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To understand evolution, and to discover how different species are related, gene order analysis is a useful tool. Problems in this area can usually be formulated in a combinatorial language. We regard genomes as signed, or unsigned permutations, and thus evolutionary operations like inversions (reversing the order of a segment of genes) are easy to describe combinatorially. A commonly studied problem is to determine the evolutionary distance between two species. This is estimated by several combinatorial distances between gene order permutations, for instance the inversion distance. The main objective of this work was to survey the existing algorithms for genome comparison and to present new approach for solving this problem. The work led to these results: - We have surveyed existing approaches of genome comparison, namely comparison by inversion distance in signed and unsigned cases. It appeared that sorting signed genomes by inversions is done in quadratic time, but sorting unsigned genomes by inversions is NP-hard. - We have proposed the method of how to apply heuristic algorithms for sorting unsigned genomes by inversions. - We have applied tabu search and genetic algorithm to solve the sorting unsigned genomes by inversions problem. - We have experimentally proven, that the worst case solutions to sorting unsigned genomes by inversions found by heuristics (tabu search and genetic algorithm) are better then ones expected from best known approximating algorithm used for... [to full text]

This thesis argues that British scholars Havelock Ellis, John Addington Symonds, and Edward Carpenter viewed themselves as somewhat rebellious, attempting to reconstruct norms of sexuality, particularly those concerning homosexuality. To do so, they invoked the well‐established constructions of class, gender, and sex. Nevertheless, in spite of their attempts problematize these constructions, they simultaneously worked within and reinforced them. Ellis, Carpenter and Symonds desired to change widelyheld perceptions of homosexuality and while doing so, alter notions of class, gender, and sex. These scholars asserted that homosexual relationships could exist across the divides of the class‐system, helping to engender a greater cross‐class understanding. Yet at the same time, Ellis, Carpenter, and Symonds created a dichotomy of “true” and “degenerate” homosexuality that was determined along class lines. Furthermore, all three men claimed that homosexuals represented a possible third sex that transcended male/female bodies and masculine/feminine gender roles. However, while making such challenges, these men also fortified conventional gender and sex norms in their discourse of sexual difference.

The inversion method for generating non-uniform random variates has some advantages compared to other generation methods, since it monotonically transforms uniform random numbers into non-uniform random variates. Hence it is the method of choice in the simulation literature. However, except for some simple cases where the inverse of the cumulative distribution function is a simple function we need numerical methods. Often inversion by ``brute force" is used, applying either very slow iterative methods or linear interpolation of the CDF and huge tables. But then the user has to accept unnecessarily large errors or excessive memory requirements, that slow down the algorithm. In this paper we demonstrate that with Hermite interpolation of the inverse CDF we can obtain very small error bounds close to machine precision. Using our adaptive interval splitting method this accuracy is reached with moderately sized tables that allow for a fast and simple generation procedure. The algorithms described in this paper have been implemented in ANSI C in a library called UNURAN which is available via anonymous ftp. (author's abstract) / Series: Preprint Series / Department of Applied Statistics and Data Processing

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de familles à un paramètre de coproduits sur lesfonctions symétriques et leurs analogues non commutatifs. On montre en introduisant une base appropriée qu'une famille à un paramètre d'algèbres de Hopf introduite par Foissy interpole entre l'algèbre de Faà di Bruno et l'algèbre de Farahat-Higman. Les constantes de structure dans cette base sont des déformations des constantes de structures de l'algèbre de Farahat-Higman dans la base des projections des classes de conjugaison. On obtient pour ces constantes de structure déformées un analogue des formules de Macdonald. Foissy a également introduit un analogue non commutatif de cette famille d'algèbres de Hopf, qui interpole entre l'algèbre de Hopf des fonctions symétriques non commutatives et l'algèbre de Faà di Bruno non commutative. Après avoir donné une nouvelle interprétation combinatoire de la formule de Brouder-Frabetti-Krattenthaler pour l'antipode de l'algèbre de Faà di Bruno non commutative, qui est une forme de la formule d'inversion de Lagrange non commutative, on donne une déformation à un paramètre de cette formule. Plus précisément, on obtient une formule explicite pour l'antipode de la déformation de Foissy dans sa version non commutative. On donne aussi d'autres propriétés combinatoires de l'algèbre de Faà di Bruno non commutative et d'autres résultats permettant d'étudier les deux familles d'algèbre de Hopf de Foissy. Ainsi, on généralise par exemple d'autres formes de la formule d'inversion de Lagrange non commutative en donnant d'autres formules qui calculent l'antipode de la deuxième déformation.

Dans cette étude de microzonage sismique, des essais d’analyse spectrale des ondes de surface (SASW) ont été exécutés dans quarante sites de la ville des Cayes, située à 154 km de Port-au-Prince à Haïti. Le système d’acquisition des données in situ est composé de trois géophones L4C de Marc Product, d’un analyseur HP6567 et des sources d’impact constituées d’un marteau de 12 lb (5,45 kg) et d’une masse de 88,2 lb (40 kg) tombant d’une hauteur de chute pouvant aller jusqu’à 2,50 m. Les signaux collectés sont traités à l’aide d’une méthode d’inversion simplifiée (SIM). Cette technique, évaluée à partir des simulations, fournit des profils de vitesse des ondes de cisaillement avec une bonne précision. Ainsi, quarante profils de vitesse ont été établis, au cours de ces travaux, au moyen de la SIM. À-côté des essais SASW, des études géotechniques constituées d’essais SPT, de pénétromètre dynamique (PD) et de MASW ont été compilées pour la caractérisation des sols de la ville des Cayes. Ces mesures ont été exécutées dans la région plaine à des profondeurs d’investigation atteignant 10 à 30 m. Des corrélations de la littérature, entre SPT et PD et entre SPT et V[indice inférieur s] ont permis d’établir des profils de vitesse des ondes de cisaillement. Les profils obtenus par corrélations et ceux évalués directement par SASW sont en accord dans les sites proches considérés. Ce constat prouve que les profils de vitesse obtenus par SASW correspondent à la rigidité réelle du sol. La catégorisation des sols, sur la base du paramètre V[indice inférieur s30], indique deux classes de sol dominantes dans la ville des Cayes. Il s’agit des sols de classe C, en région montagneuse, et des sols de classe D en plaine. Dans certaines zones très altérées et friables des faciès montagneux du miocène moyen, le sol est de catégorie D. Dans certains espaces marécageux et proches des côtes, la catégorie E peut être obtenue en plaine. La prise en compte des effets de site a été envisagée au moyen des facteurs d’amplification fixés pour différentes catégories de sol et pour des accélérations spectrales telles que définies par l’analyse d’aléa sismique probabiliste suivant les données de l’USGS. Les spectres d’accélération à la surface, établis dans les diverses zones, indiquent de forts mouvements pour des structures de moins de 0,5 s, représentant la majorité des structures des Cayes. Le centre-ville, se trouvant au plus faible niveau d’aléa sismique, présente des accélérations spectrales allant de 0,897 g à 1,127 g pour les bâtiments de périodes inférieures à 0,5 s. D’autres essais SASW, munis d’une source d’impact plus énergétique, devraient être effectués dans les plaines pour atteindre le rocher. Au voisinage des lacs, au nord des Cayes, d’autres mesures devraient, également, être exécutées pour confirmer la classe D ou C du sol. De plus, d’autres tests comme les rapports H/V et SPT, CPT peuvent s’avérer aussi nécessaires pour une plus grande définition des dépôts meubles caractérisant les Cayes. Ils permettront de réaliser une estimation plus précise du mouvement à la surface, de réaliser des analyses dynamiques et de préciser éventuellement, la catégorie F du sol en zone côtière ou marécageuse.

Gas lift is a means of enhancing oil recovery from hydrocarbon reservoirs. Gas injected at the production riser base reduces the gravity component of the pressure drop and thereby, increases the supply of oil from the reservoir. Also, gas injection at the base of a riser helps to mitigate slugging and thus, improving the performance of the topside facility. In order to improve the efficiency of the gas lifting technique, a good understanding of the characteristics of gas-liquid multiphase flow in vertical pipes is very important. In this study, experiments of gas/liquid (air/water) two-phase flows, liquid/liquid of oil/water two-phase flows and gas/liquid/liquid (air/oil/water) three-phase flows were conducted in a 10.5 m high 52 mm ID vertical riser. These experiments were performed at liquid and gas superficial velocities ranging from 0.25 to 2 m/s and ~0.1 to ~6.30 m/s, respectively. Dielectric oil and tap water were used as test fluids. Instruments such as Coriolis mass flow meter, single beam gamma densitometer and wire-mesh sensor (WMS) were employed for investigating the flow characteristics. For the experiments of gas/liquid (air/water) two-phase flow, flow patterns of Bubbly, slug, churn flow regimes and transition regions were identified under the experimental conditions. Also, for flow pattern identification and void fraction measurements, the capacitance WMS results are consistent with those obtained simultaneously by the gamma densitometer. Generally, the total pressure gradient along the vertical riser has shown a significant decrease as the injected gas superficial velocity increased. In addition, the rate of decrease in total pressure gradient at the lower injected gas superficial velocities was found to be higher than that for higher gas superficial velocities. The frictional pressure gradient was also found to increase as the injected gas superficial velocity increased. For oil-water experiments, mixture density and total pressure gradient across the riser were found to increase with increasing water cut (ranging between 0 - 100%) and/or mixture superficial velocity. Phase slip between the oil and water was calculated and found to be significant at lower throughputs of 0.25 and 0.5 m/s. The phase inversion point always takes place at a point of input water cut of 42% when the experiments started from pure oil to water, and at an input water cut of 45% when the experiment’s route started from water to pure oil. The phase inversion point was accompanied by a peak increase of pressure gradient, particularly at higher oil-water mixture superficial velocities of 1, 1.5 and 2 m/s. The effects of air injection rates on the fluid flow characteristics were studied by emphasizing the total pressure gradient behaviour and identifying the flow pattern by analysing the output signals from gamma and WMS in air/oil/water experiments. Generally, riser base gas injection does not affect the water cut at the phase inversion point. However, a slight shift forward for the identified phase inversion point was found at highest flow rates of injected gas where the flow patterns were indicated as churn to annular flow. In terms of pressure gradient, the gas lifting efficiency (lowering pressure gradient) shows greater improvement after the phase inversion point (higher water cuts) than before and also at the inversion point. Also, it was found that the measured mean void fraction reaches its lowest value at the phase inversion point. These void fraction results were found to be consistent with previously published results.

The face inversion effect (FIE; Yin, 1969) raises the question of whether upright face identification is mediated by a special mechanism that is disrupted by inversion. The present study investigates the effect of face inversion on the perceptual encoding of spatial frequency (SF) information using a novel variant of the Bubbles technique (Gosselin & Schyns, 2001). In Experiment 1, the SF Bubbles technique was validated using a simple plaid detection task. In Experiment 2, SF tuning of upright and inverted face identification was measured. While the data showed a clear FIE (28% higher accuracy and 455 ms shorter reaction times for upright faces), SF tunings were remarkably similar in both conditions (r = .96; a single SF band of ~2 octaves peaking at ~9 cycles per face width). Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that SF Bubbles is sensitive to bottom-up and top-down induced changes in SF tuning, respectively. Overall, the results show that the same SFs are utilized in upright and inverted face identification, albeit not with equal efficiency.