Thesis. 1976. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Engineering. / Bibliography: leaves 414-421. / Ph.D.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-26T09:52:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Larissa da Silva Moura - 2015.pdf: 2134342 bytes, checksum: 01ed98fe80185227f4ae4ac62f8c3caa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-26T09:52:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Larissa da Silva Moura - 2015.pdf: 2134342 bytes, checksum: 01ed98fe80185227f4ae4ac62f8c3caa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-26T09:52:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Larissa da Silva Moura - 2015.pdf: 2134342 bytes, checksum: 01ed98fe80185227f4ae4ac62f8c3caa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-29 / The effectiveness of a sedative for pediatric dental treatment is commonly assessed through observational scales that assess the children behaviour. There is little information about the ability of a variety of scales in properly evaluate this behavior. The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of three scales,e,g,. Houpt Scale, Ohio State University Behavioral Rating Scale (OSUBRS) and Venham Behavior Rating Scale, to measure the behavior of preschool children during dental procedures under sedation. This study was an observational study nested to a randomized clinical trial (NCT02284204), which included 27 children between 4 and 6 years of age with early childhood caries and negative behavior in previous consultation. Participants underwent dental treatment under moderate sedation with midazolam and ketamine with or without addition of sevoflurane. The sessions were videotaped and five trained and calibrated observers watched the movies to record the behavior of children according to each scale. The data showed non-normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk, P> 0.05); descriptive and correlation analyses were made (Spearman test). A total of 1,209 minutes of videos were observed and analyzed. Global scales (Houpt overall behavior and Venham) had closer scores of good behavior. The most frequent scores for Houpt were “no crying” and “no movement”, and for OSUBRS, “quiet”. Statistically significant correlations (P <0.05) occurred between Houpt overall behavior and Venham; Houpt overall behavior with Houpt categories movement (scores 2 and 4) and cry (scores 1, 2 and 4); Venham with Houpt movement (score 4) and cry (scores 2 and 4). OSUBRS scores 1 and 4 had high correlation coefficients with Houpt overall behavior and Venham. The Houpt overall behavior and the Venham Behavior Scale were highly correlated to measure behavior of children in dental treatment under sedation. OSUBRS showed better correlation with global scales compared to the categories of crying and movement of Houpt scale. / Para a avaliação da eficácia de um agente sedativo para tratamento odontológico de crianças, uma das medidas utilizadas é o comportamento, e isso é feito através de escalas observacionais. No entanto, há poucas informações sobre a capacidade de avaliar corretamente esse comportamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características de três escalas - Escala comportamental de Houpt, Ohio State University Behavioral Rating Scale (OSUBRS) e Escala comportamental de Venham - em mensurar o comportamento de crianças pré-escolares durante procedimento odontológico sob sedação. Esse trabalho foi um estudo observacional aninhado a um ensaio clínico randomizado (NCT02284204) que incluiu 27 crianças entre 4 e 6 anos de idade com cárie dentária e comportamento resistente ao tratamento odontológico. Os participantes foram submetidos a tratamento odontológico sob sedação moderada com uso de midazolam e cetamina com adição ou não de sevoflurano. Os atendimentos foram gravados em vídeo e cinco observadores treinados e calibrados assistiram para registrar o comportamento das crianças segundo cada escala. Os dados apresentaram distribuição não-normal (Shapiro-Wilk, P>0,05); foram feitas análises descritivas e de correlação (teste de Spearman). Um total de 1.209 minutos de vídeos foram observados e analisados. Escalas globais (Houpt comportamento geral e Venham) apresentaram escores mais próximos de bom comportamento. Os escores mais frequentes para Houpt foram de pouco choro e movimento e, para OSUBRS, comportamento quieto. Correlações estatisticamente significantes (P<0,05) ocorreram entre Houpt comportamento geral e Venham (rho= -,87); Houpt comportamento geral com Houpt categorias movimento (escore 2 e 4) e choro (escores 1, 2 e 4); Venham com Houpt movimento (escore 4) e choro (escores 2 e 4). OSUBRS escores 1 e 4 tiveram altos coeficientes de correlação com Houpt comportamento geral e Venham. Concluiu-se que a escala de Comportamento Geral de Houpt e a Escala Comportamental de Venham foram altamente correlacionadas para aferir comportamento de crianças em tratamento odontológico sob sedação. OSUBRS apresentou melhor correlação com as escalas globais, se comparado com as categorias de choro e movimento de Houpt.

O modelo, ou modelos, de organização da Economia Solidária nasceu, aproximadamente, ao mesmo tempo em que surgia o capitalismo industrial e foi reinventado na década de 1990, enquanto alternativa ideológica de afronta aos efeitos excludentes do capitalismo e/ou alternativa de política de emprego e renda à população mais pobre, desempregada ou subempregada, com a formação de iniciativas por parte da população excluída do mercado. Esta “reinvenção” ocorre majoritariamente sob orientação de organizações religiosas, sindicais, universitárias e ONG’s. Segundo a SENAES (Secretaria Nacional de Economia Solidária) (BRASIL, 2004b), considera-se Economia Solidária o conjunto de atividades econômicas com as seguintes características: cooperação, autogestão, viabilidade econômica e solidariedade. Em 2005, a secretaria identificou 14.954 empreendimentos econômicos solidários no Brasil, dos quais 85 em Porto Alegre. Para estudar a Economia Solidária, pela ótica econômica, não é suficiente a teoria econômica tradicional, pois é necessário: entender o surgimento e a sobrevivência de associações que encerram concomitantemente as lógicas econômica, política e social; considerar a relação entre ética e economia, com uma aproximação das duas, e entender esta relação tanto na busca de outros princípios de comportamento econômico quanto no entendimento dos juízos de valores feitos pelas pessoas ao adjetivarem um comércio de justo; entender o mercado como uma forma de alocação, dentre outras e que as outras formas de alocação permanecem, além de entender o mercado como uma formação social; entender como se formam os preços “justos” e porque um consumidor escolheria um produto de Economia Solidária, mesmo tendo que pagar um preço mais elevado. Foram realizados dois estudos de caso em Porto Alegre (RS, Brasil): nas feiras da Cooperativa Ecológica Coolméia e nas lojas da Etiqueta Popular. Por meio de entrevistas realizadas com produtores cooperados e com consumidores dos dois empreendimentos, buscou-se identificar se estes percebem os empreendimentos como mais do que uma alternativa de emprego, se os consumidores são conscientes de que compram uma relação de compromisso junto com os produtos e qual é o reflexo dos anteriores na formação dos preços. A análise qualitativa das entrevistas demonstra um grau de aderência com as teorias discutidas anteriormente, mas também demonstra que há ainda um longo caminho a ser percorrido, o que é percebido pelos produtores entrevistados. O fato da maioria dos produtores afirmarem que estavam em melhor situação sócio-econômica com sua participação nos empreendimentos e o fato de alguns consumidores parecerem conscientes com relação ao efeito de suas decisões de compra podem apontar a Economia Solidária como uma forma alternativa à economia capitalista. A dúvida que permanece diz respeito à dimensão desta Economia Solidária, ou seja, se ela conseguiria incluir toda a população excluída pela economia capitalista, sem deixar de gerar os benefícios encontrados até agora nestes empreendimentos e até mesmo os aumentando. Ademais, há dúvidas quanto à relação da Economia Solidária com a economia capitalista e com o governo. / The model, or models, of organization of the Solidarity Economy was born, approximately, at the same time as the industrial capitalism was being developed. It has, however, been reinvented in the 1990’s as an ideological alternative of confrontation to the excluding effects of the capitalism and/or as an alternative of employment and income policies to the poorest, unemployed or underemployed population. This was made by means of initiatives of the population excluded from the market, under the orientation of religious organizations, labor unions, universities and NGO’s. According to SENAES (National Office of Solidarity Economy) (BRASIL, 2004b), it is considered Solidarity Economy the ensemble of economic activities with the following characteristics: cooperation, self-management, economic feasibility and solidarity. In 2005, the Office identified 14.954 solidary enterprises in Brazil, among which 85 are located in Porto Alegre. To study the Solidarity Economy, from the economic point of view, the traditional economic theory is not suitable, because it is necessary to: understand the emergence and the survival of association that enclose, at the same time, the economic, social and political logics; consider the relationship between ethics and economics, and, also, understand both the search of other economic behavioral principles and the understanding of moral judgments made by people when qualifying a trade as fair; understand the market as one form of allocation among others, which also continue to exist, as well as understand that the market is a social construction; understand how the fair prices are formed and why a consumer would choose a product of Solidarity Economy, even if he has to pay a higher price for it. We have analyzed two cases of Porto Alegre, Brazil: the open markets of Cooperativa Ecológica Coolméia e the stores of Etiqueta Popular. The assessment was made by interviews with producers and consumers of both enterprises, as a means to identify if the producers view the undertaking as more than an employment alternative, if the consumers are conscious that they buy a commitment relationship along with the products, and what is the reflex of the answer of the two previous questions in their price formation. The qualitative analysis of the interviews has demonstrated a degree of adherence to the theories discussed before. Also, it has demonstrated that there is still a long way to go through, and that the producers have realized. The fact that the majority of the producers has affirmed that they were better off because of their participation and the fact that some consumers appeared to be conscious of the effect of their purchase decisions might indicate that the Solidarity Economy is an alternative to the capitalist economy. However, doubt still remains as to the size of this economy, that is, could it include all the population excluded by the capitalist economy, without overlooking the benefits generated until now, and even enlarging them? Besides, there are doubts as to the relationship of the Solidarity Economy with the capitalist economy and with the government.

<p>Undersökningen genomfördes på ett medelstort livsmedelsföretag i Mellansverige. Företaget, som ingår i en globalt verksam koncern, är utsatt för konkurrens både internt och på marknaden. För att bli ett mer effektivt företag vill företagsledningen utveckla medarbetarna och skapa en mer ”familjär anda”. Målet är att få mer engagerade medarbetare som har både förmåga och vilja att ta ett ökat ansvar. En väg är att skapa ett ökat förtroende mellan ledning och anställda samt öka förståelsen för omvärldssituationen. Medlet att nå fram är förbättrad kommunikation mellan de olika grupperna i företaget. Ledningens upplevelse är att kommunikationen med de anställda och framförallt de kollektivanställdas fackliga organisation är bristfällig.</p><p>Resonemanget i den praktiska och teoretiska genomgången har lett fram till en utveckling av den teoretiska modell jag formulerade i en tidigare undersökning på företaget. Den modellen behandlade begreppen kommunikation, motivation och förtroende samt hur de inverkar på möjligheterna att nå ett medvetet medarbetarskap. I en nu utvecklad teoretisk modell, där tonvikten ligger på småprat, motstånd och identitet, visar jag hur de olika faktorerna kan påverka varandra och ha betydelse för kommunikationen i företaget. En viktig faktor som förts in i modellen är småprat, dvs. det vardagliga pratet som dagligen pågår mellan de anställda.</p><p>Syftet med undersökningen är att belysa samspelet mellan identitet, motstånd mot förändringar och småprat samt hur de påverkar kommunikationen. För att försöka fånga vad det pratas om i företaget samt få ett grepp om de nyanser som finns i uppfattningar hos de anställda och har jag valt att genomföra undersökningen med ett etnografiskt angreppssätt. Jag har genomfört deltagande observationer på möten med företagsledning, arbetsgrupper, fackliga förhandlingar och följt de kollektivanställdas dagliga arbete. Intervjuer har gjorts med såväl företagsledning, tjänstemän och kollektivanställda.</p><p>Undersökningen har genererat ett omfattande empiriskt material vilket bekräftar företagsledningens uppfattning att kommunikationen inte fungerar riktigt bra. Flera av de goda ambitioner som ledningen har haft har successivt utvecklats till formaliserade måsten.</p><p>Analysen visar att kommunikationen i betydelsen ömsesidigt utbyte av uppfattningar fortfarande inte är särskilt väl utvecklad. Oftare pratar de olika grupperna om och till varandra istället för med varandra. Den ”familjära andan” ifrågasätts som företeelse och flera anställda efterlyser en tydligare och rakare ledning. Analysen visar också på vikten av att det dagliga pratets funktion uppmärksammas. Småpratet funderar som ett filter genom vilket uppfattningar, synpunkter, förslag och idéer vaskas och värderas. Slutsatsen är att ledningen bör sätta mer fokus på småpratet eftersom det är en viktig nyans av kommunikation. Fokus på småpratet i organisationen skulle således kunna resultera i ett mer konkurrenskraftigt företag.</p> / <p>This study was carried out in a medium sized company in the food industry. This company, is a part of a global group, and is exposed to both internal an external competition. In order to become a more efficient company the management group wants to reach a “family morale” amongst the employees.</p><p>The goal is to get employees with capability that voluntarily takes responsibility. One way is to create an increasing trust between the management group and the employees and get the employees to be acquainted with the changing business conditions in the surrounding world. The means is to reach an improved communication between the different groups in the company. The factory management feels that the communication with the blue-collar workers union in particular could work better.</p><p>The discussion in the practical and theoretical sections has led to a modified version of a theoretical model I created in an earlier study at the company. That model discussed the concept of communication, motivation and trust and how they affected the possibilities to develop “conscious employee-ship”. The modified theoretical model highlight the interaction between small talk, resistance to changes and identity and how this effect communication in the company. An essential factor that I have added in to the model is small talk, i.e. the talk between the employees talking place on a daily basis.</p><p>The purpose of the thesis is to highlight the interaction between identity, resistance to changes and small talk and how this effect communication. I have chosen to use an ethnographic methodology in an attempt to listen to what employees talk about and get a grip of the nuances in the employee’s opinions. I have carried out observations in participations at meetings with management group, in work groups, at union negotiations and followed the blue-collar workers in their everyday work. The interviews are made with the management group, white-collars and blue-collars workers.</p><p>The extensive empirical material does confirm the management group’s feeling that there are shortages within the communication. Several of the good ambitions initiated by the management group have led to formalized musts.</p><p>The analysis shows that communication in the meaning of mutual exchange of opinions still is not particularly well developed. Often work groups talk about other groups, rather than with other groups. The “family morale” is questioned as a phenomenon and several employees searched for a more evident and visible leadership. The analysis also showed the importance of paying attention to everyday talk. Small talk works like a filter through which opinions, viewpoints, suggestions and ideas are trickled and valued. The conclusion is that the management group should focus more upon the small talk, since it is an important nuance of the communication. Therefore, a focus on the small talk in the organisation might result in a more competitive company.</p>

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The aim of this Master thesis is to explore why some Swedes want to consume”eco-friendly” and whether this fact gives rise to articulated information needs. Two possible explanations for this ”eco conscious” consumption are being tested, either if it is based on a normative belief that it is the right thing to do if you, as a consumer, want to do something about the environmental degradation, or that it is a reaction to a perceived risk, due to the environmental degradation. The method chosen by the author in this thesis is a qualitative text analysis of five Swedish journals. The author also tries to find articulated expressions for information needs based on the will to consume ”eco friendly” that could either be a result of a perceived risk or a feeling of normative rightness. The findings of this thesis are the following: the opinion among Swedish consumers that it is normatively right to select products perceived to be good for the environment, is the most commonly expressed in the  material examined followed by the view that they (the consumers) need more information as to what products to chose if the they are to satisfy their “environmental ambitions”.</p><p> </p>

Les états de conscience altérée représentent un réel problème au niveau social, économique et éthique et constituent un défi au niveau diagnostique et thérapeutique. Nos résultats ont permis de montrer que lutilisation dune échelle comportementale standardisée reste indispensable pour éviter lerreur diagnostique et que la Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (Giacino et al, 2004) réprésente loutil diagnostique le plus efficace pour détecter des signes de conscience et donc, distinguer les patients végétatifs des patients en état de conscience minimale. Nos résultats suggérent également que lutilisation de paradigmes actifs électrophysiologiques permet dévaluer les capacités cognitives résiduelles de patients sévèrement cérébro-lésés et de détecter une activité cérébrale consciente, même en présence, au niveau de lévaluation comportementale, de comportements peu complexes tels quune fixation et/ou une poursuite visuelle. Enfin, au niveau du traitement, nous avons pu démontrer, à laide de limagerie fonctionnelle, lefficacité de lamantadine sur la récupération de la conscience chez un patient anoxique chronique en état de conscience minimale. Ainsi, nous pensons que lutilisation combinée de techniques comportementales et de techniques objectives telles que lélectrophysiologie et la neuro-imagerie est primordiale et permettra à lavenir, dune part, de clarifier ce quest un comportement conscient et donc, de mieux caractériser les états de conscience altérée et, dautre part, dinvestiguer lefficacité de thérapeutiques invasives ou non et donc, de mieux traiter les patients sévèrement cérébro-lésés récupérant du coma.

Most literature on consumer decision-making concentrate on which attributes a certain brand evokes, how a brand is evaluated, or how well a brand can stand the competition of another brand. This is a bit funny since one of the most obvious aspects of decision-making for fast moving consumer goods (FMCGs) is that most products are never considered. Recalling a typical trip to a grocery store one probably realizes that most of the products simply were given no conscious attention. Chances are that a consumer notices less than 1% (of the perhaps close to 10.000 items in a regular grocery store) enough to consider if the item is of any interest. Therefore, in the present thesis the focus is on the influences that enhance, inhibit, or affect the processing of brands, brand associations, ads, or decision criteria, prior to reaching the level of conscious decision-making. These influences are regarded as non-conscious filters, making consumer decision-making as simple and flexible as required by many situations. The filters allow consumers to notice what they search for or what they normally pay attention to, and to ignore complex, disturbing, or unfamiliar stimuli. The thesis consists of an introduction chapter and five articles. The introduction chapter provides a comprehensive picture of the common theme of the articles, namely non-conscious influences on decision-making. The articles cover non-conscious influences during each of the five steps commonly included in the consumer decision-making process. Examples of questions that are elaborated on are: Which criteria influence the degree to which people behave habitually versus respond to marketing stimuli? What is influencing the choice of decision strategy? For example, what influences people to be more loyal versus more deal prone? And what makes people learn something new from an ad instead of just rehearsing what they already new? One aim of the present thesis is to answer questions like the ones stated above. Furthermore, it is argued that these influences are active at a stage before what could be defined as full conscious control. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2005 S. 1-112: sammanfattning, s. 113-228, [5] s.: 5 uppsater

Undersökningen genomfördes på ett medelstort livsmedelsföretag i Mellansverige. Företaget, som ingår i en globalt verksam koncern, är utsatt för konkurrens både internt och på marknaden. För att bli ett mer effektivt företag vill företagsledningen utveckla medarbetarna och skapa en mer ”familjär anda”. Målet är att få mer engagerade medarbetare som har både förmåga och vilja att ta ett ökat ansvar. En väg är att skapa ett ökat förtroende mellan ledning och anställda samt öka förståelsen för omvärldssituationen. Medlet att nå fram är förbättrad kommunikation mellan de olika grupperna i företaget. Ledningens upplevelse är att kommunikationen med de anställda och framförallt de kollektivanställdas fackliga organisation är bristfällig. Resonemanget i den praktiska och teoretiska genomgången har lett fram till en utveckling av den teoretiska modell jag formulerade i en tidigare undersökning på företaget. Den modellen behandlade begreppen kommunikation, motivation och förtroende samt hur de inverkar på möjligheterna att nå ett medvetet medarbetarskap. I en nu utvecklad teoretisk modell, där tonvikten ligger på småprat, motstånd och identitet, visar jag hur de olika faktorerna kan påverka varandra och ha betydelse för kommunikationen i företaget. En viktig faktor som förts in i modellen är småprat, dvs. det vardagliga pratet som dagligen pågår mellan de anställda. Syftet med undersökningen är att belysa samspelet mellan identitet, motstånd mot förändringar och småprat samt hur de påverkar kommunikationen. För att försöka fånga vad det pratas om i företaget samt få ett grepp om de nyanser som finns i uppfattningar hos de anställda och har jag valt att genomföra undersökningen med ett etnografiskt angreppssätt. Jag har genomfört deltagande observationer på möten med företagsledning, arbetsgrupper, fackliga förhandlingar och följt de kollektivanställdas dagliga arbete. Intervjuer har gjorts med såväl företagsledning, tjänstemän och kollektivanställda. Undersökningen har genererat ett omfattande empiriskt material vilket bekräftar företagsledningens uppfattning att kommunikationen inte fungerar riktigt bra. Flera av de goda ambitioner som ledningen har haft har successivt utvecklats till formaliserade måsten. Analysen visar att kommunikationen i betydelsen ömsesidigt utbyte av uppfattningar fortfarande inte är särskilt väl utvecklad. Oftare pratar de olika grupperna om och till varandra istället för med varandra. Den ”familjära andan” ifrågasätts som företeelse och flera anställda efterlyser en tydligare och rakare ledning. Analysen visar också på vikten av att det dagliga pratets funktion uppmärksammas. Småpratet funderar som ett filter genom vilket uppfattningar, synpunkter, förslag och idéer vaskas och värderas. Slutsatsen är att ledningen bör sätta mer fokus på småpratet eftersom det är en viktig nyans av kommunikation. Fokus på småpratet i organisationen skulle således kunna resultera i ett mer konkurrenskraftigt företag. / This study was carried out in a medium sized company in the food industry. This company, is a part of a global group, and is exposed to both internal an external competition. In order to become a more efficient company the management group wants to reach a “family morale” amongst the employees. The goal is to get employees with capability that voluntarily takes responsibility. One way is to create an increasing trust between the management group and the employees and get the employees to be acquainted with the changing business conditions in the surrounding world. The means is to reach an improved communication between the different groups in the company. The factory management feels that the communication with the blue-collar workers union in particular could work better. The discussion in the practical and theoretical sections has led to a modified version of a theoretical model I created in an earlier study at the company. That model discussed the concept of communication, motivation and trust and how they affected the possibilities to develop “conscious employee-ship”. The modified theoretical model highlight the interaction between small talk, resistance to changes and identity and how this effect communication in the company. An essential factor that I have added in to the model is small talk, i.e. the talk between the employees talking place on a daily basis. The purpose of the thesis is to highlight the interaction between identity, resistance to changes and small talk and how this effect communication. I have chosen to use an ethnographic methodology in an attempt to listen to what employees talk about and get a grip of the nuances in the employee’s opinions. I have carried out observations in participations at meetings with management group, in work groups, at union negotiations and followed the blue-collar workers in their everyday work. The interviews are made with the management group, white-collars and blue-collars workers. The extensive empirical material does confirm the management group’s feeling that there are shortages within the communication. Several of the good ambitions initiated by the management group have led to formalized musts. The analysis shows that communication in the meaning of mutual exchange of opinions still is not particularly well developed. Often work groups talk about other groups, rather than with other groups. The “family morale” is questioned as a phenomenon and several employees searched for a more evident and visible leadership. The analysis also showed the importance of paying attention to everyday talk. Small talk works like a filter through which opinions, viewpoints, suggestions and ideas are trickled and valued. The conclusion is that the management group should focus more upon the small talk, since it is an important nuance of the communication. Therefore, a focus on the small talk in the organisation might result in a more competitive company.

Abstract The aim of this Master thesis is to explore why some Swedes want to consume”eco-friendly” and whether this fact gives rise to articulated information needs. Two possible explanations for this ”eco conscious” consumption are being tested, either if it is based on a normative belief that it is the right thing to do if you, as a consumer, want to do something about the environmental degradation, or that it is a reaction to a perceived risk, due to the environmental degradation. The method chosen by the author in this thesis is a qualitative text analysis of five Swedish journals. The author also tries to find articulated expressions for information needs based on the will to consume ”eco friendly” that could either be a result of a perceived risk or a feeling of normative rightness. The findings of this thesis are the following: the opinion among Swedish consumers that it is normatively right to select products perceived to be good for the environment, is the most commonly expressed in the  material examined followed by the view that they (the consumers) need more information as to what products to chose if the they are to satisfy their “environmental ambitions”.

Syftet med föreliggande uppsats var dels att psykometriskt utpröva en svensk översatt självskattningsskala för bland annat skam, Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA) och dels att undersöka i vilken grad patienter, som får korttidsbehandling av social fobi med hjälp av kognitiv beteendeterapi upplevelse av skam förändras. För den psykometriska utprövningen utgjordes jämförelsegruppen av 72 st psykologstuderande vid psykologiska institutionen, Stockholms universitet. Den kliniska gruppen utgjordes av 8 st behandlingsdeltagare. Resultaten visar att TOSCA har en god intern konsistens och en hög test-retest relia¬bilitet. Dock kunde ej testets samtidiga validitet påvisas i denna studie. Behandlingen uppvisade ej effekt på behandlingsdeltagarnas upplevelse av skam. Studien visar således att TOSCA:s reliabilitet är god men att dess validitet behöver utredas vidare.