The goal of this graduation's thesis was to focus on picaresque elements in The Exemplary Novels (Novelas ejemplares). The object of research were, therefore, ones of the most important works of the Spanish Golden Age - picaresque novels The Life of Lazarillo de Tormes (La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes) and Guzmán de Alfarache and their influence on Cervantes' literary works. We analyzed the picaresque elements, different variations of theirs' in the selected Exemplary Novels. More specifically, we dealt with the character of picaro, form of the works and a concept of realism in Alemán and Cervantes.

La naissance du roman historique en Suède, traditionnellement située en 1828, coïncide avec un mouvement national-romantique vouant un véritable culte à la figure de l’ancien Scandinave. Mais dans cette première moitié du XIXe siècle, le genre historique est encore en mal de reconnaissance et les auteurs désireux d’évoquer le Haut Moyen Âge septentrional semblent avoir préféré se tourner vers des formes littéraires plus prestigieuses, telles que la poésie ou le théâtre. Dès le début du XXe siècle, les romans situés à l’âge des Vikings se multiplient. Une étude thématique de ces œuvres révèle que de nombreux écrivains ont été fascinés par des personnages types censés incarner la période : la figure de l’ancêtre et ses différents avatars (héros civilisateur, pionnier, patriarche) et celle de l’aventurier, dont la personnification la plus emblématique est le navigateur viking. Par souci de réalisme historique et pour rompre avec une tradition de glorification sans retenue, ces personnages vont subir une désidéalisation importante au cours du XXe siècle. D’autres romanciers ont choisi de s’intéresser à l’époque viking, car il s’agit d’une période de grands bouleversements religieux et politiques dans l’Histoire des pays scandinaves. Ces auteurs s’attachent à dépeindre le processus de christianisation et les conflits religieux entre païens et convertis. Dans une moindre mesure, ils évoquent aussi les mutations sociales et politiques. De façon générale, les représentations du Haut Moyen Âge nordique et de ses habitants trahissent les prises de position des romanciers suédois. Ceux-ci dévoilent leur vision du passé et n’hésitent pas à se livrer à une véritable relecture de l’Histoire. / The birth of the historical novel in Sweden, traditionally dated from 1828, coincides with a national-romantic movement exalting the figure of the ancient Scandinavian. But in this first half of the nineteenth century, the historical novel is still in want of recognition and authors wishing to recount the Nordic Early Middle Ages seem to favour more prestigious literary forms, such as poetry or theatre. In the beginning of the twentieth century, works depicting the Viking Age become more numerous. A thematic study of these novels reveals that many writers are fascinated by typical figures seen to embody this period: the figure of the ancestor and its different forms (the civilizing hero, the pioneer, the patriarch) and the one of the adventurer, the most illustrative personification of which is the Viking navigator. Yearning for historical realism and for emancipation from a tradition of unlimited glorification, their characters will undergo a significant de-idealization during the twentieth century. Other novelists take an interest in the Viking Age because it is a period rife with religious and political changes in the History of Scandinavian nations. These authors attempt to depict the process of Christianization and the ensuing religious conflict between pagans and converts. To a lesser extent, they also deal with the social and political transformations. Generally speaking, the representations of the Nordic Early Middle Ages and their inhabitants disclose the Swedish novelists’ views and stances. These authors hence reveal their vision of the past and do not shy away from reinterpreting history.

Cette étude se propose de mettre en évidence l'influence du théâtre dans les romans-mémoires du XVIIIe siècle. Alors qu'il revient sur sa vie depuis son entrée dans le monde, le narrateur (ou la narratrice) évoque et analyse, dans un récit à la première personne, son Moi d'autrefois. Il s'agit de relater les étapes d'une ascension sociale, de faire part aussi de ses égarements ou d'une passion malheureuse sur le mode tragique, sensible ou comique. Toutefois, ces romans de l'introspection s'ouvrent, paradoxalement, sur le spectaculaire. Des dramaturges célèbres deviennent des personnages de fiction, leurs œuvres sont citées, les héros se rendent dans les lieux où s'exerce l'art dramatique et, surtout, le romancier recourt à des éléments caractéristiques du genre théâtral : déguisements, variations sur des personnages et des scènes types, construction dramatique et recours à l'esthétique du tableau, ampleur et disposition des dialogues contribuent à faire du lecteur un spectateur. / This study is meant to highlight the influence of drama on the (French) memoir-novels of the 18th century. The narrator, be it a man or a woman, recollects his or her life from the moment they are coming into the world. This evocation and analysis of their earlier “I” is recalled in a first person narrative. The idea is to recount his or her social ascension, step by step, evoke his or her past mistakes and relate an unrequited love, in a tragic, sensitive or comic tone. Yet, these introspective novels paradoxically reach a theatrical dimension. The then famous playwrights are turned into fictional characters, their works are quoted, the heroes go to places where the art of drama is performed and, most importantly, the novelist resorts to elements which are characteristic features of drama : costumes, variations on specific characters and scenes, a dramatic construction, the use of the aesthetics of the tableau, the extent and distribution of the dialogues ; all of these contribute to place the reader in the position of the audience.

Publiés en volumes chez l’ancienne librairie Furne entre 1894 et 1917, les « Voyages excentriques » de Paul d’Ivoi constituent une collection prisée par la jeunesse à la Belle Epoque. Ces romans d’aventures inscrits dans la lignée de Jules Verne sont très représentatifs de leur temps, avec des intrigues enracinées dans un contexte politique proche du moment de leur écriture. Soucieux de contribuer à la formation patriotique et morale de leurs lecteurs, ils s’appliquent à soutenir l’œuvre coloniale de la France, à promouvoir les valeurs de la République française et à célébrer le rayonnement du pays à travers le monde. L’action, qui présente souvent un enjeu diplomatique international, suscite le voyage en terre étrangère et la rencontre avec d’autres nationalités dont la vision est le reflet des relations amicales ou conflictuelles que la France entretient avec elles. Mais de la réalité, les « Voyages excentriques » basculent dans la fiction en usant des diverses ressources que leur offre le genre du roman d’aventures alors à son apogée. L’exotisme et la fantaisie scientifique sont les deux thèmes les plus représentés, parfois agrémentés d’une touche policière ou d’espionnage. Dans sa pratique du roman d’aventures, Paul d’Ivoi cultive l’art de la variation par rapport à ses prédécesseurs, affirmant sa propre manière dans l’inventivité de ses gadgets scientifiques merveilleux ou la place prépondérante qu’il donne aux femmes. Il connut un grand succès au début du XXème siècle comme cadeau d’étrennes, livre de prix, fascicule populaire, feuilleton de quotidien à un sou, adapté au théâtre et même au cinéma. Son originalité réside surtout dans la notion d’excentrique qui fédère sa collection de romans Belle Epoque. / Published in volumes between 1894 and 1917 by the former bookshop Furne, Paul d’Ivoi’s "Voyages Excentriques" made up a collection which was very much valued by the youth of the Edwardian Era.These adventure novels, in the tradition of Jules Verne, were highly representative of their time with plots deeply rooted in the political ideas pervading then. They were anxious to contribute to the patriotic and moral moulding of their readers and applied to support the colonial work of France while promoting the values of the French Republic and celebrating its influence all over the world. The action, which often deals with international diplomatic stakes, sends the characters abroad to meet other nationalities whose visions reflect their relationships with France, whether friendly or of conflict.However the "Voyages Excentriques" swing from reality into fiction using the various means that adventure novels, then at their peak, offered them. Exotism and scientific extravagance are the main themes, often accompanied with detective stories or spy fiction as secondary sorts. When writing his adventure novels, Paul d’Ivoi carefully paid attention to differentiating himself from his predecessors, asserting his own manner by inventing wonderful scientific gadgets or giving a preponderant role to women. His books were a great success at the turn of the 20th century as New Year’s gifts, school prizes, popular manuals or cheap serials which were adapted on stage or even in movies.He is most original in his dealing with eccentricity which is to be found all through his collection of Belle Epoque novels.

Dans l'échange verbal entre plusieurs personnes, des termes en particulier sont souvent employés pour s'adresser à autrui : il s'agit des termes d'adresse. Ces termes peuvent être considérés comme créateurs de liens entre le langage et la société par le fait qu'ils fournissent des informations non sans intérêt sur la relation unissant les interlocuteurs. Il existe divers moyens de communiquer et de traduire une certaine forme de politesse, de familiarité, de distance, d'affection, de haine, etc., dont ces termes font partie. En plus de leur valeur sémantique, ils possèdent une valeur sociale et culturelle non négligeable.Les huit romans retenus dans cette étude, écrits par quatre grands écrivains de l'époque victorienne (Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, George Eliot et Anthony Trollope), offrent au lecteur curieux un aperçu privilégié de la deuxième moitié du XIXème siècle. Outre l'aspect littéraire, les thèmes abordés en relation avec les événements de l'époque intéresseront le lecteur historien et le mode de vie et les mœurs décrits fourniront de précieux détails au lecteur sociologue, tous ces aspects étant également facilement accessibles au lecteur ordinaire. Cet examen synchronique des termes d'adresse permet, non seulement de montrer la pluralité des termes pouvant être utilisés en adresse directe, mais aussi de souligner l'importance des facteurs linguistiques, paralinguistiques et extra-linguistiques dans toute étude de cette nature. / In verbal exchange between several speakers, a particular category of linguistic sign is frequently used when naming the participants: these are known as terms of address. Insofar as they provide information about the nature of the relation that unite the members of the group, these terms can be regarded as a means of creating links between language and society. They are also among the main contributors to the various systems implemented in the expression and communication of courtesy, familiarity, distance, affection, loathing, etc. Apart from their semantic value, they are of an indubitable socio-cultural interest.The eight novels, written by four major Victorian authors (Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, George Eliot and Anthony Trollope) that have been chosen for this study, provide, for the curious reader, a precious insight into the second half of the nineteenth century. Of great appeal to the lay reader, the themes developed in their historical context – apart from the purely literary aspect – cannot fail to interest the social historian and the customs and conventions described contain precious data for the sociologist. This synchronic study of terms of address, not only reveals the plurality of the terms that are available in verbal exchange, but also underlines the importance of the linguistic, paralinguistic and extra-linguistic factors that should be taken into account in any study of this nature.

Women are traditionally counted among the victims or losers in religious power plays. On the surface, Margaret Atwood’s dystopian novels give the impression that women will be the underdogs in these stories as well. However, on closer examination and application of Michel Foucault’s techniques of power, it can be seen that women indeed have and use power to put up resistance in otherwise seemingly hopeless situations in male dominated religious societies. The religious societies in The Year of the Flood and The Handmaid’s Tale will be compared as to how they appropriate religion and power to their advantage and how women make use of power techniques such as witnessing through discourse and the forbidden written language, use of their bodies and the fraying threads of power as opportunities, as well as community and solidarity and forgiveness to turn their situation around and fight for their futures.

O objeto de estudo nesta pesquisa é a verificação da influência da indumentária e da moda na caracterização da personagem de ficção nos romances brasileiros do século XIX, através da análise dos romances Cinco Minutos (1856), A Viuvinha (1857), Lucíola (1862), A pata da gazela (1870) e Senhora (1875), de José de Alencar; Iaiá Garcia (1878), Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas (1881), Dom Casmurro (1899) e Quincas Borba (1891), de Machado de Assis; e O cortiço (1890), de Aluísio Azevedo. No estudo são efetuadas analogias entre moda, roupa e literatura, com a finalidade de identificar a presença da moda e da indumentária como suporte narrativo pelos autores para a caracterização das personagens nos romances analisados, bem como detectar o caminho da construção do imaginário do leitor por meio de representações aproximadas de modelos das roupas descritas pelos romancistas, sendo utilizados, para isso, recursos iconográficos como a fotografia, a ilustração e as notícias e imagens de jornais e revistas de época. Também são apresentadas nesta pesquisa as questões econômicas, sociais e culturais que abrangem a contextualização do século dezenove em consonância com os fatos apresentados nos romances. O período refere-se de 1850 a 1890 / This research studies the influence of clothing and fashion in the characterization of the figures in 19th Century Brazilian fiction, analyzing novels like Cinco minutos (1856), A Viuvinha (1857), Lucíola (1862), A pata da gazela (1870) and Senhora (1875), of José de Alencar; Iaiá Garcia (1878), Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas (1881), Dom Casmurro (1899) and Quincas Borba (1891), Machado de Assis; and O cortiço (1890), Aluísio Azevedo. In this study, analogies are made between fashion, clothing, and literature for the purpose of identifying the authors use of fashion and clothing as narrative support for portraying and understanding the characters. The study also tries to include images such as period photographs and illustrations to help shape the readers imaginary construction of the characters. In this research, the economic, social, and cultural issues of the period (1850 to 1890) are also presented to help understand the historical context of the time presented in the novels

Jesús Díaz est un auteur cubain dont le parcours de vie et la production littéraire sont intimement liés à la révolution et à la manière dont celle-ci a infléchi la société et induit des changements dans la perception de l’identité nationale. Ses premiers textes rendent compte de son adhésion sans failles au processus révolutionnaire, alors que ses six romans sont le reflet de ses doutes et du désenchantement. On peut les lire comme le journal d’une désillusion, le constat amer d’une identité écartelée. L’avènement de l’Homme Nouveau n’aura pas lieu et les personnages des trois premiers romans de Díaz verront s’effondrer leurs certitudes, leurs convictions et les croyances sur lesquelles ils avaient bâti leurs espoirs. Ceux des trois romans suivants vont au-delà de l’adieu à la Révolution ; ils doivent se réconcilier avec l’absurdité de l’existence et les contraintes de l’Histoire pour redonner un sens à leur vie.Tous les grands sujets liés à l’identité sont présents dans l’oeuvre romanesque de Jesús Díaz, que ce soit la question raciale, l’insularité, la question de l’identité par rapport à l’altérité et le lien controversé mais indéfectible entre les Cubains de l’intérieur et ceux de l’exil, la question de l’articulation entre identité individuelle et collective ou encore les concepts de cubanía et cubanidad. Ainsi, les six romans de Jesús Díaz forment une oeuvre dont l’unité ne dépend pas de la continuité narrative ni de la récurrence de personnages ou de lieux. L’ensemble constitue cependant un tout cohérent qui permet la redéfinition du concept de cubanité comme un processus constamment remis en cause par les aléas de l’Histoire et du contexte mondial. / Jesus Diaz is a Cuban author where by the course of his life and his literary production are intimately linked to the revolution and the manner of which it influenced the society and induced changes to the perception of the national identity. His first texts tell of his unwavering adherence to the revolutionary process, his six novels on the other hand, reflec this doubts and disenchantment. They can be read like the diary of a disillusion, the bitter acknowledgment of a torn apart identity. Succession of a New Man will not happen and the characters of Diaz's first three novels, will see the collapse of their certitudes, convictions and beliefs on which they had built their hopes. Those of the three following novels go beyond the farewell of the revolution. They must reconciliate with the absurdity of existence and restraints of history to give a new sense to their life. All the major subjects linked to identity are present in Diaz's work, whether it is a racial question, the insularity, the identity question with regards to the otherness and the controversial and the indestructible link between domestic Cubans and those in exile, the articulation question between the individual and collective identity, the notions of cubanía and cubanidad.Therefore, Jesús Díaz's six novels compose of a work whereby each unit is neither dependent on the narrative continuity nor the recurrence of the characters nor the places. Together they constitute nevertheless a coherence which allow the redefining of the cubanity concept like a process being constantly questioned by the unknown historical factors and the global context.

Esta dissertação se propõe a analisar a trajetória dos romances ingleses no Rio de Janeiro nas três primeiras décadas do século XIX. Para tanto, utilizamos os documentos de requisição de liberação de livros da Mesa do Desembargo do Paço com a finalidade de apontar os responsáveis pela importação dessas obras literárias, bem como indicar quais romances ingleses tinham maior circulação. Visando esboçar o percurso dos romances, examinamos os anúncios de compra, venda, aluguel e leilão de dois periódicos importantes: a Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro (1808 1821) e o Diário do Rio de Janeiro (1821 1831). / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse the circulation of English novels in Rio de Janeiro in the first three decades of the nineteenth century. The documents of the Mesa do Desembargo do Paço (the institution responsible for the censorship and liberation of books) in Rio de Janeiro will be used in order to bring light to the booksellers who were responsible for the importation of English novels as well as to highlight which of these novels were bestsellers. For an overview of the trade of English novels in Rio de Janeiro, the advertisements of two of the most important newspapers of the beginning of the nineteenth century will be taken into account: the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro (1808 1821) and the Diário do Rio de Janeiro (1821 1831)

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma leitura atenta que demonstre a importância do ciúme para a tessitura narrativa nos romances de Italo Svevo: Una vita (1892), Senilità (1898) e La coscienza di Zeno (1923). A partir da ordem de publicação de cada obra, pretende-se desvelar as relações amorosas, desnudando o modo como o ciúme apresenta-se nas histórias vividas pelos personagens. As diversas teorias que discorrem sobre o ciúme, ainda que de modos diferentes, convergem em um ponto, ou seja, no caráter triplo desse sentimento que terá, portanto, o triângulo como a forma geométrica que melhor o representa. Todavia, o ciúme será analisado neste estudo, sobretudo, à luz da teoria do filósofo francês, René Girard. Este trabalho ainda trata de duas questões fundamentais na obra de Svevo, intrinsicamente ligadas ao ciúme: o ambiente triestino, onde se desenrolam as histórias e o caráter inapto de seus protagonistas. / The main goal of this work is to produce an attentive reading that demonstrates the importance of jealousy shaping the narrative web in Italo Svevo\'s novels: Una vita (1892), Senilità (1898) e La coscienza di Zeno (1923). Following the chronological order of each piece, the intent is to unveil the amorous relationships by uncovering the manner jealousy is presented in characters\' histories. The diverse theories lecturing on jealousy -though may diverge in some aspects- end up converging in one: the triple aspect of the feeling, the triangle for its geometrical shape that very well represents it. However, jealousy will be taken in this study, most of all, enlightened by the french philosopher theory of René Girard. Furthermore, this thesis also deals with two important matters of Svevo\'s work, intrinsically linked to jealousy: the Triestian enviroment, where main characters\' storyline and inaptitude flourish.