 10-6) is related to the natural and anthropogenic fluxes of 3He and 4He from the Earth (and from space for 3He). Industrial activities emit gases enriched in radiogenic 4He (exploitation of fossil fuels) and in 3He (nuclear activities). It has been proposed that the 3He/4He ratio in air has varied over time and also spatially because of these helium fluxes. Such variations could allow the use of this ratio as a new tracer of anthropogenic and/or natural pollutants. To verify these possibilities, we undertook high-precision measurements of the composition of atmospheric helium (2-6‰, 2σ) at the Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (University of Lorraine, Centre National de Recherche Scientique, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France). We performed sample-standard bracketing analyses with a double collector Helix SFT Mass Spectrometer. During each of these analyses, several individual analyses of an air sample are conducted in alternation with an air standard. We found no evidence of temporal variation of the 3He/4He ratio in French air trapped in petanque balls (1965, 1990, 2010, 2013), metallic tanks (2010, 2016) and in a carburettor (1910). Including the measurements of Mabry et al. (2015) for the Cape Grim air archive (Tasmania, Australia), we obtained a trend of -0.05 ± 2.46‰ over 106 years. At the global level, we only detected two air samples out of sixteen (Dôme C-Antarctica, Tokyo-Japan) whose compositions are statistically distinct, marked by 3He excesses of 2.0 ± 1.4‰, and 1.7 ± 1.5‰, respectively (95% confidence interval). These excesses could be related to local and regional helium fluxes input such as: (i) auroral precipitation in Antarctica; (ii) volcanoes and/or nuclear releases (Fukushima Daï-Ichi) in Japan. In the Afar region (Ethiopia), we detected 3He excesses of ~1% above the lava lake of the Erta Ale volcano, which can be used to trace reactive gases (e.g. CO2) released simultaneously. These excesses are quickly affected by air mixing with the regional air of Afar. The diffusive soil fluxes of 3He (via increase of the 3He/4He ratio) and CO2 have been estimated from the accumulation of gases released from the soil of the Erta Ale crater in an inverted chamber placed on its surface. Overall, this thesis supports the use of RA as an inter-laboratory standard. In some areas (Dôme C, Japon), a more thorough investigation should be carried out over time to constrain the sources that may cause small helium isotopic variations in air

This study aims to determine the recharge, discharge and the mixing mechanisms of a complex aquifer system located above the Kazan trona ore field using the environmental isotopes of deuterium, oxygen-18, carbon-13 and carbon-14, chlorofluorocarbons (CFC- 11, CFC-12 and CFC-113) and the noble gas isotopes (He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe). The groundwater system consists of three different aquifers: shallow, middle and deep. The Akpinar formation lying between deep and middle systems acts as an aquitard. Oxygen-18 and deuterium data showed an isotopic contrast between the shallow and deeper aquifer systems and even between the unconfined and confined parts of the middle and deep aquifers. The Noble gas temperatures indicated the average yearly air temperatures in shallow aquifer system whereas the recharge temperatures came out to be lower than todays in deep groundwater system. This finding is also supported by the dissolved inorganic carbon&rsquo / s radiocarbon activities being close to the detection limits in the same system. These activities together with the stable isotope data revealed there might be evidence of recharge to the middle and deep aquifer systems under colder climate conditions during the late Pleistocene. CFC concentrations indicated modern recharge to the shallow aquifer system, whereas the concentrations were close to the detection limits therefore CFC&rsquo / s were unable to date the middle and deep aquifer systems however proved the existence of modern recharge to this system. Mantle-He escape to shallow aquifer system is believed to be along a deep buried fault system located in downgradient areas.

Orientador: Richard Landers / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T20:58:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira_WilliamdeOliveira_M.pdf: 9448249 bytes, checksum: 3dd42234cee158f2636fa903c68e5819 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Abstract: The Fermi Energy of a metal or a metal alloy is an important parameter for defining the energy levels associated with the material. Usually all other energy levels are defined relative to it. Notwithstanding the experimental determination of the absolute Fermi Energy (EF ) of a system is almost impossible. On the other hand to measure important phenomena such as charge transfer between the elements of a metal alloy, knowledge of changes of the EF are necessary. In this study we explore the use of chemical shifts derived from X-ray excited photoelectrons and Auger electrons to map changes in the relative EF as a function of concentration for the solid solution AuxPd1-x. First observing the Auger shifts of the Au, analogously to Nascente et al. [4] and then looking at the shifts of the Ar2p line of Ar atoms implanted with low energy into the alloys. Due to the inert nature of Ar atoms it is predicted that these shifts should be related to the changes in the FE of the alloy determined by shifts of the Au XAES lines. It is shown that both methods produce equivalent results, validating the prediction, and possibly indicating that the use of shifts from Ar implanted into a more general class of alloys could be a useful tool for detecting changes in EF in alloys / Mestrado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Mestre em Física