Orientador: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato / Banca: Teresa Cristina Ribeiro Dias Koberstein / Banca: Dirlei Antonio Berto / Banca: Cláudio Luis Bock / Banca: Pedro de Magalhães Padilha / Resumo: A absorção aparente dos nutrientes contidos em alguns ingredientes protéicos e fosfatos inorgânicos, pela tilápia do Nilo, foi comparada em três diferentes fases de crescimento. Os ingredientes testados foram farinha de peixe, farinha de vísceras de aves, farinha de carne e ossos, glúten de milho, farelo de soja, farelo de algodão, fosfato mono bicálcico, fosfato bicálcico, fosfato mono potássico e ácido fosfórico. A absorção de nutrientes foi determinada com peixes representando as fases de desenvolvimento: crescimento (25g), engorda (250g) e acabamento (500g). Concluiu-se que a capacidade da tilápia do Nilo para digerir os alimentos e absorver os nutrientes é dependente do peso corporal e das características do alimento avaliado; houve tendência de melhor aproveitamento de nutrientes dos alimentos de origem animal e fontes inorgânicas pelos peixes juvenis. Os peixes em engorda e acabamento mostraram melhor aproveitamento dos nutrientes das fontes protéicas de origem vegetal, quando comparados com os peixes mais novos. / Abstract: Apparent absorption of nutrients contained in several protein ingredients and inorganic phosphates by Nile tilapia were compared in three different stage growth. The ingredients tested were fish meal, chicken by-product meal, meat and bone meal, corn gluten, soybean meal, cotton seed meal, mono-bi-calcium phosphate, bi-calcium phosphate, mono-potassium phosphate and phosphoric acid. Nutrient absorption was determined by fish in three different stage of growth cycle: nursery phase (25g), growout-I phase (250g) and growout-II phase (500g). It was concluded that, the ability of Nile tilapia to digest feed and absorb nutrients is dependent on body weight and characteristics of food evaluated; there was better utilization of nutrients from animal protein and inorganic sources for fish in nursery phase; growout I and growout II phases showed better use of protein plant sources, when compared with younger fish. / Doutor

Inúmeros trabalhos avaliando as exigências de lisina podem ser encontrados na literatura, mas seus resultados são heterogêneos. Revisões sistemáticas e a meta-análise permitem integrar diferentes variáveis, gerar novos resultados e obter respostas ajustadas a uma maior diversidade experimental. Objetivou-se explorar as relações da lisina digestível com as variáveis de desempenho, estabelecer a exigência e avaliar a eficiência marginal da lisina segundo a lei de rendimentos decrescentes para suínos em crescimento e terminação. Para os estudos I e II, foram compilados 36 artigos publicados entre 2002 e 2013 avaliando 2.399 suínos pesando entre 15-120 kg. Para o estudo III, foram utilizados 26 artigos que avaliaram 1.820 suínos pesando entre 20-120 kg. No estudo I, o consumo diário de lisina apresentou correlações maiores com a ingestão de energia metabolizável e proteína bruta e com as deposições de proteína e lipídios. O consumo diário de lisina apresentou melhor ajuste nas equações de variância-covariância do que o nível percentual de lisina. No estudo II, o aumento no consumo diário de lisina melhorou o ganho de peso e a deposição de proteína na fase de 70-120 kg. Nas fases de 15-30; 30-70 e 70-120 kg os níveis de lisina digestível determinados para obter as melhores respostas de ganho corresponderam ao consumo diário de 14,8; 20,2 e 18,3 g lisina/dia. Os níveis de lisina digestível determinados para obter as melhores respostas de deposição de proteína corresponderam ao consumo diário de 16,3 e 24,1 g lisina/dia nas fases 15-30 e 30-70 kg. No estudo III, observamos que a medida que o animal se aproxima ou atinge o ponto de máximo desempenho, a eficiência de uso da lisina digestível diminui segundo a lei de rendimentos decrescentes. Dietas formuladas para atender 95% da máxima resposta de ganho de peso permitem uma melhora na eficiência marginal de uso da lisina da ordem de 2,4; 2,5 e 1,5 g de ganho de peso para cada g de lisina ingerida nas faixas de peso vivo 20-50; 50-70 e 70-120 kg. Sugerimos a inclusão de variáveis como a eficiência alimentar e o ganho de peso nas análises de determinação de exigências de lisina, também a escolha de metodologias analíticas adequadas e a inclusão da lei de rendimentos decrescentes da eficiência marginal de uso da lisina nos atuais modelos de determinação de exigência para evitar a superestimação observada nas tabelas de recomendação nutricional. / Several studies evaluating the lysine requirements are avaible in the literature, but its results are heterogeneous. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis allows integrating different variables, generating new results and producing answers adjusted to experimental diversity. This objective of this study was to explore the relationship among dietary lysine and the performance variables, establishing the requirement and assessing the marginal efficiency of dietary lysine according to the law of diminishing returns for growing-finishing pigs. For studies I and II, 36 articles published from 2002 to 2013 evaluating 2399 pigs weighing between 15-120 kg were compiled. And for the study III 26 articles evaluating 1820 pigs weighing between 20-120 kg were used. In the study I, daily intake of lysine showed higher correlations with the metabolizable energy intake and crude protein, with the protein deposition and lipid deposition. The daily intake of lysine showed better adjustment in the variance-covariance equations than the dietary level of lysine. In Study II, increasing the daily intake of lysine improved the weight gain and protein deposition in the 70-120 kg phase. In 15-30; 30-70 and 70-120 kg phase the levels digestible lysine that maximized weight gain reponse corresponded to the daily intake of 14.8; 20.2 and 18.3 g lysine/day. Lysine levels that maximized protein deposition reponse corresponded to daily intake of 16.3 and 24.1 g lysine/day in the phases 15-30 and 30-70 kg. In the study III, it was observed that, as the animal approaches or reaches the maximum performance the efficiency of lysine use decreases according to the law of diminishing returns. Diets formulated to meet 95% of the maximal weight gain response permit a marginal improvement in efficiency of use of the lysine the order of 2.4; 2.5 and 1.5 grams of weight gain for each lysine grams ingested in live weight phases 20-50; 50-70 and 70-120 kg respectively. It suggest the inclusion of variables feed efficiency and weight gain in analysis for the determination of lysine requirements, also the choice of appropriate analytical methods and the inclusion of diminishing returns law of marginal efficiency the dietary lysine in current models for the determination of requirements to avoid the overestimation observed in nutritional recommendation tables.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Com esse estudo objetivou-se determinar e validar equaÃÃes de prediÃÃo para energia digestÃvel (ED) e metabolizÃvel (EM) do milho e do farelo de soja com suÃnos em crescimento. Para obtenÃÃo das equaÃÃes de prediÃÃo foram utilizados dados de composiÃÃo quÃmica, digestibilidade e metabolizabilidade de 30 amostras de grÃos de milho e 25 amostras de farelo de soja avaliadas em experimentos na Embrapa SuÃnos e Aves, sendo as equaÃÃes estimadas por meio da anÃlise de regressÃo, utilizando-se o procedimento REG do pacote estatÃstico SAS e o RÂ ajustado como critÃrio de escolha para selecionar os melhores modelos. Foram estimadas duas equaÃÃo para ED e duas para EM, do milho e do farelo de soja. Para a validaÃÃo das equaÃÃes foram realizados dois experimentos para a determinaÃÃo dos valores de ED e EM de cinco amostras de milho (Experimento I) e cinco amostras de farelo de soja (Experimento II). Em cada experimento, 48 leitÃes machos castrados, com peso inicial de 54,21Â1,68 kg (Experimento I) e 54,40Â1,76 kg (Experimento II), foram distribuÃdos em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com 6 tratamentos (Experimento I: 1 raÃÃo referÃncia e 5 raÃÃes testes, compostas por 60% da dieta referÃncia e 40% de diferentes milhos e para o Experimento II: 1 raÃÃo referÃncia e 5 raÃÃes testes, compostas por 70% da dieta referÃncia e 30% de diferentes farelos de soja) e 8 repetiÃÃes, sendo a unidade experimental constituÃda por um animal. Com base nos resultados de ED e EM obtidos nos experimentos e os valores preditos nas equaÃÃes, procedeu-se a validaÃÃo das equaÃÃes, utilizando-se o procedimento REG do programa SAS, sendo o critÃrio de seleÃÃo o menor erro de prediÃÃo (ep). ApÃs a validaÃÃo, as equaÃÃes que melhor se ajustaram para prediÃÃo dos valores de energia digestÃvel e metabolizÃvel do milho para suÃnos em crescimento foram as seguintes: ED = 11812 â 1015,9(PB) â 837,9(EE) â 1641(FDA) + 2616,3(MM) + 47,5(PB2) + 114,7(FB2) + 46(FDA2) â 1,6(FDN2) â 997,1(MM2) + 151,9(EEFB) + 23,2(EEFDN) â 126,4(PBFB) + 136,4(PBFDA) â 4,0(PBFDN), com R2 de 0,81 e ep = 2,33 e EM = 12574 â 1254,9(PB) â 1140,5(EE) â 1359,9(FDA) + 2816,3(MM) + 77,6(PB2) + 92,3(FB2) + 54,1(FDA2) â 1,8(FDN2) â 1097,2(MM2) + 240,6(EEFB) + 26,3(EEFDN) â 157,4(PBFB) + 96,5(PBFDA) â 4,4(PBFDN), com R2 de 0,89 e ep = 2,24. Para o farelo de soja as equaÃÃes que melhor se ajustaram foram: ED = 48153 â 1586,1(PB) + 744,5(EE) + 363,6(FB) â 1398,3(MM) + 15,5(PB2) â 170,8(EE2) â 29,3(FB2) + 5,4(FDA2) â 2,5(FDN2) + 90,6(MM2) â 48,2(EEFDA) + 33(EEFDN), com RÂ de 0,88 e o ep = 2,32, EM=12692 â 2397,7(MM) â 56,8(EE2) + 164,9(MM2) â 102,2(EEFB) â 12,25(EEFDA) + 67,6(EEFDN) + 5,5(PBFB) â 2,9(PBFDN) com R2 de 0,65 e o ep = 1,69 / The aim of this study was to determine and validate prediction equations for digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of corn and soybean meal for growing pigs. The prediction equations were developed using data from chemical composition and digestibility and metabolizability of 30 and 25 samples of corn grain and soybean meal, respectively, evaluated in experiments at the Embrapa SuÃnos e Aves. The equations were estimated through regression analysis, using the REG procedure of SAS and adjusted RÂ was the criterion of choice to select the best models. Two equations were estimated for DE and two for ME, of corn and soybean meal. To validate the equations, two experiments were performed to determine the values of DE and ME with five samples of corn grain (Experiment I) and five samples of soybean meal (Experiment II). In each experiment, 48 growing pigs with an initial weight of 54,21Â1,68 kg (Experiment I) and 54.40 Â 1.76 kg (Experiment II), were sorted in a complete randomized block design with 6 treatments (Experiment I: 1 reference diet and 5 test diets composed of 60% of the reference diet and 40% corn, and Experiment II: 1 reference diet and 5 test diets composed of 70% of the reference diet and 30% soybean meal) and 8 replicates. The experimental unit was the animal. Based on the DE and ME values obtained in the experiments, and in the predicted values obtained with the equations, we proceeded to validate the equations, using the REG procedure of SAS. The criterion for selection of the best model was the lowest prediction error (pe). After validation, the equations that best fit to estimate the digestible and metabolizable energy of corn for growing pigs were: DE = 11812 â (1015.9CP) â (837.9EE) â (1641ADF) + (2616.3Ash) + (47.5CP2) + (114.7CF2) + (46ADF2) â (1.6NDF2) â (997.1Ash2) + (151.9EECF) + (23.2EENDF) â (126.4CPCF) + (136.4CPADF) â (4.0CPNDF), with R2 = 0.81; pe = 2.33 and ME = 12574 â (1254.9CP) â (1140.5EE) â (1359.9ADF) + (2816.3Ash) + (77.6CP2) + (92.3CF2) + (54.1ADF2) â (1.8NDF2) â (1097.2Ash2) + (240.6EECF) + (26.3EENDF) â (157.4CPCF) + (96.5CPADF) â (4.4CPNDF), with R2 = 0.89 e pe = 2.24. For soybean meal the equations that best fit were: DE = 48153 â (1586,1CP) + (744,5EE) + (363,6CF) â (1398,3Ash) + (15,5CP2) â (170,8EE2) â (29,3CF2) + (5,4ADF2) â (2,5NDF2) + (90,6Ash2) â (48,2EEADF) + (33EENDF), with RÂ = 0.88 and pe = 2.32 e ME = 12692 â (2397,7Ash) â (56,8EE2) + (164,9Ash2) â (102,2EECF) â (12,2EEADF) + (67,6EENDF) + (5,5CPCB) â (2,9CPNDF), with R2 = 0.65 and pe = 1.69.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Januaria.pdf: 2695991 bytes, checksum: fea39a26b7b89cfb880fab37ea0fafc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / In this research, we aimed to evaluate the digestible lysine levels in pre-starter diets in the histomorphological development of 18-day embryos and newborn chicks. The performance until 21 days and dry matter digestibility and nitrogen balance in pre-starter rations and allometry of digestible and immune organs until 14 days of age. Three experiments were performed in the Avian facilities and in the Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department of the Veterinary and Animal Science College of the Federal University of Goiás, Brazil, with fertile eggs obtained from breeders in different ages and eggs with different weights at the moment of hatching. In experiment 1, effect of breeder ages and egg weights in the internal quality was evaluated during incubation period and its relation with embryo development until hatch. In experiment 2 digestible lysine supplementation in pre-starter diets for chicks hatched from eggs of different breeder ages and in experiment 3 for chicks obtained from eggs with different weights at the first day of hatching period. A total of 320 day-old chicks were allotted in each experiment in a completely randomized design and factorial arrangement 2X4 (breeder age: 34 and 52 weeks or egg weight: 56-65g and 66-72g and digestible lysine levels: 1.1; 1.2; 1.3 and 1.4%). Embryos and newborn chicks were necropsied at 18 days of incubation, at seven and 14 days after hatch, and collected samples of the small intestine (duodenum e jejunum) to prepare histological slides and gastrointestinal organs weighed. At hatch, chicks were weighed and allotted in battery cages from four to seven days of age and the metabolic assay performed in total excreta collection. Performance variables performed were final chick weight, weight gain, feed intake and ffed conversion. Nitrogen balance and nitrogen and dry matter coefficientwere calculated. Villus height and crypt depth were determined in histological sldes of duodenum and jejunum. Data were submmited to variance analysis and polynomial regression performed for digestible lysine levels. In experiment 1, breeder age and egg weight showed negative correlations with Haugh unit and positive correlation to percenual of albumen, yolk and eggshell, with embryo weight at 18 days of incubation and chick weight at hatch. In experiment 2, no interaction was observed between breeder age and digestible lysine levels in pre-starter rations. Chicks from older breeders showed better performance. In experiment 3, performance and digestibility were not affected by the increasing levels of digestible lysine in diets or egg weights at the moment of hatch. / Objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, avaliar a suplementação de lisina digestível na ração no desenvolvimento histomorfológico de embriões com 18 dias de incubação, pintos neonatos e pintos na fase pré-inicial de produção. Avaliou-se, também, o desempenho das aves até 21 dias de idades e a digestibilidade da matéria seca e balanço de nitrogênio na fase pré-inicial e a alometria dos órgãos do aparelho digestório e sistema imune até 14 dias de vida. Realizaram-se três experimentos no Aviário Experimental e no Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva da Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás com ovos embrionados provenientes de matrizes com diferentes idades e ovos com diferentes pesos no início da incubação. No experimento 1, avaliou-se o efeito da idade da matriz e peso do ovo na qualidade interna dos ovos. Realizou-se a análise física dos ovos nas duas categorias em estudo (idade de matriz e peso de ovo) e durante a incubação verificou-se o desenvolvimento dos embriões até a eclosão. No experimento 2 foi avaliada a suplementação de lisina digestível em pintos de corte provenientes de matrizes com diferentes idades e no experimento 3 essa mesma suplementação foi testada em pintos de corte provenientes de ovos com diferentes pesos no momento da incubação. Foram utilizados 320 pintos para cada experimento. O delineamento experimental adotado foi DIC e esquema fatorial 2X4 (idade de matriz: 34 e 52 semanas ou peso de ovo: 56-65g e 66-72g e níveis de lisina digestível: 1,1; 1,2; 1,3 e 1,4%). Foram realizadas necropsias em embriões com 18 dias de incubação, em pintos neonatos e depois aos sete e 14 dias de vida das aves, período em que foram coletadas amostras do intestino delgado (duodeno e jejuno) para montagem de lâminas histológicas e pesagem dos órgãos do trato gastrointestinal (TGI). Ao nascimento, as aves foram pesadas e distribuídas em baterias de aço galvanizado e no período de quatro a sete dias foi realizado ensaio metabólico pelo método de coleta total de excretas. As características de desempenho avaliadas foram peso médio final, ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar. Foi determinado o balanço de nitrogênio, o coeficiente de digestibilidade de matéria seca e coeficiente de digestibilidade do nitrogênio. Para histomorfometria, foi verificada a altura de vilo e a profundidade de cripta do duodeno e do jejuno. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e para os níveis de lisina digestível foi aplicada a regressão polinomial. No experimento 1 verificou que a idade da matriz e o peso do ovo têm correlação negativa com a unidade Haugh e correlação positiva com a porcentagem de albúmen, de gema, de casca, com o peso do embrião, com o peso do ovo aos 18 dias de incubação e com peso do pinto ao nascimento. No experimento 2 não se verificou interação entre idade da matriz e níveis crescentes de lisina na ração, os pintos provenientes de matrizes velhas apresentaram melhor desempenho. No experimento 3, o desempenho e a digestibilidade não foram afetados pelos níveis crescentes de lisina digestível na ração ou pelo peso dos ovos no momento da incubação.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao - Bruno Samuel Borges - 2014.pdf: 863862 bytes, checksum: f4b35c12b5a03658635541f8a6445926 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / We aimed to evaluate digestible tryptophan level in males and females broilers on pre-initial (one to seven days old) and initial phase (eight to 21 days old) diets. Four experiments were conducted, one with males on pre-initial phase, one with males on initial phase, another with females on pre-initial and one with females on initial phase. The design was completely randomized with four treatments, five replicates with ten animals each, where each repetition consists an experimental unit. In the experiment, tryptophan requirement was determined using diets with different digestible tryptophan levels. A deficient tryptophan diet was formulated, considered the basal diet, which was supplemented with L -tryptophan replacing inert material in order to achieve digestible tryptophan desirable levels. The treatments of experiment 1 consisted of: T1 - 0.209% digestible tryptophan diet (basal diet); T2 - 0.223% digestible tryptophan diet; T3 - 0.235% digestible tryptophan diet; T4 - 0.248% digestible tryptophan diet for male broilers in preinitial phase; Treatments for experiment 2 were: T1 - 0.187% digestible tryptophan diet (basal diet); T2 - 0.200% digestible tryptophan diet; T3 - 0.211% digestible tryptophan diet; T4 - 0.223% digestible tryptophan diet for male broilers on initial phase; Treatments for experiment 3 are: T1 - 0.212% digestible tryptophan diet (basal diet); T2 - 0.225% digestible tryptophan diet; T3 - 0.238% digestible tryptophan diet; T4 - 0.252% digestible tryptophan diet for female chickens cut i n pre-starter; Treatments for experiment 4 are: T1 - diets with 0.186% digestible tryptophan (basal diet); T2 - diet with 0.198% digestible tryptophan; T3 - diet with 0.209% digestible tryptophan; T4 - diet with 0.221% digestible tryptophan for female broiler chickens on initial phase. Diets were formulated with corn, soybean meal, poultry gut meal and bone meal, supplemented with industrial amino acid LLysine, DL-methionine, L-threonine, L-arginine, L-valine, and L-tryptophan. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, as well as nutrients digestibility evaluation was performed. Performance and diet nutrients metabolism data were subjected to variance analysis (ANOVA). Digestible tryptophan levels estimates were made by linear models and quadratic regression at 5% probability. SAS 9.2 was used. After analyzing obtained data, it was found that; amino acid supplementation did not affect broilers of neither sex performance. Digestible tryptophan levels for male broilers on pre-initial phase of 0.209% and on initial phase of 0.187%, and digestible tryptophan levels for female broilers in pre-initial of 0,212% and on initial phase of 0,186% is recommended. / Objetivou-se avaliar o nível de triptofano digestível nas rações de frangos de corte machos e fêmeas nas fases pré-inicial (um a sete dias de idade) e inicial (oito a 21 dias de idade). Foram realizados quatro experimentos, sendo o experimento 1 com machos na fase pré-inicial, experimento 2 com machos na fase inicial, experimento 3 com fêmeas na fase pré-inicial e experimento 4 com fêmeas na fase inicial. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições e dez animais por repetição, em que cada repetição compreendia a uma unidade experimental. Nos experimentos a exigência de triptofano foi determinada utilizando dietas com diferentes níveis de triptofano digestível. Foi formulada uma ração com deficiência em triptofano, considerada a ração basal, a qual foi suplementada com L-triptofano em substituição ao material inerte com o objetivo de alcançar os níveis de triptofano digestível desejáveis. Os tratamentos do experimento 1 consistiram em: T1 – dieta com 0,209% de triptofano digestível (ração basal); T2 – dieta com 0,223% de triptofano digestível; T3 – dieta com 0,235% de triptofano digestível e; T4 – dieta com 0,248% de triptofano digestível para frangos de corte machos na fase pré-inicial; Os tratamentos para o experimento 2 foram : T1 – dieta com 0,187% de triptofano digestível (ração basal); T2 – dieta com 0,200% de triptofano digestível; T3 – dieta com 0,211% de triptofano digestível e; T4 – dieta com 0,223% de triptofano digestível para frangos de corte machos na fase inicial; Os tratamentos para o experimento 3 são: T1 – dieta com 0,212% de triptofano digestível (ração basal); T2 – dieta com 0,225% de triptofano digestível; T3 – dieta com 0,238% de triptofano digestível e; T4 – dieta com 0,252% de triptofano digestível para frangos de corte fêmeas na fase pré-inicial; Os tratamentos para o experimento 4 consistem em: T1 – dietas com 0,186% de triptofano digestível (ração basal); T2 – dieta com 0,198% de triptofano digestível; T3 – dieta com 0,209% de triptofano digestível e; T4 – dieta com 0,221% de triptofano digestível para frangos de corte fêmeas na fase inicial. As rações foram formuladas contendo milho, farelo de soja, farinha de vísceras de aves e farinha de carne e osso, suplementada com os aminoácidos industriais L-Lisina, DL-metionina, L-treonina, L-arginina, L-valina, e L-triptofano. Foram avaliados o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar, bem como foi realizada a avaliação da digestibilidade dos nutrientes das rações. Os dados de desempenho e metabolização dos nutrientes da ração foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA). As estimativas dos níveis de triptofano digestível foram efetuadas através dos modelos de regressão linear e quadrática, em nível de 5% de probabilidade. Foi utilizado o programa SAS 9.2. Após análise dos dados obtidos nesse estudo, verificou-se que a suplementação aminoacídica não influenciou o desempenho dos frangos de corte de ambos os sexos. Recomenda-se níveis de triptofano digestível para frangos de corte machos na fase pré-inicial de 0,209% e na fase inicial de 0,187%, e níveis de triptofano digestível para frangos de corte fêmeas na fase pré-inicial de 0,212% e na fase inicial de 0,186%.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:48:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia_Antonia_Bartolomeu_Agustini.pdf: 975575 bytes, checksum: 5ae91eb501ea2fda179a5f66ab648bc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-10 / With the objective of determining the requirement of digestible threonine for laying hens from 50 to 66 and 75 to 90 weeks of age, two experiments were conducted at the Center for Experimental Stations of the Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos. A total of 150 Brown Shaver hens semiheavily a completely randomized design (CRD) submitted to a basal diet containing 2850 kcal / kg, 15.4% CP supplemented with 0.460, 0.490, 0.520, 0.550 and 0.580% of L-threonine (98%), which provided 0.000, 0.027, 0.058, 0.089 and 0.120% of threonine, respectively. The parameters evaluated were feed intake, threonine intake, feed/dozen eggs, feed/egg mass, egg weight, egg mass, percentage of egg components (yolk, shell, albumen, shell thickness and shell weight per unit surface area - PCSA), internal egg quality (Haugh unit, yolk index and albumen index) and specific gravity. In experiment 1, the requirement for threonine was, 520% in the diet, corresponding to 601 mg threonine/hen/day. In experiment 2, to provide the best performance and quality of eggs, hens do not require more than 0.525% of threonine, a consumption of 654.86 mg of threonine/bird/day / Com o objetivo de determinar a exigência nutricional de treonina digestível para poedeiras semipesadas no período de 50 a 66 e 75 a 90 semanas de idade, dois experimentos foram conduzidos no Núcleo de Estações Experimentais da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, campus Dois Vizinhos. Para este fim, foram utilizadas 150 poedeiras Shaver Brown semipesadas num delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) submetidas à uma ração basal contendo 2.850 Kcal EM/Kg, 15,4% de PB, suplementada com 0,460, 0,490, 0,520, 0,550 e 0,580% de L-treonina digestível (98%), que forneceu 0,000; 0,027; 0,058; 0,089 e 0,120% de treonina digestível, respectivamente. Os parâmetros avaliados foram o consumo de ração, consumo de treonina, conversão alimentar/dúzia de ovos, conversão alimentar/massa de ovos, peso de ovos, massa de ovos, porcentagem dos componentes dos ovos (gema, casca, albúmen, espessura de casca e peso da casca por unidade de superfície de área - PCSA), qualidade interna dos ovos (unidade Haugh, índice de gema e índice de albúmen) e gravidade específica. No experimento 1, a exigência de treonina digestível foi de 0,520% na ração, que corresponde a 601 mg de treonina/ave/dia. No experimento 2, para proporcionar os melhores resultados de desempenho e de qualidade de ovos, as poedeiras não exigem mais que 0,525% de treonina digestível, para um consumo de 654,86 mg de treonina digestível/ave/dia

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar níveis ótimos de valina digestível. Foram conduzidos três ensaios com frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb nas fases inicial (1-14 dias), crescimento (14-28 dias) e terminação (28-42 dias), com ensaios realizados separadamente para cada fase, tendo como base o método dose-resposta. Para os ensaios de 1 a 14dias e de 14 a 28 dias, 672 amimais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em oito tratamentos (7 níveis de valina e 1 controle), com 7 repetições, sendo cada unidade experimental composta por 12 aves , porém no ensaio de 28 a 42 dias foram utilizados 560 frangos, igualmente distribuídos como nos ensaios anteriores em 8 tratamentos com 7 repetições com 10 aves cada. Foram formuladas dietas basais pela técnica da diluição, deficientes em valina, contendo níveis de energia, minerais e vitaminas conforme recomendações de Rostagno et al. (2005), para cada fase. As recomendações dos níveis de valina digestível para cada fase, obtidas no presente estudo, foram realizadas com base nas respostas de CA. As recomendações obtidas pelo método dose resposta são de 0,917; 0,905 e 0,783% de valina digestível para frangos de 1 a 14 dias, 14 a 28 e 28 a 42 dias de idade, respectivamente. / This study was to evaluate optimal levels of digestible valine. Three trials were conducted with broiler chickens of Cobb in the initial phase (1-14 days), growth (14-28 days) and termination (28-42 days), with tests performed separately for each phase, based on the method dose-response. For tests 1 to 14 days and 14 to 28 days, 672 animals it were distributed in a completely randomized in eight treatments (seven levels of valine and 1 control), with 7 replicates, each replicate consisting of 12 birds but the test of 28 to 42 days 560 chickens were used, equally distributed as in previous trials in 8 treatments with 7 replicates of 10 birds each. Basal diets were formulated by the dilution technique, deficient in valine, containing levels of energy, minerals and vitamins as recommended by Rostagno et al. (2005), for each phase. The recommended levels of digestible valine for each phase, obtained in this study were based on responses from CA. The recommendations obtained by the dose response are 0.917, 0.905 and 0.783% of digestible valine for broilers from 1-14 days, 14-28 and 28-42 days of age, respectively.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract on balance of nutrients and efficiency of energy of steers. The experiment was conducted in a Latin Square design, with eight Holstein steers (338 ± 32,2 kg body weight (BW)). The animals have been housed in metabolism cages, fed on a diet composed by 90% corn silage and 10% concentrate at two levels of intake with or without the inclusion of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract. The treatment structure was a 2 × 2 factorial; intake, 1.2 versus 1.8 × NEm and tannin addition vs. control. The experiment was conducted in four periods of 21 days, of which the first 14 days were intended for the adaptation of the animals to the diets and the last 7 days to evaluate whole body energy balance and endogenous heat production. For measurement of heat production and nutrient balance, expired respiratory gases, urine, and feces were collected. Fecal and urine collections were taken during 7 days. Whole-body heat production (HP) was calculated by indirect calorimetry from O2 consumption and CO2 production and corrected for CH4 production and urinary N excretion using the equation proposed by Brouwer (1965). The inclusion of tannin extract had no effect on energy and nitrogen balance. The two levels of intake had effect on energy retention and whole-body heat production (P<0.001). / Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a inclusão de extrato tanífero de Acacia mearnsii a dois níveis de consumo da dieta total de bovinos sobre o balanço de nutrientes e eficiência da utilização de energia. Foram utilizados oito bovinos machos, castrados, da raça Holandês (338 ± 32,2 kg de peso corporal (PC), aleatoriamente alocados em um Quadrado Latino replicado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (com ou sem a inclusão de extrato tanífero x níveis de consumo). A dieta experimental foi composta de silagem de milho, milho moído e premix mineral, a relação volumoso:concentrado utilizada foi de 90:10. Foram ofertados dois níveis de consumo: 1,5 e 1,8 × Energia Líquida de mantença (Elm). O experimento foi constituído de quatro períodos de 21 dias cada, sendo 14 dias de adaptação às dietas e 7 dias de coleta de amostras. Coletas fecais e urinárias foram realizadas durante os 7 dias de coleta. A produção de calor foi calculada pela calorimetria indireta a partir do consumo de O2 e a produção de CO2 corrigido para a produção de CH4 e excreção de nitrogênio urinário utilizando equação proposta por Brouwer (1965). A inclusão do extrato tanífero não teve efeito sobre o balanço de energia e nitrogênio. Os níveis de ingestão influenciaram a retenção de energia e a produção de calor (P<0,001).

<p>As obesity has become one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases, and diabetes mellitus has become the seventh leading causes of death in the United States, alternative food/nutrition-based approaches to tackle obesity that are both efficacious and cost effective are in high demand. Since starch and its derived products are the principal dietary supply of glucose, strategies of using slowly digestible starch to achieve moderated glycemic response and prolonged glucose delivery, as well as to locationally digest starch into the ileum, have shown successful results such as moderation of insulinemia and reducing food intake in obese animals. An important regulator of appetite suppression is the neuroendocrine system of the gut-brain axis. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin (OXM), and peptide YY (PYY) are the main anorexigenic peptide products of the intestinal enterendocrine L-cells that regulate postprandial insulin levels as well as satiety signals. The stimulation of the enteroendocrine L-cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract through glucose, fatty acids and proteins has been extensively studied and confirmed. However, the stimulatory effect of complex dietary carbohydrates on L-cells is not described. In this dissertation, we investigated the <i>in vitro</i> intestinal cell chemosensation of L-cells to α-amylase starch digestion products, named maltooligosaccharides (MOS), and in the possible application of using slowly digestible starch delivery of MOS <i>in vivo</i>.</p> <p>In Chapter II of this dissertation, we reported a significantly higher stimulatory effect of MOS on GLP-1 and OXM secretion compared to glucose in mouse and human L-cells, respectively. Additionally, maltotriose enhanced the relative expression of the gastrointestinal peptide, cholecystokinin. Moreover, MOS exhibited protective effects on barrier function and monolayer integrity of intestinal epithelial cells. </p> <p>In Chapters III and IV, we performed a multiomics approach where transcriptomic analysis and global protein profiling of mouse L-cells treated with different types of MOS showed that the carbohydrates exhibit their effects through the induction of exocytosis of GLP-1- or OXM-containing vesicles and not through a positive regulation of the proglucagon gene expression. It is suggested that MOS induce higher secretion, but not higher synthesis, of the proglucagon gene products. In addition, maltotriose treatment downregulated the relative expression of the glucotoxicity marker, thioredoxin-interacting protein, and upregulated the relative expression of tight junction proteins supporting a role of MOS in barrier function integrity.</p> <p>Translating the <i>in vitro</i> findings into an <i>in vivo</i> application that is beneficial for human health required the use of controllable tool for the delivery of MOS throughout the small intestine for sensing by a higher number of L-cells. Slowly digestible starch (SDS), compared to rapidly digestible starch, provided such a tool. For this purpose, we used alginate-entrapped SDS microspheres that digest distally into the ileum to examine the role of SDS in the intervention and prevention of obesity in C57BL/6J diet-induced obese (DIO) and lean mice models.</p> <p>Results showed that 20% SDS in low-fat diets significantly improved weight loss and food intake reduction in DIO mice converted to low-fat diet for 12 weeks. Similarly, 15% SDS in high-fat diets showed significant reduction in body fat percent and significant increase in lean body mass as well as considerable reduction in weight gain rate and food intake in lean mice fed on 45% of calories high-fat diet. Immunohistochemistry of small intestine of mice in both the intervention and prevention studies revealed an even and thorough distribution of GLP-1 positive L-cells.</p> <p>Overall, this dissertation proposes several insights into L-cell sensation of dietary starch-degraded MOS delivered by the consumption of slowly digestible starch. MOS exhibit unique influences on L-cell sensitivity and gut hormone productivity. Future research investigating the mechanisms of intestinal sensing of MOS, as well as the development of bioactive carbohydrate structures that could preserve body weight and modulate glucose tolerance <i>in vivo</i> is needed to translate these findings into nutritional recommendations and food products beneficial for human health. The intricate role of dietary carbohydrates on gut physiological response, related to satiety and food intake could be a new approach for design of foods for health applications.</p>

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Joe D. Hancock / Six experiments were completed to determine factors influencing the use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets for nursery and finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 105 nursery pigs were fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) based diets with CP concentrations of 22.5, 25, and 27.5%. Overall ADG, ADFI, and G:F were not affected by increasing CP (P > 0.19). In Exp. 2, 105 nursery pigs were fed excess CP from SBM and DDGS. Overall ADG, ADFI, and G:F for pigs fed the control diet were not different from those fed the high CP treatments (P > 0.12). However, pigs fed the DDGS treatment had lower G:F than pigs fed the corn-soy diet with similar CP content (P < 0.04). For Exp. 3, 176 finishing pigs were fed diets with CP concentrations increasing from 12 to 18%. Increasing CP had no effect (P > 0.20) on ADG, ADFI, G:F, and hot carcass weight (HCW). For Exp. 4, 180 finishing pigs were fed excess dietary CP from SBM and DDGS. Pigs fed diets with high CP had lower ADG, ADFI, and HCW, but these results were caused by the diet with 40% DDGS (SBM vs DDGS, P < 0.001). For Exp. 5, 224 nursery pigs were used to determine the effects of extrusion processing on the nutritional value of DDGS. Overall ADG and ADFI were greater for pigs fed the corn-soy control compared to the DDGS treatments (P < 0.02). Extruding the DDGS did not improve ADG or G:F (P > 0.11), but DM and GE digestibility were greater for diets with extruded DDGS vs. unprocessed DDGS (P < 0.04). In Exp. 6, 200 finishing pigs were fed DDGS-based diets formulated for ME, NE, and digestible amino acids. Feeding DDGS lowered ADG (P < 0.09) and ADFI (P < 0.05). Formulating for ME, NE, and digestible amino acids needs improved ADG and G:F (P < 0.002) to that of the corn-soy control diet. In conclusion, moderate excesses of dietary CP does not impact growth performance. Also, extruding DDGS can improve the nutritional value of diets for nursery pig and formulating for ME, NE and digestible amino acid needs can improve growth performance of finishing pigs fed diets with high levels of DDGS.