Includes bibliography.

Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (African bollworm) is a typical noctuid with a very catholic taste in food plants and whose larvae feed on a wide range of cultivated and wild plants. It has been identified as the most polyphagous and injurious pest in South Africa. Helicoverpa armigera is also a key pest of cotton in many parts of the world. This key pest requires extensive control as it adversely effects yield and has built up resistance to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. Cotton is an important crop produced by commercial and small-scale farmers in South Africa. The local demand for cotton has not been exceeded yet, but to satisfy a demanding market, pest control costs play an important role in cotton production. The threat of an insect pest that has already shown resistance prompted the present study to investigate the possibility of resistance to Bt-cotton. Genetically engineered or Bt-cotton was introduced commercially in 1996 in South Africa. All Bt-cotton plants contain one or more foreign genes derived from the soil-dwelling bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner), which produces protein crystals. These crystals were isolated and transferred into the genome of a cotton plant resulting in the plant producing it’s own protein insecticide. In 1998, Monsanto (Pty) Ltd requested research into the geographic susceptibility of H. armigera to the insecticidal proteins in Bt-cotton in SA. Laboratory reared and field sampled populations of H. armigera were exposed to a diet mixed with various baseline concentrations of the Bt-gene Cry1Ac freeze dried protein. This study also determined the performance of H. armigera and Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) on different Bt-cotton field cultivars containing different Cry-protein genes. Results obtained indicated a significant difference in susceptibility in two field populations of H. armigera to the Bt-protein Cry1Ac, even though the LD50,s in the 2003 season did not indicate resistance. Bt-cotton cultivar 15985 BX controlled H. armigera and S. littoralis larvae, the best followed in descending order by cultivar 15985 X, 15985 B and DP50 B. Results on H. armigera also indicated that the Cry-proteins in the plant parts of the different cultivars did not diminish as the season progressed. The Bt-cotton cultivars induced retarded growth of larvae, due to either a repellent effect or lack of feeding by larvae. Widespread adoption of Bt-cotton by South African farmers led to regional declines in bollworm populations, reduced insecticide use, and increased yields. Genetically modified crops therefore contribute to a cost effective, sustainable, productive and efficient form of agriculture, with a resultant positive impact on the environment. As the market for commercial Bt-cotton in South Africa expands, it is recommended that a monitoring programme for potential resistant genes in H. armigera should be implemented at least every 2 - 3 years. This will ensure that effective resistance management strategies are utilised. Coupled with this are the Biosafety Risks regarding the effect of new proteins expressed in transgenic plants, which require further studies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV12MA099.pdf: 1026423 bytes, checksum: 9953859704cc50eabc5e4ee44d896b54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / During all the crop cycle the apple tree (Malus domestica), is damaged by a group of Lepidoptera insect species identified as "big caterpillars" of the families Noctuidae and Geometridae. The big caterpilars would cause losses to the apple production by damaging leaves and fruits. Due the economic importance, mainly for the regions of southern Brazil, there is a need to protect the apple plants against the attack of the main pests and establishment of monitoring forms to avoid the increasing population of pests in commercial orchards. Thus, the present study aimed to monitor in the field the phase of eggs, larvae and adults of the Physocleora dimidiaria, Pseudoplusia includens and Peridroma saucia species and assess the fruit damage caused by these species. In randomized block design with four replications was tested the following floral attractives: T1 - Attractive 1; T2 - Attractive 2; T3 - Attractive 3; T4 - Attractive 4; T5 - Attractive 5 and T - Control (without attractive substance). The tested substances were delivered in one mL eppendorfes tubes closed with cotton and fixed on the sticky bottoms of delta traps hung at 1.65 m from the ground. The substances were replaced every 45 days. Weekly recordings of moths catches were done to obtain the adults population. For monitoring caterpillars in the rows vegetation it was used a sweeping net by sweeping motions starting 5 meters forward and backward from sampled plants with traps. The occurrences of postures (eggs) and caterpillars were also evaluated in the apple plants located at the left, right and in front of the trapped plant itself. All the collected material were stored in plastic containers and sent to the Entomology Laboratory of EEFCT for screening. For the fruit damage assessment 2400 fruits were harvested and visually evaluated for external damages caused by big caterpillars . All data were submitted to the transformation of √ x +1 and the Duncan test at 5% level of probability. The results showed that the species P. dimidiaria were present during all apple grow season both as adult (288 moths) and as caterpillar phase, present in sprouts plants (24) and in the rows vegetation (12 larvae) of the orchard. The species P. includens was present in some plants as caterpillar phase (10 larvae) and as moths were captured in traps (175 adults) and its population ranging from one season to another. Postures of P. saucia (65) were found in apple plants, but none of them hatched, only 7 adults of this species were captured and no caterpillar was found on apple trees. The damage caused by species of "big caterpillars" in this study were 1.54% in the first and 2.5% in the second apple crop seasons. In general the floral attractive captured 649 and 671 adults of the three moths species in the first and second harvest, respectively / Durante todo o ciclo de cultivo a macieira (Malus domestica) é atacada por um conjunto de espécies de insetos da Ordem Lepidoptera, definidas como "grandes lagartas" pertencentes as famílias Noctuidae e Geometridae, responsáveis por danos como desfolha e perfurações em frutos, causando perdas de produção. Devido a importância econômica da macieira, principalmente para as regiões produtoras do Sul do Brasil, há a necessidade de proteger as plantas contra o ataque das principais pragas e estabelecer formas de monitoramento para evitar o aumento da população das pragas em pomares comerciais. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo monitorar o comportamento das fases de postura, de lagarta e de adultos das espécies Physocleora dimidiaria, Pseudoplusia includens e Peridroma saucia, bem como avaliar os danos causados por estas espécies. Em delineamento de blocos casualisados com quatro repetições foi testado a campo os seguintes atrativos florais: T1 Atrativo 1; T2 Atrativo 2; T3 Atrativo 3; T4 Atrativo 4; T5 Atrativo 5 e T Testemunha (sem substância atrativa). Um mL de cada atrativo foi colocado em tubos eppendorfes vedados com algodão e fixados no piso colante de armadilhas tipo Delta presas a planta a 1,65 m do solo e trocados a cada 45 dias. As armadilhas foram monitoradas semanalmente coletando-se as mariposas capturadas para obter-se a flutuação populacional de adultos. Para o monitoramento de lagartas nas entre linhas foi utilizada rede de varredura partindo 5 metros a frente e 5 metros para trás das plantas com armadilhas. Foram vistoriadas as plantas de macieira localizadas a esquerda, a direita e a frente e a própria planta com armadilha em busca de posturas e lagartas. Todos os indivíduos coletados foram acondicionados em potes plásticos e encaminhados para triagem no laboratório de Entomologia da EEFCT. Para avaliação de danos, 2400 frutos foram colhidos e avaliados visualmente. Todos os dados foram submetidos a transformação de √x+1 e ao teste de Duncan a nível de 5 % de probabilidade. Os resultados mostraram que a espécie P. dimidiaria está presente durante todos os estádios fenológicos da macieira tanto na fase de adulto (288 mariposas) como na fase de lagarta, presente nos rebrotes das plantas (24) e na vegetação (12) das entre linhas do pomar. A espécie P. includens esteve presente em algumas plantas na fase de lagarta (10 indivíduos) e quando mariposa foi capturada em armadilhas (175 adultos), oscilando sua população de uma safra para outra. Posturas de P. saucia (65) foram encontradas em plantas de macieira, porém nenhum ovo eclodiu, somente 7 adultos desta espécie foram capturados e nenhuma lagarta foi encontrada nas macieiras. Os danos causados pelas espécies de grandes lagartas neste estudo foram de 1,54 % na primeira safra e de 2,5 % na segunda. Em geral os atrativos florais capturaram 649 e 671 adultos das três espécies de mariposas na primeira e segunda safra, respectivamente

Orientador: Marineide Rosa Vieira / Resumo: A Helicoverpa armigera é uma praga importante no Brasil desde sua introdução em 2013. Pode provocar danos na cultura da soja desde a fase de emergência das plantas até o enchimento de grãos nas vagens. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os danos causados pelas lagartas de H. armigera no estádio vegetativo e reprodutivo da cultura da soja, em casa de vegetação e campo e determinar o nível de controle para praga no período reprodutivo da cultura. Foram conduzidos experimentos na safra 2014/2015 e 2015/2016. Safra 2014/2015: Foi realizada a quantificação dos danos no período vegetativo e reprodutivo da cultura da soja. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, o delineamento adotado foi de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Cada parcela constou de um vaso retangular, com aproximadamente 50 cm de comprimento e volume aproximado de 13L de solo contendo sete plantas dispostas em linha. Os tratamentos constaram da infestação de uma, duas, três, cinco e nenhuma lagarta em 0,5m de linha da cultura. No período vegetativo, as plantas foram infestadas quando as lagartas atingiram o segundo instar e quando as plantas se encontravam no estádio de desenvolvimento V4. No período reprodutivo as plantas foram infestadas quando as lagartas atingiram o segundo ínstar e as plantas encontravam-se no estádio R4 de desenvolvimento. Para ambos os experimentos as avaliações foram realizadas a cada dois dias até o término do ciclo larva da praga. Ao término ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Helicoverpa armigera has been important pest in Brazil since its introduction in 2013. The H. armigera species can cause damage to the soybean crop from the emergence of the plants at the filling of grain in the pods. The objective of this study was to quantify the damage caused by H. armigera caterpillars in the vegetative and reproductive phase of soybean crop in a greenhouse and field and to establish the level of control for the pest in the reproductive phase of the crop. Experiments were conducted in the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 harvests. Harvest 2014/2015: Was quantification of the damages in the vegetative and reproductive period of the soybean crop. The experiments were conducted in greenhouse, the experimental design was randomized blocks with five treatments and four replications. Each plot consisted of a rectangular vase, approximately 50 cm long and with an approximate volume of 13L of soil containing seven plants in a row. Treatments consisted of infestation of one, two, three, five and no caterpillar on a half meter line of crop planted. In the vegetative period, the plants were infested with caterpillars of second instar and when the plants were in the V4 development stage. In the reproductive period the plants were infested with caterpillars of second instar and the plants were in the developmental stage R4. For both experiments the evaluations were carried every two days until the end of the pest larval cycle. At the end of the crop cycle, the yield was evalua... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:53:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_drr_me_jabo.pdf: 1682299 bytes, checksum: 857694a3592c34a735a068d3d1efe73f (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este estudo objetivou estabelecer as associações entre lepidópteros desfolhadores e moscas frugívoras com seus parasitóides em uma cultura de café, em Cravinhos, SP. Os lepidópteros desfolhadores foram obtidos com guarda-chuva entomológico, rede de varredura e por catação manual. Para a obtenção de pupários de tefritóideos foram realizadas seis coletas de aproximadamente quatro kg de frutos/coleta e, para a obtenção de pupários de drosofilídeos, coletas de frutos em estágio de cereja diretamente das plantas, sendo parte deles exposta em bandejas sob suas copas. Foram obtidos 96 lepidópteros pertencentes a três famílias e sete espécies: Lophocampa sp. (Arctiidae), Glena sp., Herbita sp. Physocleora sp. e Prochoerodes sp. (Geometridae) e Lascoria sp. e Leucania sp.(Noctuidae); também emergiram duas espécies de parasitóides: Protapanteles sp. (Braconidae) e Casinaria sp. (Ichneumonidae). Dos frutos destinados à obtenção de tefritóideos foram obtidos 2.920 pupários, de onde emergiram adultos de Ceratitis capitata (14%) e Anastrepha fraterculus (86%) e os parasitóides Asobara anastrephae, Doryctobracon areolatus, Microcrasis lonchaeae e Utetes anastrephae e 126 pupários de lonqueídeos, de onde emergiram 85 adultos de Neosilba pendula e os parasitóides U. anastrephae e M. lonchaeae. Dos frutos coletados diretamente das plantas foram obtidos 35 pupários, de onde emergiram 24 drosofilídeos pertencentes a três espécies: Zaprionus indianus, Drosophila nebulosa e D. simulans e, dos frutos mantidos sob a copa das plantas, 24 pupários, de onde emergiram exemplares de Z. indianus, D. cardini, D. immigrans e D. willistoni; também foi observada a emergência do parasitóide Ganaspis sp. / The objective of this study was to establish the associations between Lepidoptera defoliators and frugivorous flies with their parasitoids in coffee crop in Cravinhos, SP, Brazil. The Lepidoptera defoliators were obtained from the beating tray, sweeping net and manual collecting. To obtain tephritoids pupae were harvested approximately 4kg of fruits/sample, and to obtain drosophilids pupae, fruits in cherry stage were collected directly from the tree, and part of them was exposed under the canopy. If was obtained 96 Lepidoptera specimens of three families and seven species: Lophocampa sp. (Arctiidae), Glena sp., Herbita sp. Physocleora sp. and Prochoerodes sp. (Geometridae) and Lascoria sp. and Leucania sp. (Noctuidae); also two parasitoids species has emerged: Protapanteles sp. (Braconidae) and Casinaria sp. (Ichneumonidae). Of the fruits destined to obtain tephritoids 2.920 pupae were obtained, from which emerged adults of Ceratitis capitata (14%) and Anastrepha fraterculus (86%) and their parasitoids Asobara anastrephae, Doryctobracon areolatus, Microcrasis lonchaeae and Utetes anastrephae and 126 pupae of lonchaeids from which emerged 85 adults of Neosilba pendula and their parasitoids M. lonchaeae and U. anastrephae. From the fruits harvested were obtained 35 pupae from which emerged 24 drosophilid of three species: Zaprionus indianus, Drosophila nebulosa and D. simulans. The fruits kept from under the canopy, 24 pupae, where of which emerged specimens of Z. indianus, D. cardini, D. immigrans and D. willistoni; also was observed the occurrence of parasitoid Ganaspis sp.

Submitted by João Antonio Zanardi Junior null (j.zanardijr@gmail.com) on 2018-02-07T18:58:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 João Antonio Zanardi Júnior Zanardi.pdf: 3046432 bytes, checksum: bec7b398fdd652a13c553ae81b18a89d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-02-08T11:40:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 zanardijunior_ja_me_ilha.pdf: 3046432 bytes, checksum: bec7b398fdd652a13c553ae81b18a89d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-08T11:40:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 zanardijunior_ja_me_ilha.pdf: 3046432 bytes, checksum: bec7b398fdd652a13c553ae81b18a89d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A Helicoverpa armigera é uma praga importante no Brasil desde sua introdução em 2013. Pode provocar danos na cultura da soja desde a fase de emergência das plantas até o enchimento de grãos nas vagens. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os danos causados pelas lagartas de H. armigera no estádio vegetativo e reprodutivo da cultura da soja, em casa de vegetação e campo e determinar o nível de controle para praga no período reprodutivo da cultura. Foram conduzidos experimentos na safra 2014/2015 e 2015/2016. Safra 2014/2015: Foi realizada a quantificação dos danos no período vegetativo e reprodutivo da cultura da soja. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, o delineamento adotado foi de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Cada parcela constou de um vaso retangular, com aproximadamente 50 cm de comprimento e volume aproximado de 13L de solo contendo sete plantas dispostas em linha. Os tratamentos constaram da infestação de uma, duas, três, cinco e nenhuma lagarta em 0,5m de linha da cultura. No período vegetativo, as plantas foram infestadas quando as lagartas atingiram o segundo instar e quando as plantas se encontravam no estádio de desenvolvimento V4. No período reprodutivo as plantas foram infestadas quando as lagartas atingiram o segundo ínstar e as plantas encontravam-se no estádio R4 de desenvolvimento. Para ambos os experimentos as avaliações foram realizadas a cada dois dias até o término do ciclo larva da praga. Ao término do ciclo da cultura foi realizado a avaliação de produtividade pelo peso de todos os grãos produzidos por parcela. Safra 2015/2016: Foi realizada a quantificação de danos proporcionada por lagartas de H. armigera apenas no período reprodutivo da cultura. Na primeira etapa do experimento foram infestadas 100 plantas de soja, conduzidas em vasos, quando as plantas encontravam-se no estádio R5 de desenvolvimento com lagartas de segundo instar. As plantas foram cobertas com sacos de tecido voil para evitar fuga de lagartas e a avaliação dos danos foi realizada apenas no término do ciclo larval da praga. A segunda etapa foi desenvolvida em campo, realizando-se o desbaste artificial de acordo com a média de ataque proporcionado pela H. armigera observado na primeira etapa. O delineamento adotado foi de blocos ao acaso. Cada parcela constou de 0,5m de linha da cultura, com sete plantas. Os tratamentos constaram da infestação de uma, duas, três, cinco e nenhuma lagarta por parcela. Ao término do ciclo da cultura foi realizado a avaliação de produtividade pelo peso de todos os grãos produzidos por parcela. Na safra 2014/2015, para infestação no período vegetativo de desenvolvimento das plantas constatou-se maior média de desfolha na infestação de três lagartas por 0,5m de linha da cultura plantada, proporcionando 3,6% de desfolha em um ciclo de vida da praga. Entretanto os danos causados pela espécie não provocaram redução significativa na produtividade de grãos da soja. No período reprodutivo da cultura, o tratamento que constituiu de cinco lagartas por 0,5m de linha da cultura proporcionou média de 23,25 vagens danificadas. Na safra 2015/2016 constatou-se que cada lagarta proporciona danos em seis vagens para completar seu desenvolvimento. A preferência alimentar de lagartas é por vagens que caracterizam o estádio R6 de desenvolvimento da cultura da soja. O nível de controle da espécie Helicoverpa armigera está entre uma e duas lagartas por metro da cultura quando detectadas na formação de grãos da cultura da soja. / Helicoverpa armigera has been important pest in Brazil since its introduction in 2013. The H. armigera species can cause damage to the soybean crop from the emergence of the plants at the filling of grain in the pods. The objective of this study was to quantify the damage caused by H. armigera caterpillars in the vegetative and reproductive phase of soybean crop in a greenhouse and field and to establish the level of control for the pest in the reproductive phase of the crop. Experiments were conducted in the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 harvests. Harvest 2014/2015: Was quantification of the damages in the vegetative and reproductive period of the soybean crop. The experiments were conducted in greenhouse, the experimental design was randomized blocks with five treatments and four replications. Each plot consisted of a rectangular vase, approximately 50 cm long and with an approximate volume of 13L of soil containing seven plants in a row. Treatments consisted of infestation of one, two, three, five and no caterpillar on a half meter line of crop planted. In the vegetative period, the plants were infested with caterpillars of second instar and when the plants were in the V4 development stage. In the reproductive period the plants were infested with caterpillars of second instar and the plants were in the developmental stage R4. For both experiments the evaluations were carried every two days until the end of the pest larval cycle. At the end of the crop cycle, the yield was evaluated by the weight of all the grains produced per plot. Harvest 2015/2016: The damage quantification provided by H. armigera caterpillars was performed only during the reproductive period of the crop. In the first stage of the experiment, 100 potted soybean plants were infested when the plants were in the R5 development stage with caterpillars of second instar. The plants were covered with voil bags to prevent caterpillars from escaping and damage assessment was performed only at the end of the larval cycle. The second stage was developed in the field, the artificial thinning being carried out according to the attack average provided by H. armigera observed in the first stage. The design was randomized blocks. Each plot consisted of half meter line of crop planted in line, with seven plants. Treatments consisted of infestation of one, two, three, five and no caterpillar per plot. At the end of the crop cycle, the yield was evaluated by the weight of all the grains produced per plot. In the 2014/2015 harvest, for infestation in the vegetative period of plant development, the highest average of defoliation was observed in the infestation of three caterpillars of half meter line of the planted crop, providing 3.6% of defoliation in a life cycle of the pest. However, the damages caused by the species did not cause a significant reduction in soybean grain yield. In the reproductive period of the crop, the treatment consisting of five caterpillars of half meter line crop planted provided an average of 23.25 damaged pods. In the 2015/2016 harvest, was verified that each caterpillar provides damages in six pods to complete its development. The feeding preference of caterpillars is by pods which characterize the R6 stage of development of the soybean crop. The control level of the Helicoverpa armigera is between one and two caterpillars per meter of the crop when detected in the formation of soybean crop grains.

The stalk borer (SB), Papaipema nebris Gn. exhibited from 7 to 9 instars when reared on a meridic diet in a control-led environment. Both sexes went through variable numbers of instars before pupation. Head capsule width measurements did not form discrete sets, and overlap occurred between adjacent instars. In feeding preference tests with first instar larvae using either leaf disks or stem sections, higher numbers of larvae fed on grasses, such as orchardgrass, Dactylis glomerata L. or fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., compared to numbers feeding on other plants. In no-choice laboratory and field tests, larvae tunnelled into plant stalks at the same frequency by which they would feed on foliage, showing a tendency to tunnel into plants they accept as hosts. Third or fourth instar larvae preferred to tunnel into orchardgrass and rye, Secale cereale Lover the other plants present in field cage tests. The SB prefers to oviposit on narrow leaved, perennial grasses, such as fescue and orchardgrass, over wide leaved annual grasses or broadleaf plants. Significantly higher numbers of eggs were laid on upright over prostrate plants in cage studies. The SB also preferred ovipositing on desiccating or dry plant material. Higher numbers of SB infested corn seedlings were found next to field margins compared to numbers found within fields. Contour and transect maps of SB infested fields showed considerable aggregation over three years, and this distribution was confirmed by high variance to mean ratios, and small k values. SB distribution in no-till corn can be adequately described by the negative binomial model. Field collections of SB in corn stalks showed 2, 3, or 4 instar larvae infesting the youngest seedlings. Variation existed in larval development from year to year. Linear regression covariance analysis showed that larval development was different between field collected larvae from year to year. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata

Sammanfattning Nattfjärilar är en utsatt grupp när det kommer till nattbelysning, eftersom nattbelysning påverkar processer som födosök och reproduktion samt ökar deras mortalitet genom stress och ökad risk för predation. Mörka och belysta lokaler i Halmstads urbana grönområden undersöktes för att studera nattbelysningens påverkan på nattfjärilars individantal och artdiversitet. I studien visade vi på signifikanta skillnader hos både nattfjärilars individantal samt artdiversitet mellan de mörka och belysta lokalerna, där tillhörande analyser visade signifikant färre antal individer och likaså negativ trend för artdiversiteten. Analyserna visade att minskad artdiversitet och individantal i belysta lokaler inte var signifikant korrelerat med belysningsstyrkan i lokalerna. Dock finns det indikationer på att belysningsstyrkan eventuellt haft en negativ påverkan på individantalet och artdiversiteten av nattfjärilar i denna studie. Det fanns en belyst lokal som utmärkte sig med ovanligt hög diversitet där artdiversiteten var det tredje högsta uppmätta värdet i hela studien. Detta kan eventuellt bero på förekomsten av blommande buskage vilket återfanns i direkt anslutning till inventeringsområdet. Vi föreslår därför att blommande växter och buskage kan implementeras som åtgärd för att förebygga nattbelysningens påverkan på nattfjärilspopulationer. Kompletterande samt uppföljande studier av ämnet kring vilka växter som passar specifikt för nattfjärilar behövs, då det i dagsläget är ett ämne som i Sverige behöver utvecklas innan implementering av passande växter kan bli en lämplig åtgärd. / Abstract Moths are a vulnerable group when exposed to night lighting, it affects their basic drives such as foraging and reproduction and increases their mortality through stress and increased risk of predation. Dark and illuminated localities in Halmstads’ urban green areas were inventoried to study the impact of night illumination on the number of individuals and species diversity of moths. In the study, significant differences were found in the individual number of moths and species diversity between the dark and illuminated localities, which could not be significantly correlated to illuminance present in the localities. However, there were indications that illuminance may still have negatively affected the number of individuals and species diversity of moths in this study. There was one illuminated locality that stood out from the rest where species diversity was the third highest measurement from the entire study, which can possibly be attributed to the presence of flowering shrubs. Therefore we suggest that flowering shrubbery can be implemented as a measure to prevent the impact of night illumination on moth populations and becomes the basis for supplementary and follow-up studies of the subject.

Formulations of aqueous neem extracts were sprayed in field experiments. Results showed that a 0.5% and 1% concentrations were effective in reducing grasshopper feeding and diminishing damage caused by the millet stemborer, C. ignefusalis. In 1988, neem diminished egg-laying and mine damage by the headminer, H. albipunctella, but no data were available for 1989 because of the low infestation levels of this pest. / Neem exhibited some systemic activity. Soil applied neem kernel powder partially protected millet against K. angulifera and C. ignefusalis. Neem treated plots yielded more grain and suffered less damage by insect pests than four different cultural practices. Only the addition of fertilizer was superior to neem in reducing yield losses but it was inferior in limiting pest losses. / Experiments to test the residual activity of neem showed that this botanical insecticide can effectively protect millet against K. angulifera for at least seven days, and possibly longer if ultra-violet rays and rainfall are not prevalent. Analysis of plant selection behavior of K. angulifera showed that neem is an antifeedant rather than a repellent. On first to third instar nymphs, growth regulating activity expressed as a difficulty in molting or an absence of sclerotization may occur. Topical applications of neem to the stemborer, C. ignefusalis, also caused growth abnormalities, mostly molting disturbances. Treated larvae that reached the adult stage were malformed. / This research indicates that neem based insecticides offer considerable promise for Sahelian farmers for protecting millet crops. It is effective against K. angulifera, but less effective against the stemborer, C. ignefusalis. Although the data obtained for H. albipunctella in 1988 was promising, it was insufficient to reach any conclusions regarding neem's efficacy with respect to this pest.

Resumo: Este estudo objetivou estabelecer as associações entre lepidópteros desfolhadores e moscas frugívoras com seus parasitóides em uma cultura de café, em Cravinhos, SP. Os lepidópteros desfolhadores foram obtidos com guarda-chuva entomológico, rede de varredura e por catação manual. Para a obtenção de pupários de tefritóideos foram realizadas seis coletas de aproximadamente quatro kg de frutos/coleta e, para a obtenção de pupários de drosofilídeos, coletas de frutos em estágio de cereja diretamente das plantas, sendo parte deles exposta em bandejas sob suas copas. Foram obtidos 96 lepidópteros pertencentes a três famílias e sete espécies: Lophocampa sp. (Arctiidae), Glena sp., Herbita sp. Physocleora sp. e Prochoerodes sp. (Geometridae) e Lascoria sp. e Leucania sp.(Noctuidae); também emergiram duas espécies de parasitóides: Protapanteles sp. (Braconidae) e Casinaria sp. (Ichneumonidae). Dos frutos destinados à obtenção de tefritóideos foram obtidos 2.920 pupários, de onde emergiram adultos de Ceratitis capitata (14%) e Anastrepha fraterculus (86%) e os parasitóides Asobara anastrephae, Doryctobracon areolatus, Microcrasis lonchaeae e Utetes anastrephae e 126 pupários de lonqueídeos, de onde emergiram 85 adultos de Neosilba pendula e os parasitóides U. anastrephae e M. lonchaeae. Dos frutos coletados diretamente das plantas foram obtidos 35 pupários, de onde emergiram 24 drosofilídeos pertencentes a três espécies: Zaprionus indianus, Drosophila nebulosa e D. simulans e, dos frutos mantidos sob a copa das plantas, 24 pupários, de onde emergiram exemplares de Z. indianus, D. cardini, D. immigrans e D. willistoni; também foi observada a emergência do parasitóide Ganaspis sp. / Abstract: The objective of this study was to establish the associations between Lepidoptera defoliators and frugivorous flies with their parasitoids in coffee crop in Cravinhos, SP, Brazil. The Lepidoptera defoliators were obtained from the beating tray, sweeping net and manual collecting. To obtain tephritoids pupae were harvested approximately 4kg of fruits/sample, and to obtain drosophilids pupae, fruits in cherry stage were collected directly from the tree, and part of them was exposed under the canopy. If was obtained 96 Lepidoptera specimens of three families and seven species: Lophocampa sp. (Arctiidae), Glena sp., Herbita sp. Physocleora sp. and Prochoerodes sp. (Geometridae) and Lascoria sp. and Leucania sp. (Noctuidae); also two parasitoids species has emerged: Protapanteles sp. (Braconidae) and Casinaria sp. (Ichneumonidae). Of the fruits destined to obtain tephritoids 2.920 pupae were obtained, from which emerged adults of Ceratitis capitata (14%) and Anastrepha fraterculus (86%) and their parasitoids Asobara anastrephae, Doryctobracon areolatus, Microcrasis lonchaeae and Utetes anastrephae and 126 pupae of lonchaeids from which emerged 85 adults of Neosilba pendula and their parasitoids M. lonchaeae and U. anastrephae. From the fruits harvested were obtained 35 pupae from which emerged 24 drosophilid of three species: Zaprionus indianus, Drosophila nebulosa and D. simulans. The fruits kept from under the canopy, 24 pupae, where of which emerged specimens of Z. indianus, D. cardini, D. immigrans and D. willistoni; also was observed the occurrence of parasitoid Ganaspis sp. / Orientador: Nelson Wanderley Perioto / Coorientadora: Nilza Maria Martinelli / Banca: Sergio Antonio De Bortoli / Banca: Miguel Francisco de Souza Filho / Mestre