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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Detección molecular de secuencias nucleotídicas con alto contenido de citosinas en el gen FMR1

Lindo Samanamud, Demetrio Saúl January 2012 (has links)
Varios microsatélites inestables se caracterizan por la presencia de nucleótidos de citosinas en sus unidades de repetición; adoptan estructuras de DNA alternativas a la convencional y en algunos casos, involucran procesos de metilación. El genotipado de tripletes por PCR convencional se fundamenta en la denaturación del DNA y posterior amplificación del triplete repetido. Sin embargo, debido las estructuras alternativas que adoptan estos microsatélites, las reacciones de denaturación y amplificación son ineficientes. En este trabajo desarrollo una alternativa de diagnóstico por PCR para secuencias ricas en citosinas (metiladas y no metiladas) basada en modificación nucleotídica. Previo consentimiento se modificó el gen del retardo mental ligado al fragilidad del cromosoma X tipo 1,cuya siglas en ingles es FMR1(Fragile X Mental Retardation 1) de ocho individuos normales (cuatro mujeres y cuatro varones) empleando bisulfito de sodio, cambiando las citosinas en uracilo. Posteriormente, con el uso de bioinformática, se realizó:1) La simulación de las estructuras alternativas que adopta el microsatélite inestable contenido en la región 5’-UTR del gen. 2) Luego de la ubicación de las islas CpG, se generaron cebadores específicos que hibriden con el microsatélite modificado (Primer T) y cebadores específicos que hibriden con una secuencia modificada del gen FMR1 que contiene las islas CpG (Primer M). Finalmente, ambas secuencias fueron amplificadas por PCR convencional. La modificación del DNA fue evidenciada por espectrofotometría al uracilo, luego de tratamiento químico con bisulfito de sodio. La estructura que fue evidenciada por métodos bioinformaticos fue la estructura llamada hairpins (Horquillas). Se encontraron dos potenciales islas CpG en la región estudiada. La amplificación con los cebadores T confirmó el diseño in silico desarrollado para abordar la estructura en hairpins y el efecto que ejerce la modificación sobre este tipo de estructura. La amplificación con los cebadores M permitió detectar metilación de la primera isla CpG del gen FMR1 en el cromosoma x inactivo. En conclusión se desarrolló un método alternativo para amplificación de secuencias de microsatélite en rango normal, que contengan citosinas metiladas y no metiladas, que permite la amplificación mediante PCR. Se requieren estudios posteriores con muestras de DNA que contengan microsatélites anormalmente expandidos (metilados y no metilados) para validar su aplicación clínica diagnóstica. -- Palabras clave: metilación, modificación nucleotídica, tripletes repetidos / -- Many unstable microsatellites are characterized by presenting cytosine nucleotides in their repeat units, adopting alternative DNA structures and, in some cases, are involved in methylation processes. Triplet sequences genotyping by PCR methodology is based on DNA denaturation and amplification of the unstable microsatellite. However, due to alternative structures adopted by microsatellites, denaturation and amplification processes are inefficient. This thesis developed an alternative PCR genotyping method for cytosine rich sequences (methylated and unmethylated) based on nucleotide modification. After appropriate informed consent, the FMR1 gene from 8 healthy subjects (four male and four female) was modified with sodium bisulfite. Subsequently, using bioinformatics tools, we performed: 1) simulation of alternative structures of the unstable microsatellite in the 5’-UTR region of the gene. 2) After localization of the CpG islands, we generated specific primers which hybridize with the modified microsatellite (Primers T) and specific primers that hybridize to a new sequence of the FMR1 gene containing CpG islands (Primers M). Finally, both of these sequences were amplified by PCR. Modified DNA was obtained after chemical treatment with sodium bisulfite. Alternative structures of the sequence of the microsatellite were characterized. CpG islands of the gene, that can be methylated, were identified. Amplification confirmed expected results obtained previously by bioinformatics analysis. The T primers amplified the modified microsatellite of the FMR1 gene. The M primers amplified the modified sequence containing the CpG Island of the gene. In conclusion, we developed a potential alternative genotyping method for amplification of microsatellite sequences carrying methylated and unmethylated cytosine Further studies are needed in DNA samples from individual with abnormally expanded microsatellites both methylated and unmethylated to validate clinical application. -- Key words: methylation, nucleotide modification, triplet repeats
2

EVOLUÇÃO DO GENE MITOCONDRIAL COI EM AEGLIDAE (CRUSTACEA, ANOMURA) E IMPLICAÇÕES PARA DNA BARCODING / EVOLUTION OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL GENE COI IN AEGLIDAE (CRUSTACEA, ANOMURA) AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DNA BARCODING

Freitas, Thaís Kaus de 10 April 2014 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The mitochondrial gene COI is widely used as a molecular marker, and the region used for DNA barcoding is getting more and more popular to species delimitation and identification. However, the evolution patterns can vary along the genes depending on factors as the gene position in genome and taxonomic group, among others. Using one unique delimited region for all groups may not be suitable to a certain targeted taxon, or to answer its evolutionary questions. We examined the patterns of COI intra- and interspecific nucleotide divergence for aeglid crustaceans and we found highly variable divergence profiles along the COI gene; a possible evolutionary pattern for the Jerry-Pat region; lacking of evolutionary pressures by concentrated divergence; intra- and interspecific divergence levels overlap, but no overlapping in substitution profiles along the gene; a putative new COI region to access the total COI diversity in aeglids. We conclude that the barcoding region does not accurately reflect the evolution of the gene COI in aeglids. / O gene mitocondrial COI é amplamente utilizado como marcador molecular, sendo a região de DNA barcoding cada vez mais popular para delimitação e identificação de espécies. No entanto, os padrões de evolução variam ao longo dos genes dependendo de fatores como posição do gene no genoma, grupo taxonômico, entre outros. O uso de uma única região delimitada para qualquer grupo pode não ser adequado para o táxon de interesse ou para responder suas questões evolutivas. Nós examinamos os padrões de divergência nucleotídica intra e interespecíficas no gene COI de crustáceos eglídeos e obtivemos: perfis de divergência altamente variáveis ao longo de todo COI; possível padrão de evolução na região de Jerry-Pat; ausência de pressões evolutivas por divergência concentrada; sobreposição de níveis de divergência intraespecífica e com interespecífica, mas sem sobreposição dos perfis de substituição ao longo do gene; sugestão de nova região para acessar a diversidade total de COI em eglídeos. Concluímos que a região de barcoding não reflete acuradamente a evolução do gene mitocondrial COI em eglídeos.
3

Anàlisi de la variació genètica de les regions CFTR i GBA en poblacions humanes de tot el món

Mateu Morante, Eva 06 July 2001 (has links)
Aquest treball és una contribució als estudis de diversitat del genoma humà i pretén estudiar la variació genètica existent a nivell mundial en dos gens, causants de malaltia, el gen CFTR i el gen GBA, en cromosomes d'individus sans. Mutacions en aquests gens produeixen la fibrosi quística i la malaltia de Gaucher respectivament. La fibrosi quística és la malaltia autosòmica recessiva més comuna en poblacions europees. La malaltia de Gaucher és la malaltia lisosòmica d'acumulació lipídica més freqüent. L'estudi analitza la variació genètica en diferents polimorfismes d'ambdós gens; reconstrueix els haplotips i analitza la seva distribució geogràfica; i analitza l'extensió i distribució geogràfica del desequilibri de lligament entre loci. Pel gen GBA, hem ampliat la regió, abastant fins al gen PKLR (que codifica per a la piruvat quinasa). A més a més, pel cas de CFTR, pot ajudar a entendre l'origen de les mutacions més freqüents causants de fibrosi quística. / This work is a contribution to human genome diversity studies and it aims to study the world-wide genetic variation that exists in two disease genes, CFTR and GBA gene, in healthy chromosomes. Mutations in these genes are known to cause cystic fibrosis and Gaucher disease respectively. Cystic fibrosis is the most common severe autosomal recessive disease in patients of European descent. Gaucher disease is the most frequent lysosomal storage disorder. The study analyzes the genetic variation in CFTR and GBA polymorphisms; estimates haplotype frequencies and describes their geographic distribution; and measures linkage disequilibrium between loci. For GBA gene, we have extended the analysis covering PKLR gene (that encodes for a pyruvate kinase). Moreover, for CFTR gene, we have tried to understand the origin of the most common cystic fibrosis causing mutations.

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