This thesis characterizes adenosine signalization in Drosophila and describes response to adenosine in various cell types. Extracellular adenosine mediates most of its physiological effects through its receptors but recent data also indicate that adenosine transport also has important physiological functions. It was shown in this thesis that adenosine stimulates only cAMP second messenger system in Drosophila cells endogenously expressing AdoR. The pharmacological profile of the DmAdoR was established using the cAMP functional assay. The utility of the agonist 2-chloroadenosine and antagonist SCH58261 were examined in flies in vivo and compared with phenotypes of DmAdoR mutants. The responses of Drosophila cells to adenosine mediated by adenosine transport were also examined. Different cell types exhibited striking differences in adenosine uptake and adenosine recycling that were closely connected with the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. This thesis provides an important foundation for the study of interactions between adenosine receptor and adenosine transport.

The C-5 modified pyrimidine analogues are well-known anticancer and antiviral drugs which underscore further development of novel probes to study their physical, chemical, and biological properties. In my dissertation the syntheses and properties of (β-halo)vinyl sulfone and/or (β-keto)sulfone analogues of C-5 modified pyrimidine have been discussed. In the first part of the dissertion, the synthesis of 5-(β-halo)vinyl sulfones either by transition metal-catalyzed or iodine-mediated halosulfonylation reaction of 5-acetylene pyrimidine nucleosides have been explored. The novel (β-chloro/bromo/iodo)vinyl sulfones efficiently undergo addition-elimination reaction with different nucleophiles such as thiols, amines, amino acid, peptides to provide (β-substituted)vinyl sulfone analogues. The rate of these substitution reactions depends on the nature of halogen atom presents at the β-position and increases with the order of I ≥ Br > Cl. (β-chloro/bromo/iodo)vinyl sulfones possess exclusively E stereochemistry while their β-substitued analogues possess either E (for β–thio analogues) or Z (for β–amino analogue) stereochemistry. It has been observed that the vinylic proton of (β-chloro) or (β-amino)sulfone analogue undergoes exchanges with deuterium in polar protic deutorated solvents. The antiproliferative activities of those analogues have been explored and was found that protected 5-(E)-(1-chloro-2-tosylvinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine inhibited the growth of L1210, CEM and HeLa cells in lower micromolar range. In the second part of the dissertation the syntheses and reactivities of 5-(β-keto) sulfone of pyrimidine nucleosides were investigated. Thus, 5-(β-halovinyl)sulfone of uracil and cytosine nucleosides have been efficiently converted into corresponding 5-(β-keto) sulfone analogues by displacement of halogen with ammonia followed by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the resulting (β-amino)sulfone analogues. A number of electrophiles were trapped at the acidic α-carbon of the 5-(β-keto)sulfones by treatment with electrophiles such as methyl, benzyl, or allyl halide in the presence of base. The 5-(α-iodo-β-keto)sulfone analogues of uracil nucleosides have been tested as an alternative substrates to probe the incorporation of nucleophiles at α-carbon. In the third part of the dissertation, the synthesis of 5'-phosphates of 5-(β-chloro) and 5-(β-keto) sulfones of 2'-deoxyuridine and their polymerase-catalyzed incorporation into DNA were evaluated. Thus, 5'-O-phosphorylated analogues have been efficiently incorporated into the DNA by human DNA repair polymerase (pol β) or bacterial polymerase (pol I).

Orientador: Walter Filgueira de Azevedo Júnior / Banca: Luis Fernando Delboni / Banca: Fernanda Canduri / Resumo: A Purina Nucleosídeo Fosforilase (PNP) catalisa a fosforólise de nucleosídeos de purina para suas respectivas bases e açucares (ribose ou desoxirribose) 1-fosfato. A PNP desempenha uma função central no metabolismo das purinas, normalmente operando na via de recuperação do DNA das células. Mais ainda, a PNP cliva ligações glicosídicas com inversão da configuração para produzir a-ribose 1-fosfato. Acredita-se que no organismo do Mycobacterium tuberculosis a PNP desempenha tarefas similares, o que levanta o interesse em desenvolver ciência que dê suporte para o desenvolvimento de drogas baseadas na estrutura desta proteína. A proteína é um homotrímero simétrico com um arranjo triangular das subunidades, similar às PNPs triméricas de mamíferos. Cada monômero consiste de um enovelamento a/ß formado por onze fitas ß circundadas por oito hélices a. O estudo desta PNP visa proporcionar comparações com outras estruturas, na intenção de identificar as bases estruturais de possíveis diferenças ou similaridades funcionais entre esta e outras PNPs, num esforço para desenvolver pesquisa que dê suporte para o desenho de novas drogas mais seletivas e poderosas contra a tuberculose. / Abstract: The Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) catalyses the phosphorolysis of purine nucleosides to corresponding bases and ribose 1-phosphate. PNP plays a central role in purine metabolism, normally operating in the purine salvage pathway of cells. Moreover, PNP cleaves glycosidic bond with inversion of configuration to produce á-ribose 1-phosphate. It is believed that in the MtPNP is responsible for the same labor in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis organism, which arouses the interest in developing science for giving support to the development of structure based drugs. The protein is a symmetrical homotrimer with triangular arrangement of the subunits, similar to the trimeric mammalian PNPs. Each monomer consist of a á/â folding formed by eleven â sheet surrounded by eight á helices. The study of this PNP aims the possibility of caring out comparisons with other structures, in order to identify the structural basis of possible differences or functional similarities between this and other PNPs, in an effort to develop research which gives support to the design of more selective and powerful new drugs against tuberculosis. / Mestre

As doenças parasitárias são uma das maiores causas de morte em países em desenvolvimento, e recebem pouca ou nenhuma atenção das indústrias farmacêuticas para o desenvolvimento de terapias. Causada pelo parasita Schistosoma mansoni a esquistossomose mansônica afeta aproximadamente 259 milhões de pessoas no mundo sendo aproximadamente 6 milhões somente no Brasil. O S. mansoni não possui a via \"de novo\" para a biossíntese de bases púricas e depende integralmente da via de salvação para o suprimento dessas bases, portanto, essa via é um alvo em potencial. Agentes capazes de bloquear a atividade das enzimas participantes desta via atuam de forma inespecífica e são quase sempre tóxicos ao homem e por isso o estudo minucioso das pequenas diferenças encontradas entre as enzimas do hospedeiro e do parasita são de extrema importância. Uma diferença marcante entre a via de salvação de purinas do parasita e do hospedeiro humano é a presença de atividade para adenosina fosforilase, que no parasita é exercida por duas entidades distintas: pela enzima Metiltioadenosina fosforilase de S. mansoni (SmMTAP) e por uma enzima até então desconhecida. A enzima SmMTAP naturalmente converte 5\'-deoxi-5\'-metiltioadenosina (MTA) em adenina livre, mas ao contrário do que é visto no hospedeiro, no parasita essa enzima atua preferencialmente na conversão de adenosina. Substituições encontradas no sítio ativo dessa enzima, podem explicar tamanha preferência pelo substrato alternativo, revelando mecanismos distintos da enzima humana. A enzima Purina nucleosídeo fosforilase de S. mansoni (SmPNP) converte inosina e guanosina à hipoxantina e guanina, respectivamente, mas não possui atividade catalítica para adenosina. No entanto, no genoma de S. mansoni é descrita uma isoforma para a SmPNP (SmPNP2), cuja atividade catalítica é desconhecida e, portanto, essa enzima pode também atuar na conversão de adenosina juntamente com a SmMTAP. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram realizar estudos bioquímicos da ação da enzima SmMTAP e realizar a caracterização estrutural e funcional da enzima SmPNP2. Para isso, foram realizadas mutações no sítio ativo da SmMTAP (S12T, N87T, Q289L, S12T/N87T e S12T/N87T/Q289L), as mutantes da SmMTAP juntamente com a enzima SmPNP2 foram clonadas, expressas de forma heteróloga e purificadas. Foram realizados ensaios de cristalização e cinéticos por espectrofotometria utilizando um sistema acoplado. A atividade da SmPNP2 foi ainda avaliada por calorimetria e HPLC. Foram determinadas as constantes catalíticas da forma nativa e para os cinco mutantes da SmMTAP para cinco diferentes substratos. Foi determinada atividade catalítica da SmPNP2 por 3 diferentes substratos: adenosina, inosina e citidina, as constantes catalíticas foram determinadas para os três substratos. Foram obtidos cristais para os mutantes da SmMTAP e da SmPNP2, que foram submetidos à difração de raios X nas linhas I04-1 e I02 do laboratório de radiação síncrotron Diamond Light Source (DLS). Foram resolvidas 9 estruturas dos mutantes da SmMTAP e 4 da proteína SmPNP2. Os dados cinéticos, juntamente com os dados estruturais, permitiram compreender mecanismos catalíticos e de interação das proteínas estudadas, complementando o conhecimento do metabolismo do parasita Schistosoma mansoni e revelando alvos em potencial para o desenvolvimento de fármacos específicos. / The parasitic illness are the leading cause of deaths in developing countries, and receives little or no attention from drug companies to develop therapies. The schistosomiasis is caused by Schistosoma mansoni parasite and affects approximately 259 million people worldwide with 6 million only in Brazil. The Schistosoma mansoni parasite does not possess the \"de novo\" pathway for purine bases biosynthesis and depends entirely on salvage pathway for its purine requirement, therefore this pathway is a potential target. Compounds able to block the enzymes from this pathway, are not specific and are often toxic to humans, thus the thorough study about the particularity found between enzymes from host and parasite are extremely important. A notable difference between human and parasite metabolism, is the activity existence to Adenosine phosphorylase that in parasite is carried out by two distinct entities: by Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (SmMTAP) and by a hitherto unknown enzyme. The SmMTAP enzyme, naturally converts 5\'-deoxy-5\'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) to free adenine and in opposition to host, in the parasite this enzyme acts manly in adenosine conversion. Substitutions found in the active site from SmMTAP, can explain the huge preference by alternative substrate and to expose a distinct mechanisms from human enzyme. The Purine nucleoside Phosphorylase from S. mansoni (SmPNP) converts inosine and guanosine to hypoxanthine and guanine, respectively, but it not possess catalytic activity to adenosine conversion. However in the S. mansoni genome there is a isoform to SmPNP, whose activity is unknown, thus is possible that SmPNP2 enzyme also can to convert adenosine. This study aimed to perform biochemical studies to investigate the SmMTAP enzyme action and perform the structural and functional characterization of SmPNP2. For this propose was made site-directed mutagenesis (S12T, N87T, Q289L, S12T/N87T e S12T/N87T/Q289L). The SmMTAP mutants and SmPNP2 enzyme were cloned, expressed by heterolog process and purified. Were perform kinetic assays by spectrophotometric method in a coupled system. The SmPNP2 activity was also available by calorimetry and HPLC methods. Were determined the catalytic constants to wild and mutants SmMTAP to five different substrate. Was determinated to SmPNP2 catalictical activity and kinetics parameters to three substrate: adenosine, inosine e cytidine. Were obtained crystals from SmMTAP mutants and SmPNP2 enzyme, those crystals were submitted to X-rays diffractions in the I04-1 and I02 beamlines from Diamond Light Source (DLS). Nine structures were obtained from SmMTAP mutants and four from SmPNP2 enzyme. The kinetics and structural data allowed understanding the catalytic and interaction mechanisms about the protein studied, supplementing the knowledge around Schistosoma mansoni metabolism and reporting potential targets for the specific drugs development.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-06-29T15:07:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Ellison Neves de Lima.pdf: 2220112 bytes, checksum: c162c2bc01bd992deeae26d6a7891ccd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-29T15:07:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Ellison Neves de Lima.pdf: 2220112 bytes, checksum: c162c2bc01bd992deeae26d6a7891ccd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / CNPq / O Papilomavírus humano (HPV) é um vírus causador de verrugas genitais. Estimase que até 80% das mulheres adquiram uma infecção pelo HPV durante sua vida, sendo os vírus tipo 6 e 11 responsáveis por 70% dos casos. A infecção persistente pelo HPV é considerada com a mais importante causa do câncer do colo de útero. O cidofovir é um análogo de nucleosídeo, ativo contra DNA vírus, que inibem a polimerase do DNA viral por seu difosfato metabólito. Estudos “off-label” demonstraram que a aplicação tópica do cidofovir inibiu ou preveniu o desenvolvimento de papilomas. Sabendo que não há padronização da concentração do cidofovir ou forma farmacêutica para aplicação tópica, este trabalho objetiva estudar o desenvolvimento de formas farmacêuticas emulsionadas e microemulsionadas contendo ou não promotores de permeação, realizar a caracterização físico-química destas formulações e realizar estudos de liberação utilizando membrana sintética e permeação cutânea através da pele de orelha de porco. Nas preparações desenvolvidas avaliou-se o pH, viscosidade, aspecto organoléptico, tamanho de gotículas e exclusivamente para as microemulsões: condutividade, índice de refração, potencial zeta e microscopia de luz polarizada. Para a quantificação das amostras nos estudos de liberação e permeação utilizou-se as técnicas de espectrofotometria por ultravioleta e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção por ultravioleta, respectivamente. Nos estudos de liberação e permeação observou perfis semelhantes entre as formulações, porém notou-se que as formulações microemulsionadas tiveram melhor retenção tanto no estrato córneo quanto na derme e epiderme. Constatou-se que a utilização dos promotores de permeação não incrementaram as quantidades permeadas e retidas do fármaco na pele. / The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that causes genital warts. It is estimated that up to 80% of women acquire an HPV infection during their lifetime, virus type 6 and 11 are responsible for 70% of cases. Persistent infection with HPV is considered the most important cause of cancer of the cervix. Cidofovir is a nucleoside analogue, active against DNA viruses, which inhibit viral DNA polymerase by its diphosphate metabolite. Studies "off-label" demonstrated that topical application of cidofovir inhibited or prevented the development of papillomas. Knowing that there is no standardization of the concentration of cidofovir or pharmaceutical form for topical application, this paper aims to study the development of dosage forms and emulsified microemulsion with or without permeation enhancers, perform physical-chemical characterization of these formulations and release studies using membrane synthetic skin permeation through pig ear skin. In preparations developed evaluated the pH, viscosity, sensory aspect, droplet size and solely for microemulsions: conductivity, refractive index, zeta potential and polarized light microscopy. To quantify the samples studied release and permeation techniques was used for ultraviolet spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, respectively. In studies of release and permeation observed similar profiles among formulations, however noted that microemulsion formulations were much better retention in the stratum corneum and in the epidermis and dermis. It was found that the use of permeation enhancers did not increase the amount of drug permeated and retained on the skin.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The synthesis of compounds that use a nucleoside as the base structure, has an intense field application. Among these compounds, the most known nowadays is azydothymidine or zidovudine, a drug which was first synthesized to work against tumor processes. However, it was discovered that it could take action to viral combat and now it is the drug of choice in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). On the other hand, organochalcogens compounds have been calling the attention of the scientific community, mainly because of their potential in biological molecules containing these atoms. Considering this last factor and aiming to explore the structural basis of nucleosides and biological influences that changes in the 5' position of the deoxyribose ring of AZT would promote, it was planned through an efficient and accessible synthetic route to produce a new series of nucleosides, the 5'-arylseleno azidothymidine, which had the insertion of the selenium atom connected to different aril groups. Moreover, the series of selenium derivatives were evaluated for their toxicological potential for oxidative stress (TBARS and thiol peroxidase), where the compounds 5´-p-methylseleno azidothymidine 3b and 5´-p-chloroseleno azidothymidine (3h) had the results of this series, with potential as antioxidant agent. After this, the compounds 3b and 3h were tested against culture cell lines of bladder cancer (5637). The tests aimed to assess the cytotoxicity, cell morphology, apoptosis analysis and gene expression. The results showed that the compounds 3b and 3h present apoptotic profile, additionally they seem to modulate the expression of anti-apoptotic gene. The results obtained indicate that the compounds 3b and 3h in addition of presenting an antioxidant potential, have a pro-apoptotic profile, even more effective than AZT itself. Considering all the results presented, it was concluded that this new nucleoside serie has great antitumor potential and can be used as a chemopreventive, combined to the antioxidant potential. / A síntese de compostos que usam como base a estrutura de nucleosídeos é um campo que possui uma intensa aplicação biológica. Dentre estes compostos, o mais conhecido é a azidotimidina ou zidovudina (AZT), um fármaco que teve sua síntese inicial voltada para o combate de processos tumorais. No entanto, descobriu-se que este poderia agir no combate viral e hoje é o fármaco de primeira escolha no tratamento da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida. Adicionalmente, compostos organocalcogênio, principalmente compostos de selênio, despertam a atenção da comunidade científica principalmente devido as suas potencialidades biológicas. Dessa forma, a fim de explorar a base estrutural dos nucleosídeos e as influências biológicas que modificações na posição 5´ do anel da desoxirribose do AZT promoveriam, planejou-se através de uma eficiente rota sintética, a síntese de uma nova série de nucleosídeos, os 5´-arilseleno azidotimidina, que apresentaram a inserção do átomo de selênio ligados a diferentes grupamentos arílicos. Com o objetivo de realizarmos uma seleção dos melhores compostos da série de selenonuclesídeos, avaliamos o parâmetro toxicológico para o estresse oxidativo (TBARS e tiol peroxidase) destes compostos. Onde, os compostos 5´-p-metilseleno azidotimidina (3b) e 5´-p-cloroseleno azidotimidina (3h) apresentaram os resultados mais promissores, apresentando inclusive perfil como agente antioxidante. Dessa forma, após realizarmos a triagem, os compostos 3b e 3h tiveram suas atividades testadas frente à cultura celular de linhagem de câncer de bexiga (5637). Os testes buscaram avaliar os parâmetros de citotoxicidade, morfologia celular, análise apoptótica e a expressão gênica. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os compostos 3b e 3h apresentaram perfil apoptótico, além de serem capazes de modular a expressão do gene anti-apoptótico. Por fim, os resultados obtidos, apontam que os compostos 3b e 3h além de apresentarem um perfil antioxidante, possuem ação pró-apoptótica mais eficientes do que o próprio AZT. Dessa forma, considerando todos os resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que essa nova série de nucleosídeos apresenta potencial antitumoral, podendo ser usado quimiopreventivamente, aliado ao perfil antioxidante.

The antiviral or anticancer activities of C-5 modified pyrimidine nucleoside analogues validate the need for the development of their syntheses. In the first half of this dissertation, I explore the Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of allylphenylgermanes with aryl halides in the presence of SbF5/TBAF to give various biaryls by transferring multiple phenyl groups, which has also been applied to the 5-halo pyrimidine nucleosides for the synthesis of 5-aryl derivatives. To avoid the use of organometallic reagents, I developed Pd-catalyzed direct arylation of 5-halo pyrimidine nucleosides. It was discovered that 5-aryl pyrimidine nucleosides could be synthesized by Pd-catalyzed direct arylation of N3-free 5-halo uracil and uracil nucleosides with simple arenes or heteroaromatics in the presence of TBAF within 1 h. Both N3-protected and N3-free uracil and uracil nucleosides could undergo base-promoted Pd-catalyzed direct arylation, but only with electron rich heteroaromatics. In the second half of this dissertation, 5-acetylenic uracil and uracil nucleosides have been employed to investigate the hydrogermylation, hydrosulfonylation as well as hydroazidation for the synthesis of various functionalized 5-vinyl pyrimidine nucleosides. Hydrogermylation of 5-alkynyl uracil analogues with trialkylgermane or tris(trimethylsilyl)germane hydride gave the corresponding vinyl trialkylgermane, or tris(trimethylsilyl)germane uracil derivatives. During the hydrogermylation with triphenylgermane, besides the vinyl triphenylgermane uracil derivatives, 5-[2-(triphenylgermyl)acetyl]uracil was also isolated and characterized and the origin of the acetyl oxygen was clarified. Tris(trimethylsilyl)germane uracil derivatives were coupled to aryl halides but with decent yield. Iron-mediated regio- and stereoselective hydrosulfonylation of the 5-ethynyl pyrimidine analogues with sulfonyl chloride or sulfonyl hydrazine to give 5-(1-halo-2-tosyl)vinyluracil nucleoside derivatives has been developed. Nucleophilic substitution of the 5-(β-halovinyl)sulfonyl nucleosides with various nucleophiles have been performed to give highly functionalized 5-vinyl pyrimidine nucleosides via the addition-elimination mechanism. The 5-(β-keto)sulfonyluracil derivative has also been synthesized via the aerobic difunctionalization of 5-ethynyluracil analogue with sulfinic acid in the presence of catalytic amount of pyridine. Silver catalyzed hydroazidation of protected 2'-deoxy-5-ethynyluridine with TMSN3 in the presence of catalytic amount of water to give 5-(α-azidovinyl)uracil nucleoside derivatives was developed. Strain promoted Click reaction of the 5-(α-azidovinyl)uracil with cyclooctyne provide the corresponding fully conjugated triazole product.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18299号 / 工博第3891号 / 新制||工||1597(附属図書館) / 31157 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科合成・生物化学専攻 / (主査)教授 濵地 格, 教授 梅田 眞郷, 教授 森 泰生 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20451号 / 農博第2236号 / 新制||農||1051(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5072(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 小川 順, 教授 三上 文三, 教授 栗原 達夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Student Number: 0420652W - MSc(Med) Dissertation - School of Pathology - Faculty of Health Sciences / Candida species are opportunistic yeasts that cause infections in immunocompromised individuals such as HIV and cancer patients. Recent studies show that 5fluorouracil, a nucleoside analogue used for cancer treatment, increases Candida cell virulence. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of commonly used antiHIV nucleoside analogue drugs on the virulence of Candida albicans, the predominant species associated with oral candidiasis. Oral swabs were collected from antiretroviralnaïve HIVpositive individuals. C. albicans was characterised from 39 of these swabs using standard microbiological techniques and polymerase chain reaction. The effect of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) zidovudine, stavudine, didanosine and lamivudine, at predicted drug peak concentrations in patients, as well as half and double these concentrations on select virulence factors of C. albicans isolates were studied. In addition, antifungal susceptibility to amphotericin B was assessed. Not all 39 isolates were used in the assays because of delays in obtaining reagents from respective manufacturers. Results show no change in the adherence and biofilm formation of 29 isolates upon exposure to NRTIs. In contrast, a steady increase in the number of viable cells was observed upon exposure to double the peak concentration of lamivudine to 23 of the clinical isolates. All 31 isolates tested were susceptible to amphotericin B (MIC£1mg/ml). Although these results suggest that NRTIs may have little effect on the virulence of C. albicans it is postulated, that, in a dosedependent manner, cytidine analogues act similarly to 5FU by activating a signaltransduction pathway which stimulates proliferation.