The aim of this thesis is to clarify what are the limits of the right of the state to expel aliens under international law while examining whether or not there is any general rule by which states are bound in exercising their power to expel aliens from their territory. This thesis is using a descriptive and analytical method as methods of work. The comparative method is also partially used for analysis of the practice of states in the individual aspects of the limitation of the right of expulsion and the related decision-making practice of the judicial and quasi-judicial authorities. The conclusion of this thesis is an analysis of the fragmented legal regulation of expulsion of aliens in different areas of international law (both procedural rules and selected areas of substantive regulation). The work is mainly focused on examining limits of states to expel an alien to a particular state through non-refoulement principle and restrictions to expel aliens through the protection of family and private life. Concerning the general conclusions, the examination of limits on the right to expel in international law has crystallized in one general rule that can be considered as an implicit part of all the limits analyzed, which is the effort to avoid the arbitrariness of states.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(教育学) / 甲第20120号 / 教博第197号 / 新制||教||164(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院教育学研究科教育科学専攻 / (主査)教授 齊藤 智, 教授 楠見 孝, 教授 Emmanuel MANALO / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Education) / Kyoto University / DGAM

A presente dissertação realiza um estudo comparado sobre o federalismo no Brasil e na Argentina no período de redemocratização, procurando entender o poder que os Governadores dos Estados brasileiros e das Provincias argentinas detêm e o papel que cumprem dentro de ambas as Federações. Primeiramente, se analisa o desenvolvimento histórico dos federalismos do Brasil e da Argentina até a redemocratização (1983/85), buscando as pautas que atravessam a dinâmica federativa. Por sua vez, distintas teorias do federalismo ajudam na compreensão do desenvolvimento que este arranjo de dispersão do poder toma nos dois países. A seguir, se estuda as conjunturas destes países no momento de estabelecerem o redesenho de suas Cartas Constitucionais, como foram a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988 no Brasil e a Reforma Constitucional de 1994 na Argentina. Analisa-se os atributos que cada um dos poderes horizontais possuem assim como os poderes constitucionais conferidos aos entes que compõem as Federações, especialmente as unidades intermediárias. Também, se estabelece uma série de fatores que servem para mensurar as atribuições que, dentro das esferas estaduais e provinciales, têm os Executivos. Assim, se torna relevante a pesquisa dos sistemas eleitorais e partidários e dos poderes políticos, administrativos e fiscais, com o objetivo de entender o poder dos Governadores e o papel que eles possuem dentro de cada Federação, enfatizando nas mudanças acontecidas após a implantação das reformas neoliberais na década de 1990. / The dissertation is a comparative study of Federalism in Brazil and Argentina during the re-democratization period, its main objective is to understand the Governors’ power and the role they have in Brazilian states and Argentine provinces. First, there´s an analysis of the federal historical developments of Brazil and Argentina up to their redemocratization (1983/85), this is done by searching for the parameters that have shaped the federalism and its dynamism. In addition, several federal theories help to understand the ways in which powers disperse in both countries. Then, the analysis concentrates in the conjuncture of these countries at the time they both modified its constitutions: in 1988 with the promulgation of the Federal Constitution of Brazil and in 1994 with the Constitutional Reform in Argentina; focusing in the attributes each horizontal power has as well as on the power given to the entities that constitutes a Federation, specially their states and provinces. Furthermore, this work establishes a range of factors in order to measure those attributes that, within the Federal states and provinces, have the Executives. Therefore, it is relevant to this work to study the electoral and political party systems, administrative and fiscal, as a way to understand the power holed by Governors and their role within each Federation, emphasizing on the changes brought by the neoliberal reforms during the 1990 decade. / En la presente tesis de maestría, se realiza un estudio comparado sobre federalismo en Brasil y Argentina, durante el período de redemocratización, buscando entender el poder que los Gobernadores de los Estados brasileiros y de las Provincias argentinas detentan y el rol que cumplen dentro de ambas Federaciones. Primeramente, se analiza el desarrollo histórico de los federalismos de Brasil y Argentina hasta la redemocratización (1983/85), en la búsqueda de las pautas que atraviesan la dinámica federal. Por su parte, distintas teorías del federalismo ayudan en la comprensión del desarrollo que este mecanismo de dispersión del poder toma en los dos países. Luego, se estudian las coyunturas de estos países en el momento de establecer el rediseño de sus Cartas Constitucionales, como fueron la promulgación de la Constituição Federal de 1988 en Brasil y la Reforma Constitucional de 1994 en Argentina. Se analizan los atributos que cada uno de los poderes horizontales poseen, así como también los poderes constitucionales conferidos a los entes que componen las Federaciones, especialmente las unidades intermedias. Después, se establece una serie de factores que sirven para medir las atribuciones que, dentro de las esferas estaduais y provinciales, tienen los Ejecutivos. Así, se torna relevante la investigación de los sistemas electorales y partidarios y de los poderes políticos, administrativos y fiscales, con el objeto de entender el poder de los Gobernadores y el papel que ellos tienen al interior de cada Federación, enfatizando en los cambios ocurridos a partir de la implementación de las reformas neoliberales en la década de 1990.

This thesis evaluates Caryl Churchill&#039 / s criticism of culturally defined roles imposed by patriarchy on both sexes in her three plays Owners, Cloud Nine, and Top Girls by referring to Kate Millet&#039 / s defination of aspects of patriarchal ideology in Sexual Poitics, and the thesis contends that gender roles are arbitrary. Churchill&#039 / s attempt to draw attention to patriarchal essentialism is discussed within this framework.

A presente dissertação realiza um estudo comparado sobre o federalismo no Brasil e na Argentina no período de redemocratização, procurando entender o poder que os Governadores dos Estados brasileiros e das Provincias argentinas detêm e o papel que cumprem dentro de ambas as Federações. Primeiramente, se analisa o desenvolvimento histórico dos federalismos do Brasil e da Argentina até a redemocratização (1983/85), buscando as pautas que atravessam a dinâmica federativa. Por sua vez, distintas teorias do federalismo ajudam na compreensão do desenvolvimento que este arranjo de dispersão do poder toma nos dois países. A seguir, se estuda as conjunturas destes países no momento de estabelecerem o redesenho de suas Cartas Constitucionais, como foram a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988 no Brasil e a Reforma Constitucional de 1994 na Argentina. Analisa-se os atributos que cada um dos poderes horizontais possuem assim como os poderes constitucionais conferidos aos entes que compõem as Federações, especialmente as unidades intermediárias. Também, se estabelece uma série de fatores que servem para mensurar as atribuições que, dentro das esferas estaduais e provinciales, têm os Executivos. Assim, se torna relevante a pesquisa dos sistemas eleitorais e partidários e dos poderes políticos, administrativos e fiscais, com o objetivo de entender o poder dos Governadores e o papel que eles possuem dentro de cada Federação, enfatizando nas mudanças acontecidas após a implantação das reformas neoliberais na década de 1990. / The dissertation is a comparative study of Federalism in Brazil and Argentina during the re-democratization period, its main objective is to understand the Governors’ power and the role they have in Brazilian states and Argentine provinces. First, there´s an analysis of the federal historical developments of Brazil and Argentina up to their redemocratization (1983/85), this is done by searching for the parameters that have shaped the federalism and its dynamism. In addition, several federal theories help to understand the ways in which powers disperse in both countries. Then, the analysis concentrates in the conjuncture of these countries at the time they both modified its constitutions: in 1988 with the promulgation of the Federal Constitution of Brazil and in 1994 with the Constitutional Reform in Argentina; focusing in the attributes each horizontal power has as well as on the power given to the entities that constitutes a Federation, specially their states and provinces. Furthermore, this work establishes a range of factors in order to measure those attributes that, within the Federal states and provinces, have the Executives. Therefore, it is relevant to this work to study the electoral and political party systems, administrative and fiscal, as a way to understand the power holed by Governors and their role within each Federation, emphasizing on the changes brought by the neoliberal reforms during the 1990 decade. / En la presente tesis de maestría, se realiza un estudio comparado sobre federalismo en Brasil y Argentina, durante el período de redemocratización, buscando entender el poder que los Gobernadores de los Estados brasileiros y de las Provincias argentinas detentan y el rol que cumplen dentro de ambas Federaciones. Primeramente, se analiza el desarrollo histórico de los federalismos de Brasil y Argentina hasta la redemocratización (1983/85), en la búsqueda de las pautas que atraviesan la dinámica federal. Por su parte, distintas teorías del federalismo ayudan en la comprensión del desarrollo que este mecanismo de dispersión del poder toma en los dos países. Luego, se estudian las coyunturas de estos países en el momento de establecer el rediseño de sus Cartas Constitucionales, como fueron la promulgación de la Constituição Federal de 1988 en Brasil y la Reforma Constitucional de 1994 en Argentina. Se analizan los atributos que cada uno de los poderes horizontales poseen, así como también los poderes constitucionales conferidos a los entes que componen las Federaciones, especialmente las unidades intermedias. Después, se establece una serie de factores que sirven para medir las atribuciones que, dentro de las esferas estaduais y provinciales, tienen los Ejecutivos. Así, se torna relevante la investigación de los sistemas electorales y partidarios y de los poderes políticos, administrativos y fiscales, con el objeto de entender el poder de los Gobernadores y el papel que ellos tienen al interior de cada Federación, enfatizando en los cambios ocurridos a partir de la implementación de las reformas neoliberales en la década de 1990.

A presente dissertação realiza um estudo comparado sobre o federalismo no Brasil e na Argentina no período de redemocratização, procurando entender o poder que os Governadores dos Estados brasileiros e das Provincias argentinas detêm e o papel que cumprem dentro de ambas as Federações. Primeiramente, se analisa o desenvolvimento histórico dos federalismos do Brasil e da Argentina até a redemocratização (1983/85), buscando as pautas que atravessam a dinâmica federativa. Por sua vez, distintas teorias do federalismo ajudam na compreensão do desenvolvimento que este arranjo de dispersão do poder toma nos dois países. A seguir, se estuda as conjunturas destes países no momento de estabelecerem o redesenho de suas Cartas Constitucionais, como foram a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988 no Brasil e a Reforma Constitucional de 1994 na Argentina. Analisa-se os atributos que cada um dos poderes horizontais possuem assim como os poderes constitucionais conferidos aos entes que compõem as Federações, especialmente as unidades intermediárias. Também, se estabelece uma série de fatores que servem para mensurar as atribuições que, dentro das esferas estaduais e provinciales, têm os Executivos. Assim, se torna relevante a pesquisa dos sistemas eleitorais e partidários e dos poderes políticos, administrativos e fiscais, com o objetivo de entender o poder dos Governadores e o papel que eles possuem dentro de cada Federação, enfatizando nas mudanças acontecidas após a implantação das reformas neoliberais na década de 1990. / The dissertation is a comparative study of Federalism in Brazil and Argentina during the re-democratization period, its main objective is to understand the Governors’ power and the role they have in Brazilian states and Argentine provinces. First, there´s an analysis of the federal historical developments of Brazil and Argentina up to their redemocratization (1983/85), this is done by searching for the parameters that have shaped the federalism and its dynamism. In addition, several federal theories help to understand the ways in which powers disperse in both countries. Then, the analysis concentrates in the conjuncture of these countries at the time they both modified its constitutions: in 1988 with the promulgation of the Federal Constitution of Brazil and in 1994 with the Constitutional Reform in Argentina; focusing in the attributes each horizontal power has as well as on the power given to the entities that constitutes a Federation, specially their states and provinces. Furthermore, this work establishes a range of factors in order to measure those attributes that, within the Federal states and provinces, have the Executives. Therefore, it is relevant to this work to study the electoral and political party systems, administrative and fiscal, as a way to understand the power holed by Governors and their role within each Federation, emphasizing on the changes brought by the neoliberal reforms during the 1990 decade. / En la presente tesis de maestría, se realiza un estudio comparado sobre federalismo en Brasil y Argentina, durante el período de redemocratización, buscando entender el poder que los Gobernadores de los Estados brasileiros y de las Provincias argentinas detentan y el rol que cumplen dentro de ambas Federaciones. Primeramente, se analiza el desarrollo histórico de los federalismos de Brasil y Argentina hasta la redemocratización (1983/85), en la búsqueda de las pautas que atraviesan la dinámica federal. Por su parte, distintas teorías del federalismo ayudan en la comprensión del desarrollo que este mecanismo de dispersión del poder toma en los dos países. Luego, se estudian las coyunturas de estos países en el momento de establecer el rediseño de sus Cartas Constitucionales, como fueron la promulgación de la Constituição Federal de 1988 en Brasil y la Reforma Constitucional de 1994 en Argentina. Se analizan los atributos que cada uno de los poderes horizontales poseen, así como también los poderes constitucionales conferidos a los entes que componen las Federaciones, especialmente las unidades intermedias. Después, se establece una serie de factores que sirven para medir las atribuciones que, dentro de las esferas estaduais y provinciales, tienen los Ejecutivos. Así, se torna relevante la investigación de los sistemas electorales y partidarios y de los poderes políticos, administrativos y fiscales, con el objeto de entender el poder de los Gobernadores y el papel que ellos tienen al interior de cada Federación, enfatizando en los cambios ocurridos a partir de la implementación de las reformas neoliberales en la década de 1990.

The focus of this essay is on examining the meanings of the onomatopoeia (sound imitating words) snap, crack and pop. Previous studies on onomatopoeia and sound symbolism are used to define the terms and create a model for an alternative categorization of these meanings. This model is then applied in a corpus study, conducted on the COCA (Corpus Of Contemporary American English) and BYU-BNC (The British National Corpus) corpora, to find a way to more accurately describe the meanings and functions of these words.  For this purpose the context in which snap, crack and pop are used is also addressed by observing how frequently they occur in formal and informal texts and which adjectives and adverbs frequently modify them. In the study it was discovered that these three words took on many different meanings that would be hard to list separately in a dictionary. These meanings did follow a pattern linked to the properties associated with the word. The study found snap, crack and pop to be informal words with a tendency to add emotion or effect to a statement. It is therefore concluded that sorting onomatopoeia by sound and non sound-related meaning and describing the informal characteristics of these words leads to a greater understanding of how they are used.   Keywords: Arbitrariness, crack, emotive, ideophones, mimetics, mimes, non-arbitrariness, onomatopoeia, phenomimes, phonomimes, pop, psychomimes, register, semantics, snap, sound symbolism and style.

The purpose of the study is to explore the arbitrariness of the senior preschool children. The object of study – self-regulation in preschool age. The subject of the research is the formation of arbitrariness in preschool children. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (98 sources) and an Appendix that includes forms of applied techniques. The volume of the master's thesis 115 pages, which contains 11 histograms and 5 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, sets goals and objectives of the study, determines the subject and object of the study, formed a hypothesis, specifies methods and empirical base, stages of research, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first Chapter includes a review of the national literature on the topic of research, the concept of arbitrariness and will, the role and importance in the development of preschool children and the conditions of formation of arbitrariness. The second Chapter is devoted to the stages of research – stating, forming, controlling. This Chapter presents a description of the methods and organization of studies and their results obtained on methodologies used: "the Graphic dictation" by D. B. Elkonin, "Correction test", "Shape ray", "Colour dictation", "Glade" by L. A. Wenger and R. I. Bardina. The analysis of the results of the study is also presented. The stage of formation is aimed at the formation of arbitrariness as a means of regulating the behavior of norms and rules. In the control phase we carried out a diagnosis of the level of arbitrariness with the aim of a comparative analysis of control and experimental groups of preschool children. In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical part of the work, as well as conclusions on the hypothesis and prospects of this problem are summarized. / Цель исследования – исследовать произвольность у старших дошкольников. Объект исследования – произвольность в дошкольном возрасте. Предмет исследования – формирование произвольности у детей дошкольного возраста. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (98 источников) и приложения, включающих в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 115 страниц, на которых размещено 11 гистограмм и 5 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, ставятся цели и задачи исследования, определяется предмет и объект исследования, формируется гипотеза, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, этапы проведения исследования, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор отечественной литературы по теме исследования, понятие произвольности и воли, роли и значимости в развитии ребенка дошкольного возраста и условиях формирования произвольности. Вторя глава посвящена этапам исследования – констатирующий, формирующий, контрольный. В этой главе представлено описание методов и организации проведенного исследования и их результатов, полученных по использованным методикам: «Графический диктант» Д.Б. Эльконина, «Корректурная проба», «Фигура Рея», «Цветовой диктант», «Полянки» Л.А. Венгера и Р.И. Бардиной. Также представлен анализ результатов исследования. Этап формирования, направлен на формирования произвольности как опосредования регуляции поведения нормам и правилам. На контрольном этапе нами была проведена диагностика уровня произвольности с целью сравнительного анализа контрольной и экспериментальной группы дошкольников. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической части работы, а также выводы по гипотезе и перспективы данной проблематики.

Cette thèse jette un œil sceptique sur plusieurs théories courantes de l’état d’urgence. La plupart de ces théories de l’état d’urgence présupposent que la notion d'une « urgence » est claire, conceptuellement et pratiquement. J'argue que ceci n'est pas le cas et que cette certitude mal placée produit des problèmes pratiques et conceptuels avec ses théories. De plus, cette thèse démontre que cette certitude mal placée dans la clarté du concept de l'urgence mène les autorités gouvernementales à agir arbitrairement plutôt que selon des principes libéraux et démocratiques pendant des états d’urgence. Contre cette certitude mal placée et contre plusieurs théories contemporaines influentes des états d'urgence, j'offre une théorie rigoureuse et analytique du concept de l’« urgence. » Une fois que le concept de l'urgence est défini, et que cette conception est défendue, la thèse démontre les diverses manières dont les malentendus du concept, mènent aux utilisations arbitraires (de la puissance monopole de l'état) en situation d’urgence. En considérant les états d’urgences, comme événements rares, la thèse évite la tentation de les considérer comme événements exceptionnels capable de fragmenter l'ordre politique établi (comme d’autres théories le font). La thèse argue que les mesures prises par le gouvernent pendant l’état d’urgence devraient être compatibles plus généralement avec les valeurs démocratiques et libérales. En rejetant l'idée que les états d'urgence sont des événements exceptionnels, la thèse crée un espace conceptuel dans lequel des propositions plus constructives concernant la gestion des états d'urgence peuvent être entendues. De plus, en analysant les diverses manières dont les autorités gouvernementales utilisent leur forces de façon arbitraire pendant les états d’urgence, la thèse argue clairement pour la supervision institutionnelle accrue en ce qui concerne les procédures d’urgence et leur déploiement pendant des états d'urgence. En conclusion, la thèse argue que les démocraties libérales n'ont pas besoin de craindre les états d’urgences tandis que les démocraties libérales ont déjà les ressources requise pour administrer les états d’urgence. Contrairement à ce que d’autres théories l’état d'urgence recommandent, les démocraties libérales ont déjà les ressources institutionnelles et conceptuelles pour administrer les états d’urgences. / This dissertation casts a skeptical eye on theories of emergency government. It argues that far from being self-evident, most accounts of emergency government assume that the notion of an “emergency” is clear, both conceptually and practically. I argue that this is not the case and that this misplaced certainty generates both practical and conceptual problems. Further, this dissertation shows that this misplaced certainty in the clarity of the concept of emergency leads authorities to act arbitrarily rather than on principle in times of emergency. Against this misplaced certainty and against many influential contemporary accounts of states of emergency I offer a more perspicuous account of the concept of “emergency.” Once the concept of emergency is defined and defended, the dissertation proceeds to show the various ways in which misunderstandings of the concept lead to arbitrary uses of state power in emergencies. By closely examining the work of competing theories of emergency, the dissertation is able to reveal where these other theories go wrong. By viewing emergencies as rare events, the dissertation avoids the temptation to view them as exceptional events that sunder the established political order. Arguing that emergency measures should be compatible with liberal democratic values more generally, the dissertation makes the case for treating emergencies from within the ambit or existing liberal democratic institutional mechanisms as opposed to jettisoning these mechanisms as some other theorist recommend. In undermining the idea that states of emergency are exceptional events, the dissertation creates a conceptual space within which more constructive proposals pertaining to emergency management can be heard. Further, by unearthing the various ways in which state authorities arbitrarily employ power in emergencies, the dissertation makes clear the need for increased institutional oversight as concerns emergency powers and their deployment in emergencies. In conclusion, the dissertation advances that liberal democracies need not fear emergencies as much as they do and argues for the view that democracies already have the required resources for dealing with emergencies in an institutional manner that is both politically liberal and institutionally democratic. Against those skeptical of these resources, the dissertation offers comprehensive philosophical reasons for abandoning said skepticism.

KRÁTKÁ, Eva. The Issues of Meaning of Life and Selected Aspects of Existential Anxiety. Prague, 2012. Dissertation. Charles University in Prague, Philosophical Faculty, Department of Psychology. This dissertation explores issues of experiencing the meaningfulness of life and of selected aspects of existential anxiety, and it verifies whether there is some connection between some measure of meaninglessness of life being experienced and some measure of knowingly experienced existential anxiety and some selected factors which can influence our awareness of our anxiety. The research is focused mainly on adolescents and young and middle-aged adults of different genders, degrees of education and residences in the Czech republic. The survey included 170 respondents and was done with use of quantitative method. Obtained data were processed using the SPSS statistical program, and they are presented in the form of tables, graphs and commentaries. This study confirms an importance and frequency of existential beliefs and experiences and it shows that they are closely connected to an experienced meaningfulness of life and to some personality traits and circumstances of life. Therefore, a deeper research of this area seems to be beneficial and helpful not only from the therapeutic point of view alone.