Antes de utilizar as toras de madeira como elemento estrutural é necessário avaliar as propriedades mecânicas desse material tanto por inspeção visual quanto por ensaio mecânico. A técnica de vibração transversal tem se destacado entre os demais métodos de Avaliação Não-Destrutiva para madeira serrada por obter estimativas acuradas do módulo de elasticidade à flexão. Contudo, testes prévios com essa técnica evidenciaram dificuldades de empregá-la na avaliação a rigidez à flexão de toras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor um método de ensaio para estimar o módulo de elasticidade na flexão de toras de madeira por meio de vibração transversal. O método proposto foi testado e validado em uma amostra de 40 toras de Eucalyptus sp. Foram obtidas boas correlações entre o módulo de elasticidade estático e o módulo de elasticidade dinâmico obtido pelo ensaio de vibração transversal. / Before using the wood logs as a structural element is necessary to evaluate the mechanical properties of this material by visual inspection and mechanical testing. The transverse vibration technique has stood out among the other methods of Non-Destructive Evaluation for lumber to obtain accurate estimates of the bending modulus of elasticity. However, previous tests showed difficulties with this technique to use it to evaluate the bending stiffness of logs. The aim of this work is to propose a test method to estimate the bending modulus of elasticity of wood logs by means of transverse vibration. The proposed method was tested and validated on a sample of 40 logs of Eucalyptus sp. It was obtained good correlation between the static bending and dynamic modulus of elasticity obtained by transverse vibration test.

Orientador: Antonio Ludovico Beraldo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T06:15:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Espelho_JeanClaudioChiozzini_M.pdf: 5138907 bytes, checksum: 875754541cac182e91f3c878f2be3883 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O bambu é uma matéria-prima com múltiplas aplicações, principalmente no setor da construção. Seu desenvolvimento e seu desempenho mecânico são obtidos após um curto intervalo de tempo, quando comparado com as árvores. O bambu é um material renovável e encontrado em abundância em regiões tropicais e subtropicais, nas quais é considerado um material de baixo custo. No entanto, a maior parte das espécies de bambu é altamente susceptível ao ataque de fungos e insetos. Basicamente, pode-se aumentar a durabilidade dos colmos de bambu de duas maneiras, representadas por procedimentos culturais (naturais) e pelo tratamento dos colmos com produtos químicos. Dentre os diversos métodos que visam aumentar a durabilidade do bambu destaca-se o ¿Método de Boucherie Modificado¿. Neste trabalho testou-se a eficiência da aplicação do Método de Boucherie Modificado, comparando o aumento na durabilidade das amostras tratadas (taliscas de bambu) com amostras não tratadas ou testemunhas. Para tal, foram avaliados os efeitos de algumas variáveis como: posição da amostra no colmo, tipos de preservativo e sua concentração, duração do tratamento e tempo de exposição das taliscas em dois ambientes (protegido e exposto). Foram realizados ensaios não destrutivos - END (visual, pesagem das amostras e de ultra-som) e destrutivo (flexão estática). Também foram efetuadas análises químicas (concentração dos elementos químicos nas soluções e seu teor nas regiões do colmo) e de rastreabilidade dos elementos químicos por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados obtidos permitiram verificar a falta de uniformidade da distribuição dos elementos químicos ao longo dos constituintes anatômicos do bambu, ocorrendo a deposição dos mesmos basicamente nos vasos. Verificou-se, igualmente, a ineficiência do uso de soluções com baixa concentração, principalmente quando foram combinadas com tratamentos de curta duração. Os ensaios de ultra-som e de flexão estática foram suficientemente sensíveis para detectar a melhor combinação do efeito dos parâmetros avaliados / Abstract: Bamboo is a raw material with several possibilities of applications, mainly for building purposes. Its development and its mechanical performance are obtained after a short interval of growing when compared with trees. Bamboo is renewable raw material and it is available in tropical and subtropical regions, where it is considered as a cheap material. Nevertheless, the most of bamboo species is highly decayed by insects and fungi attacks. Basically the bamboo culm protection can be obtained by means of a two treatment types: natural protection and chemical protection. In this last category one of the most employed is the Boucherie Modified Method. In this work it was evaluated the performance of a Boucherie Modified Method, comparing treated bamboo samples (bamboo splits) with no treated samples (control). It was evaluated the effect of the sample position in the culm, chemical solution type and its concentration, treatment elongation and the exposition period in two environment (protected and no protected). Non destructive evaluation - NDE (visual, weight control and ultrasound) and flexure test were applied to the specimens along the time. Also chemical analysis (chemical element concentration in the solution and its amount in the bamboo regions) and the traceability of these chemical elements by means a scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were employed. Results obtained showed a lack of uniformity of the distribution of the chemical elements across the bamboo anatomical constituents, occurring the salt deposition mainly in the vessel with a greater diameter. Smaller concentration solutions, mainly when they were combined with smaller treatment time, were not effective to protect bamboo against decay. Results obtained by ultrasound and flexure test were sensitive enough to detect the best combination of the effect of the parameters evaluated. / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Mestre em Engenharia Engenharia Agrícola

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse contribuent au développement du contrôle non destructif des conduits de précontrainte extérieure dans les ouvrages d'art. Une sonde capacitive a été développée pour ausculter ces conduits. L'objectif est d'en améliorer le diagnostic.Dans un premier temps, une cellule de mesure en transmission coaxiale a été développée pour caractériser les matériaux présents dans le conduit sur la bande de fréquence 50 MHz - 1 GHz. Le ciment, les produits de la ségrégation du ciment et la cire d'injection ont été étudiés.La deuxième partie du travail exploite ces résultats dans une modélisation directe du problème global. Une étude paramétrique nous a permis de proposer une méthode d'estimation de l'épaisseur de vide à l'intérieur du conduit à partir des signaux délivrés par la sonde, qui a pu être validée sur une maquette de conduit. A partir de ces résultats sont proposées plusieurs améliorations du dispositif visant à l'obtention de signaux plus riches issus des capteurs, afin de pouvoir estimer un plus grand nombre de paramètres. / The work presented in this report contributes to the development of Non Destructive Evaluation of the external post-tensioned ducts in bridges. A capacitive probe has been developed for bridge monitoring applications. The aim of this work is to improve its diagnostic.In a first step, a coaxial transmission line was developed to characterize the materials involved in the duct over the frequency range 50 MHz - 1 GHz. The cement grout, segregation products of the cement grout and the injection wax were studied.In the second part of this work the previous results are used in the modelling of the devices. A parametrical study has shown the ability to get from the signals an estimate of the thickness of the void in the duct. This estimation method has been validated using a laboratory duct. Further, several improvements of the probes are proposed to get signals containing more information in order to get a better estimation of the target parameters.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le contexte de l’ANR ISABEAU (Innovating for Structural Adhesive Bonding Evaluation and Analysis with Ultrasounds, associant des physico-chimistes et des acousticiens) et cherche à apporter des connaissances nouvelles sur l’évaluation par ultrasons du niveau d’adhésion d’un collage structural par ondes de Lamb. La première partie porte sur l’aspect cohésif et particulièrement sur l’influence du paramètre de réticulation de réseaux époxys sur les courbes de dispersion des ondes de Lamb. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la caractérisation de niveaux d’adhésion dans une structure bicouche Aluminium Epoxy en tenant compte aussi bien des aspects cohésifs qu’adhésifs. Des échantillons à niveau d’adhésion connus et maîtrisés sont réalisés avec l’aide de physico-chimistes, où l’époxy est partiellement ou totalement réticulé, et où l’interface substrat adhésif a subit différents traitements chimiques et/ou mécaniques. Les résultats expérimentaux sont confrontés à ceux issus du modèle rhéologique de Jones résolu par éléments finis. Enfin, la troisième partie porte sur l’étude d’un assemblage tricouche Aluminium/Epoxy/Aluminium et cherche à qualifier différents niveaux d’adhésion à l’aide du modèle de Jones par ondes guidées et également par l’étude des fréquences de coupure des modes verticaux de la structure. / This thesis is in the context of the ANR ISABEAU (Innovating for Structural Adhesive Bonding Evaluation and Analysis with Ultrasounds, with the association of physico-chemists and acousticians) and seeks to bring new knowledge of the ultrasonic evaluation of the level of adhesion of structural bonding using Lamb waves. The first part focuses on the cohesive aspect, in particular on the influence of the crosslinking parameter of the polymer on the Lamb waves dispersion curves. The second part is dedicated to the evaluation of the adhesion level of a bi-layer Aluminum Epoxy taking into account the both cohesive and adhesive aspects. Samples of controlled and known adhesion levels are manufactured with the help of physico-chemists, where the crosslinking of the epoxy is partial or total, and the interface substrate-adhesive have been treated chemically and/or mechanically. The experimental results are compared to those obtained from a predictive model based on the rheological model of Jones solved by finite elements method. Finally, the third part focuses on the study of tri-layers Aluminum/Epoxy/Aluminum, looking for the qualification of different levels of adhesion with the Jones model using guided waves as well as the cut-off frequencies of the structure.

For the analysis of the wet pressing process, which was presented in the first part of this paper, a theoretical approach was chosen. This enabled the pre-definition of three quality-related priorities which now will be considered in detail in the second part. For further analysis, real process data, recorded in an early phase of the process implementation, are used. The challenge is that in this process status, the availability of data is limited or the data sets are incomplete. Supported by the theoretical approach, an easier interpretation of the process data, and in case of ambiguous issues, an accelerated decision making is expected. The objective is to show that this combination is suitable for the process analysis in an early production phase.

[pt] A avaliação não destrutiva ultrassônica é de extrema importância na indústria de óleo e gás, principalmente para ativos e estruturas sujeitos a condições que aceleram os mecanismos de falha. Apesar de amplamente difundidos, os métodos ultrassônicos não destrutivos dependem de uma força de trabalho especializada, sendo, portanto, suscetíveis a erros e demorados. Nesse contexto, métodos de reconhecimento de padrões, como o aprendizado de máquina, se encaixam convenientemente para solucionar os desafios da tarefa. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo a aplicação de técnicas de inteligência artificial para abordar a interpretação de dados adquiridos por meio de avaliação não destrutiva ultrassônica no contexto da indústria de óleo e gás. Para tanto, esta dissertação envolve três estudos de caso. Primeiramente, sinais de ondas guiadas ultrassônicas são usados para classificar os defeitos presentes em juntas soldadas de compósito termoplástico. Os resultados mostraram que, ao usar atributos extraídos com modelos autoregressivos, a acurácia do modelo de aprendizado de máquina melhora em pelo menos 72,5 por cento. Em segundo lugar, dados ultrassônicos em formato de imagens são usados para construir um sistema de diagnóstico de solda automático. A estrutura proposta resultou em um modelo computacionalmente eficiente, capaz de realizar classificações com acurácia superior à 99 por cento. Por fim, dados obtidos por simulação numérica foram usados para criar um modelo de aprendizado profundo visando estimar a severidade de defeitos semelhantes à corrosão em dutos. Resultados de R2 superiores a 0,99 foram alcançados. / [en] Ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation is of extreme importance in the oil and gas industry, especially for assets and structures subjected to conditions that accelerate failure mechanisms. Despite being widely spread, ultrasonic non-destructive methods depend on a specialized workforce, thus being errorprone and time-consuming. In this context, pattern recognition methods, like machine learning, fit conveniently to solve the challenges of the task. Hence, this work aims at applying artificial intelligence techniques to address the interpretation of data acquired through ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation in the context of the oil and gas industry. For that purpose, this dissertation involves three case studies. Firstly, ultrasonic guided wave signals are used to classify defects present in welded thermoplastic composite joints. Results have shown that, when using features extracted with autoregressive models, the accuracy of the machine learning model improves by at least 72.5 percent. Secondly, ultrasonic image data is used to construct an automatic weld diagnostic system. The proposed framework resulted in a lightweight model capable of performing classification with over 99 percent accuracy. Finally, simulation data was used to create a deep learning model for estimating the severity of corrosion-like defects in pipelines. R2 results superior to 0.99 were achieved.

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No description available.

Le secteur du bâtiment représente 35% des la consommations énergétiques dans les pays membres de l’agence international de l’énergie en 2010 et 39,8% aux Etats-Unis en 2015. Plus de 50% de cette consommation a été utilisée pour la production de chaleur et de froid. Néanmoins cette consommation peut être réduite par l'amélioration la performance énergétique du bâtiment. La performance thermique de l'enveloppe du bâtiment joue un rôle primordial. Par conséquent, le diagnostic thermique de l'enveloppe du bâtiment est nécessaire pour, par exemple, la réception de nouvelles constructions, l'amélioration de la performance énergétique des anciens bâtiments, ainsi que la vente et la location des logements. Pourtant, il existe très peu de méthodes quantitatives pour la caractérisation des parois épaisses. L'objectif de cette étude est d'explorer des méthodes quantitatives innovantes de diagnostic thermique de l'enveloppe du bâtiment. Des mesures expérimentales ont été réalisées en laboratoire (à l’IFSTTAR à Nantes) et in situ (à l’IUT de Bordeaux). Différents capteurs et méthodes d'instrumentation ont été étudiés pour mesurer la densité de flux et la température de surfaces des parois, afin de procurer des recommandations pour le choix des capteurs ainsi que des protocoles de traitement de données. A partir des données mesurées (température et densité de flux des surfaces de l'enveloppe), trois approches numériques ont été proposées pour estimer des paramètres thermiques des parois multicouches épaisses : par méthode inverse, par réponse à un échelon et par réponse impulsionnelle. En outre, une méthode innovante non-destructive utilisant la rayonnement térahertz a été étudiée. Les mesures ont été effectuées au sein du laboratoire I2M. Cette méthode permet de caractériser le coefficient d'absorption des matériaux constructifs ordinaires comme isolation, plâtre, béton, bois… Elle pourrait postérieurement être combinée avec une méthode thermique pour apporter des informations complémentaires. / Buildings represent a large share in terms of energy consumption, such as 35% in the member countries of IEA (2010) and 39.8% in U.S. (2015). Climate controlling (space heating and space cooling) occupies more than half of the consumption. While this consumption can be reduced by improving the building energy efficiency, in which the thermal performance of building envelope plays a critical role. Therefore, the thermal diagnosis of building envelope is of great important, for example, in the case of new building accreditation, retrofitting energy efficiency of old building and the building resale and renting. However, very few diagnostic methods exist for the characterization of thick walls. The present measurement standards that based on steady state heat transfer regime need a long time (several days). The classical transient technologies, such as flash method, are difficult to implement on the walls because of the large thickness of walls and the complex conditions in situ. This thesis aims to explore innovative methodologies for thermal quantitative diagnosis of building envelope. Two experimental cases were carried out: one is in laboratory (IFSTTAR, Nantes) and the other is in situ (IUT, Bordeaux). Different sensors and instruments were studied to measure the wall heat flux and surface temperature, and provided some guidelines for the choice of sensors and data processing protocols as well. Using these measured data, three estimation approaches were proposed to estimate the thermal parameters of the multilayer thick wall: pulse response curve method, step response curve method and inverse method, which can be applied for different diagnostic situations. In addition, an innovative NDE (non-destructive evaluation) method using terahertz (THz) radiation was also investigated. Measurements were carried out in I2M laboratory to characterize the absorption coefficient of standard building materials (insulation, plaster, concrete, wood ...). This THz method can be combined with a previous thermal method to provide some complementary information.

Macroporous ceramic materials have found widespread technological application ranging from particulate filters in diesel engines, tissue engineering scaffolds, and as support materials in carbon capture processes. This thesis demonstrates how the pore space of macroporous alumina can be manipulated, analysed in three-dimensions (3D) using visualisation techniques, and functionalised with a CO2-adsorbing material. A novel method was developed to produce macroporous alumina materials: by combining sacrificial templating with thermally expandable polymeric microspheres and gel-casting of an alumina suspension. This method offers a versatile production of macroporous ceramics in which the level of porosity and the pore size distribution can easily be altered by varying the amount and type of spheres. The permeability to fluid flow could be regulated by controlling the connectivity of the pore space and the size of the smallest constrictions between the pores. Sacrificial templating with particle-coated expandable spheres significantly increased the fraction of isolated pore clusters and reduced both the sizes and the numbers of connections between neighbouring pores, compared to templating with un-coated spheres. The macroporous alumina materials were characterised with X-ray micro-computed tomography (μ-CT). The 3D data-sets obtained by X-ray μ-CT were used to calculate the spatial variation in porosity, the throat and pore size distributions and to calculate the permeability to fluid flow. The throat and pore size distributions were also able to be accurately quantified in only one extrusion and intrusion cycle with water-based porosimetry; a relatively novel and simple characterisation technique. The pore walls of the macroporous alumina materials were also coated with zeolite films by a colloidal processing technique. The CO2-uptake of the coated alumina materials and of hierarchically porous monoliths of zeolites was evaluated and compared. / As the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 4: Accepted. Paper 5: Manuscript. Paper 6: Submitted.