Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN) is a standardised diagram notation for modelling interactive workflow processes graphically at the design stage. The primary objective of this thesis is to provide a framework for precise specifications and formal verifications of workflow processes modelled as BPMN diagrams. We provide two behavioural semantics for BPMN in the process algebra Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP). We apply existing CSP refinement orderings to both the refinement of business process diagrams and the verification of behavioural compatibility of business process collaborations. The first semantic model is an untimed model, focusing on the control flow and communication of business processes. The second semantic model extends the first one to capture the timing aspect of behaviour. We also consider the applications of the semantic models. The secondary objective of this thesis is to apply BPMN and the semantic models to reason about long running empirical studies (e.g. laboratory experiments, clinical trials). We introduce a declarative workflow model Empiricol for recording trials and experiments precisely, and define bidirectional transformation functions between BPMN and Empiricol. Using the transformation functions, we make graphical specification, simulation, automation and verification of trials and experiments possible. We provide two case studies on the applications of BPMN’s formalisations.

Au cours de ces dernières années, la notion de la gouvernance d’entreprise fait l’objet d’un regain d’intérêt en raison de la faillite spectaculaire et des pertes importantes de quelques grandes entreprises (Enron, Worldcom…). Ainsi, le thème de la gouvernance des entreprises a pris, une préoccupation cruciale des chefs d’entreprise ainsi que par les investisseurs institutionnels. En effet, l’intérêt pour les bonnes pratiques de gouvernance d’entreprise a pris une importance de premier rang. Suite à cette attention accordée par les investisseurs aux pratiques de gouvernance, la notation de la gouvernance d’entreprise est devenue une pratique de plus en plus courante soit à travers des services de notation spécialisés ou avec l’intégration du système de gouvernance d’entreprise dans la notation financière. Notre objectif est d’identifier, à partir d’un échantillon de 132 entreprises françaises cotées sur la période 2002-2008, une structure de gouvernance appréhender par le fonctionnement du conseil d’administration, la structure de propriété et les caractéristiques du dirigeant. Plus précisément, notre travail consiste à calculer un score de gouvernance d’entreprise, comportant plusieurs variables, selon la méthode d’enveloppement des données (DEA). Les résultats obtenus montrent que les firmes françaises interrogées possèdent un indice d’efficience de gouvernance de 68 %. Ainsi, nous avons pu identifier des rapports entre le score de gouvernance et les autres caractéristiques des firmes. Ensuite, nous avons pu déterminer les pratiques qui permettent d’améliorer la qualité de la gouvernance, tout en se basant sur la performance de la firme. Enfin, nous avons pu établir, à partir d’un système d’équations simultanées, un lien de causalité entre la gouvernance et la performance de la firme. / Corporate governance has been the subject of a renewed interest for a few years because of the spectacular bankruptcy and of the significant losses of some large companies (Enron, WorldCom, Vivendi…). Thus, the theme of corporate governance has taken a key concern of business leaders and institutional investors. Indeed, interest in good corporate governance practices has gained importance in the forefront. Following the attention given by investors in corporate governance practices, the rating of corporate governance has become a practice increasingly common either through specialized rating services or system integration of corporate governance in credit ratings. Our goal is to identify, from a sample of 132 French listed companies over the period 2002-2008, a governance structure for understanding the functioning of the board of directors, ownership structure and characteristics of the leader. Specifically, our work is to calculate a score of corporate governance, with multiple variables, using the method of data envelopment analysis (DEA). The results show that French firms surveyed have a governance efficiency index of 68 %. Thus, we were able to identify links between the governance score and the characteristics of firms. Finally, we have established, from a system of simultaneous equations, a causal link between governance and firm performance.

Rhythm in early Western polyphonic music.

Throughout the history of public school music in the United States, one of the problems which has continually been in the foreground is that of music reading, It is primarily a problem for the elementary school as that is the place where reading must begin in order for the children's interest and ability to be balanced. The elementary school is the focal point for the teaching of all skills and tools in learning. Certainly, reading is one of the major tools in the process of musical learning. In many cases the ability of the students to read music has been the basic criterion of the entire music program. Davison states that the aim and end of a large percentage of instruction has for so long been to train students to sing music at sight that it has grown to be a fetish. While such a standard as that is an over-emphasis of reading, most music educators will agree that the place of music reading in the elementary school is of utmost importance. The differences of opinions lie not so much in the goals to be reached as in the methods of reaching them. The purpose of this study is not to weigh these various methods as to their usefulness. It is rather to survey as many publications as possible concerning the teaching of music reading in the elementary school and to make a digest of the opinions found in them. In agreement with Mursell's statement that anything can be taught effectively in a considerable number of ways,2 it is the writer's belief that there is no one best method for teaching music reading. The desired outcome of this study is to present an adequate digest of the material published about various methods in order that these lines of thought may be followed as they are needed to fit individual teaching problems.

L’information constitue l’élément ou l’enjeu de nombreuses règles juridiques en droit financier. Ces règles imposent des obligations d’information aux émetteurs, aux intermédiaires financiers et aux investisseurs. Elles sanctionnent en outre les abus de marché en ce qu’ils constituent des atteintes aux qualités de l’information, et encadrent l’élaboration des opinions émises par les analystes financiers et les agences de notation. Dans un ensemble aussi hétérogène de règles, l’information reçoit diverses qualifications juridiques. La cohérence en la matière provient de la nécessité d’informer l’ensemble des acteurs du risque inhérent aux instruments financiers. L’information peut être étudiée à partir de ses fonctions intellectuelles, comme savoir communicable permettant de connaître le risque attaché aux instruments financiers. Alors que certaines données permettent de décrire le risque d’investissement, d’autres en servent l’appréciation dans la durée en vue de la réalisation de prédictions. Le droit positif évolue ainsi en s’appuyant sur ces deux fonctions intellectuelles de l’information : sa fonction descriptive et sa fonction prédictive. Cette analyse permet de renforcer l’intelligibilité d’un dispositif en évolution constante, qui suppose l’articulation du droit des sociétés, du droit des contrats et du droit répressif. Le droit des instruments financiers peut ainsi faire l’objet d’une analyse ordonnée à partir de l’information comme exigence permettant la prise d’un risque d’investissement. / Information constitutes the element or the stake of many a legal rule in financial Law. These rules dictate disclosure obligations to issuers, financial intermediaries and investors. Furthermore, they sanction market abuses, insofar as they undermine the qualities of the information, and provide a legal framework for the elaboration process of opinions voiced by financial analysts and credit rating agencies. In such a heterogeneous body of rules, diverse legal qualifications are applicable to information. The conistency of the discipline lies in the necessity to inform the participants of the risk inherent to financial instruments. From its intellectual functions, information can be studied as transmittable intelligence permitting a better understanding of the risk financial instruments entail. While some data allows for the description of the investment risk, other data enables its assesment over time in order to realize predictions. Substantive law evolves by drawing on the two intellectual functions of information: its descriptive function and its predictive function. This analysis helps to reinforce the intellegibility of constantly evolving legislation, which implies the joint study of company law, contract law and criminal business law. The law of financial instruments can thus be the subject of an analysis stemming from information as a requirement to the taking an investment risk.

The thesis builds on the extensive work of bachelor of 2012. It examines the manuscript collection of songs Podstrážišťské Josef Václav Kratochvil. The first part describes the folk songs of Pelhřimov, folk songs in general and describes the development of folk songs in Bohemia and Moravia. This chapter also deals with the division of folk songs by region, collections of these regions and their collectors. These sub-themes also include sources and their gaining. Finally, the thesis refers to the collector Josef Václav Kratochvíl and his manuscript collection Podstrážišťské songs. In the next section the thesis classifies the literary aspect of songs, their themes and types also by the music side. In the following section the thesis discusses in general stylization of accompanied of folk songs. It also includes the possibility of using part of the folk songs and presents some selected examples of folk ensembles, folk institutions and the media which folklore spreads. The final section discusses the specific arrangements of folk songs from our collection and stylized accompaniment which has been discussed in previous chapters. The last chapter of the thesis includes 97 songs transcribed from the manuscript collection of Josef Václav Kratochvíl into a notation software. KEYWORDS: Folk Song,...

The thesis builds on the extensive work of bachelor of 2012. It examines the manuscript collection of songs Podstrážišťské Josef Václav Kratochvil. The first part describes the folk songs of Pelhřimov, folk songs in general and describes the development of folk songs in Bohemia and Moravia. This chapter also deals with the division of folk songs by region, collections of these regions and their collectors. These sub-themes also include sources and their gaining. Finally, the thesis refers to the collector Josef Václav Kratochvíl and his manuscript collection Podstrážišťské songs. In the next section the thesis classifies the literary aspect of songs, their themes and types also by the music side. In the following section the thesis discusses in general stylization of accompanied of folk songs. It also includes the possibility of using part of the folk songs and presents some selected examples of folk ensembles, folk institutions and the media which folklore spreads. Lay stress on the role of a family. Next the folk song is presented as a material that can be used in a pedagogical field. The essential part of the thesis is a supplement that contains 97 songs from the manuscript collection of songs compiled in a notation software.

Dès lors que l’on s’intéresse au XIIIe siècle, le motet est l’exemple musical le plus fréquemment employé pour illustrer la rationalisation de la pensée médiévale. De ce fait, celui-ci s’inscrit difficilement dans le cadre normé d’une continuité polyphonique.Pourtant, le motet est un passage, nécessaire et transitoire, entre l’organum et la polyphonie contrapuntique du XIVe siècle. La musique qui en découle exacerbe la technique du déchant tout en conservant l’originalité mélodique de chaque voix.C’est la difficulté propre à tout lieu médian : conserver, reproduire, modifier, transmettre puis figer sur une feuille de parchemin. Dans le cas du motet, le principal questionnement porte sur la possibilité de réaliser une oeuvre polyphonique entièrement mesurée dans laquelle subsiste une, voire plusieurs, trames mélodiques prolongeant le style formulaire des organa. L’analyse musicale permet-elle d’identifier les différents gestes compositionnels du motet ? En d’autres termes, peut-on se faire une idée précise du motet au XIIIe siècle à partir des seules traces écrites les concernant et construire un modèle analytique cohérent de type émique ?L’ambition de cette étude est d’identifier les éléments normatifs du motet au XIIIe siècle et de déterminer, en filigrane, les gestes d’inventivité de chacune des dix pièces analysées. C’est par la mise en place d’une norme, incessamment renouvelée par l’invention musicale, au sens médiéval du terme, qu’il est possible de reconstituer le motet au sein même de son environnement socioculturel. / Since we are interested in the 13th-century, the motet is the musical example most frequently called to illustrate the rationalization of the medieval thought. Therefore, this one joins with difficulty in the standardized frame of a polyphonic continuity.Nevertheless, the motet is a passage, necessary and passing, between the organum and the contrapuntal polyphony of the 14th-century. The music which ensues from it aggravates the technique of the discant while keeping the melodic originality of every voice.It’s the difficulty appropriate for any median place: preserve, reproduce, modify, to pass on then the congeal on a leaf of parchment. In the case of the motet, the main questioning concerns the possibility of realizing one polyphonic completely measured work in which remains one, even some, melodic wefts extending the “style formulaire” of organa. Does the musical analysis allow to identify the various compositional gestures of the motet? In other words, we can be made a precise idea of the motet at the 13th-century from the only written sources concerning them and to build a coherent emic analytical model?The ambition of this study is to identify the normative elements of the motet in the 13th-century and to determine, between the lines, the gestures of inventiveness of each of ten analyzed parts. It’s by the implementation of a standard, presently renewed by the musical invention, in the medieval sense, that it’s possible to reconstitute the motet within its sociocultural environment.

Visst kan man använda en film som ett partitur? Så kallade grafiskt noterade verk behöver inte enbart vara på notblad, utan kan även vara i form av en film. Jag valde att kontakta konsthögskolan i Umeå för att beställa en film av studenter – en film med olika färger, mönster och rörelser som jag ville skapa musik utifrån. Jag valde också ett partitur som är noterat på ett notblad. Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka instuderingsstrategier för ett fixerat och ett rörligt grafiskt partitur. De metoder som användes var kvalitativa, analytiska och experimentella. Det experimentella förhållningssättet genomsyrade hela arbetet. De primära materialen som användes var partituren, Extempore (1975) av Bengt Hambraeus och Pearlakistoscope (2016) av Victoria Repasi och Henrik Nygren. Annat material som användes var litteratur om notskrift och om musik från 1900-talet. Processen bestod till stor del av att analysera partituren och att experimentera med klanger vid Woehl-orgeln i Studio Acusticum. Repetitionerna spelades in med en mikrofon och lyssnades av i samband med repetitionen. Reflektionerna fördes ned i loggbok under varje repetition. En viktig del av arbetet skedde under orgellektioner och samtal med Gary Verkade, orgelprofessor vid Musikhögskolan i Piteå. Resultatet blev en jämförelse mellan det fasta och det rörliga partituret under rubrikerna Förberedelser, Strukturering, Registrering, Övning och Inspelning och Konsert samt en diskussion. I diskussionen reflekterar jag över notskrifter och konstaterar att jag läser partitur genom att ställa partiturets olika parametrar mot varandra. Jag diskuterar även om grafisk notation innebär improvisation, och vilken frihet som är kopplad till notationen. Jag reflekterar kring att läsa en film som ett partitur och ser tydliga likheter till grafiska partitur som komponerades under 50- och 60-talen, som även sågs som bildkonst. Avslutningsvis behandlas inspelningarna kortfattat, som är den klingande delen av arbetet och gjordes den 1/3 i Studio Acusticum. Den 2/3 kl. 19.30 hölls en konsert i Studio Acusticum där de två verken spelades upp för publik.

Theme of the diploma thesis is the analysis of the processes inside the library of the University of economics. The first part is dedicated to the definition of the goals of the thesis and to the theory of the company processes. The text interprets the term of information literacy and information education and links these terms with the procedural analysis. The thesis introduces the library and identified processes for optimalization. In the second part, the identified processes are analyzed and described in the EPC notation. The thesis describes five processes and their sub-processes. The first process is the educational program, the next process is the cooperation between the university teachers and the library. Another process is the the control of the plagiarism and the use of electronical sources and thesis in the education. The last described process is the feedback from the users. The conclusion summarises the thesis and is coupled with the recommendation about the optimalization of the described processes. The goal of the thesis is to optimalize the defined processes of the informational education in the library and to improve the quality of them, so they can effectively aid the goals of the library, but also to improve the information literacy of the students.