Este trabalho trata da dinâmica de sistemas deposicionais eólicos costeiros, com ênfase na influência de variáveis climáticas, oceanográficas e fisiográficas sobre a evolução de campos de dunas. As variáveis controladoras da dinâmica dos sistemas eólicos costeiros incluem o regime de chuvas e ventos, a amplitude de maré, o aporte sedimentar costeiro e a fisiografia da costa. O entendimento da relação entre variáveis atuantes no sistema deposicional e os produtos sedimentares gerados é de extrema importância para a interpretação e descrição de depósitos sedimentares antigos. Além disto, o entendimento desta relação permitiria a elaboração de modelos de sistemas deposicionais com capacidade de inferência da dinâmica do sistema em termos dos seus produtos e vice-versa. Este estudo é organizado em seis capítulos. O capítulo um trata da exposição de conceitos, tais como complexidade, não-uniformidade e descontinuidade, que devem ser considerados ao se estudar sistemas deposicionais. Neste capítulo, destaca-se o controle dos processos sedimentares por variávies aleatórias. Isto sustenta o uso de abordagem probabílistica na descrição de sistemas deposicionais. O capítulo dois envolve uma breve síntese bibliográfica sobre sistemas deposicionais eólicos costeiros. O capítulo três contempla análises estatísticas de características morfométricas dos campos de dunas da costa brasileira medidas em imagens de satélite. Estas análises tiveram como objetivo a avaliação da relação entre características morfométricas dos campos de dunas e fatores climáticos, oceanográficos e fisiográficos. Tais análises revelaram que a ocorrência, o tamanho e a forma dos campos de dunas são controlados mais por fatores ligados à fisiografia da costa e ao aporte sedimentar costeiro do que por fatores climáticos (regime de ventos e chuva). O capítulo quatro envolve a simulação númerica de um modelo conceitual de sistema eólico costeiro. Experimentos de simulação permitiram avaliar a influência do aporte sedimentar costeiro, da amplitude de maré e do regime de ventos e chuvas sobre o desenvolvimento de campos de dunas e a migração da linha de costa. Os experimentos realizados evidenciaram que a sedimentação eólica e a migração da linha de costa são mais sensíveis ao aporte sedimentar costeiro do que às demais variáveis envolvidas no modelo. Isto encontra correspondência com os resultados das análises morfométricas do capítulo três. A evolução de campos de dunas costeiros pode ser influenciada pela dinâmica de migração da linha de costa. Linha de costa estável ou transgressiva favoreceria o desenvolvimento de campos de dunas enquanto que linha de costa regressiva provocaria diluição do aporte sedimentar eólico, o que seria desfavorável à manutenção e crescimento de campos de dunas. Sob certas condições, a intensificação da freqüência de ocorrência de chuvas pode estabilizar a linha de costa e facilitar o desenvolvimento de campos de dunas. Este resultado, de certo modo paradoxal, demonstra que o clima pode afetar de modo indireto a sedimentação eólica costeira. Assim, a relação entre clima e formação de dunas pode ser complexa. A influência da migração da linha de costa sobre a sedimentação eólica permite ainda analisar o desenvolvimento dos campos de dunas em termos de variações do nível relativo do mar. Nos capítulos cinco e seis são apresentados exemplos de análises de depósitos eólicos sob a óptica dos conceitos derivados dos capítulos anteriores. O capítulo 5 apresenta a análise do significado genético das sucessões de fácies eólicas das unidades Pirambóia, Botucatu, Serra Geral e Cauiá. O capítulo 6 apresenta o modo como modelos de sistemas deposicionais eólicos podem ser utilizados na caracterização das heterogeneidades de reservatórios eólicos de hidrocarbonetos. Independente dos resultados alcançados, esta tese procurou demonstrar que para uma melhor compreensão do registro sedimentar é necessário o estudo do funcionamento dos sistemas deposicionais. O entendimento da dinâmica de sistemas deposicionais permite modos mais 2 precisos e dedutivos de descrição e interpretação dos depósitos sedimentares. Algumas conclusões, tais como a influência indireta do clima sobre a sedimentação eólica (através da migração da linha de costa), destoam do senso comum, cujo conhecimento advém de observações de curto intervalo de tempo em sistemas deposicionais ativos. Neste contexto, a simulação coloca-se como ótima ferramenta para o estudo de sistemas deposicionais, pois permite análises que contemplam o longo intervalo de tempo envolvido na evolução dos sistemas deposicionais. / This study deals with the relation between coastal eolian system dynamics and variables acting on the coastal zone. These variables include rain and wind regime, tidal range, coastal physiography and sedimentary supply. The knowledge of the relation between variables responsible for eolian system dynamics and their products is of large importance for the interpretation and description of ancient eolian sediments. Furthermore, the understanding of coastal eolian system dynamics would allow the construction of depositional system models with general and deductive character. This work is divided in six chapters. Chapter one shows the concepts of complexity, non-uniformity and discontinuity which may be considered in the study of depositional systems. The main point of this chapter is the random behavior of sedimentary processes which supports a probabilistic model for depositional systems. Chapter two presents a brief revision of eolian depositional systems. Chapter three comprises statistical analyzes of geographic distribution and morphometric properties of Quaternary dunefields of the Brazilian coast. These analyzes were based on satellite images data and the main objective was to verify the influence of tidal range, coastal phisiography, wind and rain regime and coastal sedimentary supply on the development and morphology of dunefields. An important conclusion is that the development, size and morphology of dunefields are more associated with coastal phisiography and sedimentary supply than with climatic factors. Chapter four presents the simulation of a conceptual coastal eolian system model. Simulations allow to analyze the eolian system dynamics with a more analytical approach. The simulations showed that dunefield growth and coastline migration are more sensitive to coastal sedimentary supply than to other variables, like wind velocity and frequency of rain occurrence. This is in agreement with conclusions derived from analyzes of morphometric properties and geographic distribution of dunefields (chapter three). The coastline behavior may be very important to dunefield evolution. Stable or transgressive coastline favor the sand supply to the dunefield while regressive coastline dilutes the eolian sand supply. Therefore, dunefield maintenance and growth are favored by transgressive or stable coastline. The increasing of rain frequency can induce coastline stability under some conditions. Thus, there is a complex relation between climate and coastal eolian sedimentation. Chapters five and six present examples of how the concepts about dunefields dynamics, derived from chapters three and four, can be used to interpret ancient eolian deposits and to understanding the heterogeneities of eolian hydrocarbon reservoirs. This work attempts to demonstrate that for better comprehension of the sedimentary record it is necessary to study how depositional systems behave. The understanding of depositional system dynamics permits a more deductive description and interpretation of the sedimentary record. The relation between climate and coastal dunefield growth disagree with conclusions from common sense whose knowledge is provided by short time observations of active depositional systems. In this context, simulation is a powerful tool to study depositional systems since it allows to analyze depositional systems behavior in their real and long time span.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-06-16T23:47:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 27.pdf: 3460975 bytes, checksum: 6fb4884eb12bbee8490b27b6414b47c0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-16T23:47:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 27.pdf: 3460975 bytes, checksum: 6fb4884eb12bbee8490b27b6414b47c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Furnas Centrais Elétricas / Comportas segmento invertidas são frequentemente utilizadas no controle do enchimento e esgotamento de eclusas de navegação de alta queda. Durante o período de abertura, altas velocidades e flutuações de pressão ocorrem a jusante destas comportas, o que aumenta o potencial para a ocorrência de cavitação no escoamento. Neste trabalho buscou-se analisar por meio de simulação numérica as características do escoamento a jusante de uma comporta segmento invertida. O modelo matemático é bifásico, tridimensional e composto pelas equações da conservação da massa, quantidade de movimento, fração volumétrica e equações do modelo de turbulência. O modelo computacional foi desenvolvido com o software comercial ANSYS-CFX, com malha computacional do tipo hexaédrica. Perfis de pressões no teto e na base do conduto a jusante da comporta foram utilizados para validação do modelo numérico com resultados experimentais, provenientes de estudos realizados pelo IPH-UFRGS (Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul). A comparação entre os resultados mostrou que o modelo numérico reproduz com boa precisão as principais características do escoamento médio observado no modelo experimental. Os coeficientes hidráulicos calculados para os resultados numéricos também mostraram boa concordância com os resultados do modelo experimental e com os disponíveis na literatura. A análise do campo de pressões mostrou que as pressões mínimas encontram-se sob a borda da comporta. Além disso, verificou-se por meio do campo de tensões cisalhantes na base do conduto e por meio de vetores de velocidade um padrão de escoamento tridimensional no jato a jusante da comporta, caracterizado pela presença de regiões de rotação próximo da base e das paredes. / Reversed Tainter gates are often used to control the filling and emptying of high lift navigation locks. During the opening period, high velocities and pressure fluctuations occur downstream the gates, which increases the potential for the occurrence of cavitation in the flow. In this work we seek to analyze by means of numerical simulation the characteristics of the flow downstream of a reversed Tainter gate. The computational model was validated by comparing the profiles of pressure of the roof and at the base of the conduit downstream of the gate with the average pressure profiles obtained in an experimental model from studies conducted by IPH-UFRGS. A comparison of the results showed that the model reproduced with good accuracy the main flow characteristics observed in experimental medium. The hydraulic coefficient calculated for the numerical results also showed good agreement with experimental results and those available in the literature. The analysis of the pressure field showed that the minimum pressures are under the edge of the gate. Furthermore, it was found by means of the shear stress at the base of the conduit and through velocity vector a threedimensional pattern in the jet flow downstream of the gate, characterized by the presence of vortex near the base and walls.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-15T13:18:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fábio Ricardo de Oliveira de Souza.pdf: 10103280 bytes, checksum: 4e2fd0c8307348f7e9098749cafe8b73 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-15T13:18:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fábio Ricardo de Oliveira de Souza.pdf: 10103280 bytes, checksum: 4e2fd0c8307348f7e9098749cafe8b73 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-31 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo numérico sobre características de escoamento e transferência de calor em tubo evacuado. A abordagem numérica foi realizada com o software comercial ANSYS-CFX. O modelo numérico adotado é tridimensional e é composto pelas equações da conservação da massa, quantidade de movimento e energia. A malha computacional é do tipo hexaédrica, com refinamento nas regiões de maiores gradientes térmicos e fluidodinâmicos. O modelo implementado foi validado com resultados numéricos da literatura e um estudo de caso foi realizado, considerando variações do ângulo de inclinação do tubo, da variação da taxa de transferência de calor para o tubo e da variação da temperatura da água proveniente do reservatório térmico. Também foram avaliadas duas hipóteses: uma considerando propriedades físicas da água constantes e a outra com propriedades variáveis com a temperatura. Comparações são apresentadas para campos de velocidade e temperatura, vazão mássica e números de Nusselt e de Reynolds. O comparativo entre os resultados obtidos com a hipótese de propriedades constantes, com aqueles obtidos com propriedades variáveis mostra diferenças significativas entre eles, apontando a importância do uso de propriedades variáveis neste tipo de simulação numérica. Os resultados dos estudos paramétricos indicam que o incremento da vazão mássica e da temperatura média de saída do fluido é diretamente proporcional ao incremento do ângulo de inclinação, da taxa de transferência de calor e da temperatura do reservatório térmico. / This work presents a numerical study on characteristics of flow and heat transfer in an evacuated tube. The numerical approach was performed with the commercial software ANSYS-CFX. The numerical model adopted is three-dimensional and consists of the mass, momentum and energy equations. The computational mesh is hexaedrical, with refinement in regions of higher thermal and fluid gradients. The implemented model was validated with numerical results of literature and a case study was conducted considering inclination angle, rate of heat transfer and water temperature from the thermal reservoir. Also were evaluated two hypotheses: one considering constant physical properties of water and the other with properties varying with temperature. Comparisons are presented for velocity and temperature fields, mass flow and Nusselt and Reynolds numbers. The comparison between the results obtained with the hypothesis of constant properties, with those obtained with variable properties, shows significant differences between them, pointing out the importance of using variable properties in this type of numerical simulation. The results of the parametric studies indicate that the increment of the mass flow and average temperature of the fluid is directly proportional to the inclination angle, the rate of heat transfer and the temperature of the thermal reservoir.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o transporte de sedimentos na região central da Baixada Santista (SP) através do uso do modelo numérico ROMS (Regional Ocean Modeling System) acoplado ao modelo numérico SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore) em simulações representativas dos meses de agosto de 2009 e janeiro de 2010. Os resultados indicaram haver picos no transporte de sedimentos, principalmente na plataforma continental e na Baía de Santos, durante a passagem de sistemas frontais, chegando a atingir 4,2 kg m2 s1 na região costeira. As menores taxas de concentração de sedimentos em suspensão na coluna d\'água ocorreram durante os períodos de quadratura, sem a presença de ventos fortes e incidência de ondas com grande energia. O transporte por carga de fundo encontrado na área costeira de Praia Grande foi predominantemente para sudoeste, em ambos os meses simulados, onde, as maiores taxas de transporte foram observadas no mês de agosto com valores em torno de 1 x 10 kg m2 para o mês. A taxa de sedimentação na região do alto estuário foi da ordem de 1 cm ano1, concordando com os dados disponíveis na literatura. O modelo numérico representou de forma satisfatória os padrões de transporte de sedimentos encontrados na região. / This study aimed to analyze the sediment transport in the central region of Baixada Santista (SP) using the numerical model ROMS (Regional Ocean Modeling System) coupled to the numerical model SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) in simulations representing the months of August 2009 and January 2010. The results suggested peaks in sediment transport, especially on the continental shelf and the Bay of Santos, during the passage of frontal systems, achieving values of 4,2 kg m2 s1 nearshore. The lowest rates of concentration of suspended sediment in the water column occurred during periods of neap tides, without the presence of strong winds and incidence of waves with high energy. In both simulated months, the bedload transport found in the coastal area of Praia Grande was predominantly to the southwest, with the highest rates of transport observed in the month of August, with values of 1 x 10 kg m2. The rate of sedimentation in the upper estuary has been on the order of 1 cm year1, in agreement with the data available in the literature. The numerical model represented the transport patterns of sediments found in the region in a satisfactory way.

Embora o tema planejamento de redes geodésicas seja largamente investigado, especialmente a partir da segunda metade da década de 70, no âmbito nacional, poucos estudos são encontrados relativos ao planejamento de redes geodésicas, especialmente por meio de simulações numéricas. Recentemente, KLEIN (2014) propôs um método para o planejamento de redes geodésicas (denominado aqui de Método Klein – MK), solucionado por meio de tentativa e erro. Dentro desse contexto objetivo deste trabalho é propor melhorias e adaptar o MK para redes horizontais por meio de simulações numéricas, algo que ainda não é encontrado na Literatura aplicado à otimização de redes. No referido método, cada vez que a rede é reprovada em algum dos critérios considerados, necessita-se de um incremento feito com base na expertise do usuário. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um programa (em código aberto) para tornar o método independente de decisões por parte do usuário com o objetivo de tornar o MK viável. Enquanto o geodesista testa decisões em um espaço limitado de opções (por tentativa e erro), a proposta desenvolvida nessa pesquisa testa à exaustão todas as possibilidades do problema por simulações numéricas. Para isso, o usuário deve informar, além dos parâmetros considerados no MK, as seguintes informações: as coordenadas dos pontos de controle (suas precisões e direção(ões) do(os) azimute(es)); as coordenadas aproximadas dos pontos desconhecidos; quais observações serão usadas inicialmente; possíveis novas observações e, por fim, os equipamentos disponíveis. Foram implementadas três estratégias visando minimizar o custo na etapa de planejamento, em ordem crescente de custo, são elas: repetição das observações originalmente propostas (E1); adição de novas visadas (E2) e troca de equipamento por outro de maior precisão (E3). O programa desenvolvido foi testado em três experimentos usando dados provenientes de uma rede real implantada no entorno do campus Florianópolis do Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina e simulando o uso de três equipamentos distintos. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as adaptações tornaram o MK viável do ponto de vista prático e os objetivos propostos foram concluídos com sucesso. Entre as conclusões obtidas deve-se citar: existe uma limitação para incerteza final da rede em função do equipamento utilizado; as visadas adicionais devem ser combinadas de forma a diminuir o número de estações entre os pontos de controle e os vértices desconhecidos da rede; a melhor maneira de aumentar consideravelmente o nível de confiabilidade de uma observação é repetindo-a. Por fim, são feitas considerações sobre as limitações do método proposto: dificuldade do usuário em encontrar valores ideais para a incerteza final da rede; interface visual pouco amigável; método limitado a redes horizontais; e ausência da variável custo de maneira quantitativa na etapa de planejamento. / Although the topic of geodetic network planning has been extensively investigated, especially since the second half of the 1970s, at the national level, few studies have been carried out regarding the planning of geodetic networks, especially through numerical simulations. Recently, KLEIN (2014) proposed a method for the planning of geodesic networks (here called Klein - MK Method), solved by trial and error. Within this context, the objective of this work is to propose improvements and to adapt the MK to horizontal networks through numerical simulations, something that is not yet found in Literature applied to network optimization. In Klein’s work, each time the network is disapproved in any of the considered criteria, an increment is necessary based on the user's expertise. In this work, a program (open source) was developed to make the method independent of user’s decisions with the objective of disseminating the Klein Method (MK) in the related community. While the geodesist tests decisions in a limited range of options (by trial and error), the proposal developed in this paper exhausts all possibilities of the problem by numerical simulations. For this, the user must inform, in addition to the parameters considered in the MK, the following information: coordinates control points (their precisions and direction (s) of the azimuth (s)); approximate coordinates of the unknown points; which observations will be used initially; new possible observations and, finally, the available equipments. Three strategies were implemented in order to minimize the cost of the designing step, in order of increasing cost, they are: repetition of the originally proposed observations (E1); Addition of new sights (E2) and exchange of equipment for another one of better precision (E3). The developed program was tested in three experiments using data from a real network implanted in the surroundings of Florianópolis campus of the Federal Institute of Santa Catarina and simulating the use of three different equipments. Satisfactory results were obtained and the proposed objectives were successfully completed. Among the conclusions obtained should be mentioned: there is a limitation for the final accuracy of the network according to the equipment used; additional sights must be combined in such a way to reduce the number of stations between control points and unknown vertices of the network; The best way to greatly increase the level of reliability of an observation is by repeating it. Finally, considerations are made about the limitations of the proposed method: the difficulty of the user to find ideal values for the final uncertainty of the network; Unfriendly visual interface; Method limited to horizontal networks and absence of quantitative cost analysis in the planning step.

L'objectif est d'élaborer un nouveau procédé de fabrication de mousses métalliques par voie de fonderie en modélisant l'infiltration et la solidification d'un métal liquide dans un milieu poreux. La modélisation est faite en deux étapes.Tout d'abord, à l'échelle locale un brin de la mousse métallique est considéré comme un tube capillaire et l'infiltration et solidification d'un métal liquide dans un moule cylindrique est étudiée. Deuxièmement,le modèle macroscopique de la solidification diffusive d'un métal liquide dans un milieu poreux est obtenu par prise de moyenne volumique. Le modèle local est codée dans un outil CFD opensource et trois études paramétriques ont été faites permettant la détermination des relations de la longueur et le temps d'infiltration en fonction de paramètres de fonctionnement. La modélisation de la solidification d’un métal liquide dans un milieu poreux est simplifié en considérant que le moule est complètement saturé par un métal liquide au repos,par suite la solidification se produit par diffusion pure (pas de convection). L'équilibre thermique local (LTE) est considéré entre les phases solide et liquide du métal tandis qu'un non équilibre thermique local (LTNE) est retenue entre la phase métallique et le moule. Les problèmes de fermeture associés ainsi que le problème macroscopique ont été résolus numériquement. / The objective of this work is to elaborate a new manufacturing process of metal foams via casting by modelling the infiltration and solidification of liquid metal inside a porous medium.However, due to the complexity of this problem the study is divided into two steps. First, at local scale one strut of the metal foam is considered as a capillary tube and the infiltration and solidification of liquid metal inside a cylindrical mould is studied. Second, a macroscopic model of diffusive solidification is derived using the volume average method. The local model is coded in an open source CFD tool and three parametric studies were done where the relations between the infiltration length and time as function of the operating parameters are determined. The modelling of the solidification of liquid metal inside a porous medium is simplified by considering that the mould is fully saturated by liquid metal at rest, solidification occurs by pure diffusion. Local thermal equilibrium (LTE) is considered between the solid and liquid phases of the metal while local thermal non equilibrium (LTNE) is retained between the metallic mixture and the mould. The associated closure problems as well as the macroscopic problem were numerically solved.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le domaine de la simulation numérique appliquée à la propulsion. Le moteur à détonation rotative (RDE) fait partie des candidats susceptibles de remplacer nos actuels moyens de propulsion grâce à l’augmentation du rendement thermodynamique du moteur. Pour conserver l’avantage de la détonation, l’injecteur doit fournir un mélange dont la qualité doit être la meilleure possible tout en limitant les pertes de pression totale. La présente étude porte sur le développement et l’optimisation numérique d’un injecteur adapté au fonctionnement d’un RDE. L’injection d’hydrogène et d’oxygène gazeux en rapport stoechiométrique est considérée pour une utilisation en propulsion fusée. Le premier objectif est de proposer un concept réaliste d’injecteur permettant de maximiser le mélange des ergols. Le second objectif est de réaliser des études du mélange dans la chambre par des simulations LES (Large Eddy Simulation). Le troisième objectif est de simuler la propagation d’une détonation rotative (RD) alimentée par différents injecteurs en régimes prémélangé et séparé. Deux éléments d’injection sont mis en concurrence. Le premier utilise le principe de jets semi-impactants de H2 et de O2. Le deuxième représente une configuration améliorée. Les simulations de RD avec les deux injecteurs donnent des résultats similaires lorsque l’injection est prémélangée. La part du mélange injecté perdu par déflagration est de 30% et la vitesse de propagation de la RD est proche de la vitesse théorique CJ. Pour les injections séparées de H2 et O2, l’injecteur amélioré permet de conserver un bon niveau de mélange dans la chambre, contrairement à l’injecteur à semi-impact qui produit une forte stratification des ergols dans la chambre. En conséquence, la vitesse de propagation de la RD est proche de la vitesse CJ avec l’injecteur amélioré et limitée à 80% de la vitesse CJ avec l’injecteur à semi-impact. / This thesis pertains to the domain of numerical simulation for propulsion applications. The rotating detonation engine (RDE) appears to be a good candidate to replace our current means of propulsion thanks to the increase of the thermodynamic efficiency. To preserve the advantage given by the detonation mode, the injector must provide the best possible mixing of the propellants together with acceptable total pressure losses. This numerical study deals with developing and optimizing an injector adapted to the operation of a RDE. Injection of gaseous H2 and O2 at stoichiometric ratio is considered to be suitable for rocket propulsion application. The first goal is to propose an efficient injector design so that the mixing between the propellants is maximized. The second goal is to perform simulations of the mixing process in the chamber by LES (Large Eddy Simulation) computations. The third goal consists in computing the propagation of a rotating detonation (RD) fed by different injectors in premixed and separate regimes. This study allows the comparison of two injection elements. The first one uses the principle of semi-impinging jets of H2 and O2. The second one represents an improved configuration. RD simulations with both injectors provide similar results when premixed injection is considered. The part of the injected mixture that burns by deflagration is 30% and the detonation velocity remains close the theoretical CJ velocity. In the regime of separate injection of H2 and O2, the improved injector enables to keep a high mixing efficiency in the chamber whereas the semi-impingement injector produces a strong stratification of the propellants in the chamber. As a consequence, the detonation velocity is close to the CJ velocity with the improved injector and limited to 80% of the CJ velocity with the semi-impingement injector.

La compréhension du processus de stabilisation des flammes Diesel constitue un défi majeur en raison de son effet sur les émissions de polluants. En effet, la relation étroite entre la distance de lift-off (distance entre la flamme et l’injecteur) et la production de suie est maintenant bien établie. Cependant, différents mécanismes de stabilisation ont été proposés mais sont toujours sujets à discussion. L'objectif de cette thèse est de fournir une contribution expérimentale et numérique pour identifier les mécanismes de stabilisation majeurs.La combustion d'un spray n-dodécane issu d'un injecteur mono-trou a été étudiée dans une cellule à volume constant en utilisant une combinaison de diagnostics optiques : mesures hautes cadences et simultanées de schlieren, LIF à 355 nm, chimiluminescence haute température ou de chimiluminescence OH *. Des expériences complémentaires sont effectuées au cours desquelles le mélange est allumé entre l’injecteur et le lift-off par plasma induit par laser. L’évolution du lift-off jusqu’à son retour à une position d’équilibre plus en aval est ensuite étudiée pour différentes conditions opératoires. L'analyse de l'évolution du lift-off sans allumage laser révèle deux types principaux de comportement : des sauts brusques en amont et un déplacement plus progressif en aval. Alors que le premier comportement est attribué à des événements d'auto-inflammation, le second est analysé grâce aux résultats obtenus par allumage laser. Il a été constaté que l'emplacement du formaldéhyde avait un impact important sur la vitesse de retour du lift-off.Une simulation numérique directe (DNS en anglais) bidimensionnelle d'une flamme liftée turbulente se développant spatialement dans les mêmes conditions opératoires que les expériences et reproduisant l'évolution temporelle de la distance de lift-off est proposée. Du fait que les expériences montrent que la flamme se stabilise en aval du spray liquide, la DNS ne couvre qu'une région en aval où l’écoulement est réduit à un jet gazeux. La chimie de l’n-dodécane est modélisée à l'aide d'un schéma cinétique (28 espèces transportées) prenant en compte les chemins réactionnels basse et haute température. Comme observé expérimentalement, la stabilisation de la flamme est intermittente : des auto-inflammations se produisent tout d'abord puis se font convecter en aval jusqu'à ce qu'une nouvelle auto-inflammation se produise. Le mécanisme principal de stabilisation est l'auto-inflammation. Toutefois, on observe également à la périphérie du jet diverses topologies de flammes, telles que des flammes triples, qui aident la flamme à se stabiliser en remplissant des réservoirs de gaz brûlés à haute température localisés à la périphérie, ce qui déclenche des auto-inflammations. Toutes ces observations sont résumées dans un modèle conceptuel décrivant la stabilisation de la flamme.Enfin, un modèle prédisant les fluctuations de la distance du lift-off autour de sa valeur moyenne temporelle est proposé. Ce modèle a été développé sur la base d’observations faites dans l’étude expérimentale et numérique : premièrement, le suivi temporel du lift-off a été décomposé en une succession d’auto-inflammations et d’évolutions en aval. Deuxièmement, la période entre deux auto-inflammations et la vitesse d'évolution en aval ont été modélisées à l'aide de corrélations expérimentales disponibles dans la littérature. Troisièmement, le modèle a été adapté afin de prendre en compte l’effet des réservoirs à haute température sur les fluctuations de la flamme. Et enfin, le modèle a été comparé aux données expérimentales, au cours desquelles des variations de la température ambiante, de la concentration en oxygène et de la pression d'injection ont été effectuées. Dès lors que le modèle a montré une bonne correspondance avec les données expérimentales, il peut être utilisé en complément du modèle prédisant la distance du lift-off moyen afin de mieux décrire la stabilisation d’une flamme Diesel. / The understanding of the stabilization process of Diesel spray flames is a key challenge because of its effect on pollutant emissions. In particular, the close relationship between lift-off length and soot production is now well established. However, different stabilization mechanisms have been proposed and are still under debate. The objective of this PhD is to provide an experimental and numerical contribution to the investigation of these governing mechanisms.Combustion of an n-dodecane spray issued from a single-hole nozzle was studied in a constant-volume precombustion vessel using a combination of optical diagnostic techniques. Simultaneous high frame rate schlieren, 355LIF (laser-induced fluorescence) and high-temperature chemiluminescence or OH* chemiluminescence are respectively used to follow the evolution of the gaseous jet envelope, formaldehyde location and lift-off position. Additional experiments are performed where the ignition of the mixture is forced at a location upstream of the natural lift-off position by laser-induced plasma ignition. The analysis of the evolution of the lift off position without laser ignition reveals two main types of behaviors: sudden jumps in the upstream direction and more progressive displacement towards the downstream direction. While the former is attributed to auto-ignition events, the latter is studied through the forced laser ignition results. It is found that the location of formaldehyde greatly impacts the return velocity of the lift-off position.A two-dimensional Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of a spatially developing turbulent lifted flame at the same operating conditions than the experiments and reproducing the temporal evolution of the lift-off length is proposed to provide a better understanding of the flame stabilization mechanisms. The DNS only covers a downstream region where the flow can be reduced to a gaseous jet, since experimental observations have shown that the flame stabilized downstream of the liquid spray. N-dodecane chemistry is modeled using a reduced chemical kinetics scheme (28 species transported) accounting for the low- and high temperature reaction pathways. Similar to what has been observed in the experiments, the flame stabilization is intermittent: flame elements first auto-ignite before being convected downstream until another sudden auto-ignition event occurs closer to the fuel injector. The flame topologies, associated to such events, are discussed in detail, using the DNS results, and a conceptual model summarizing the observations made is proposed. Results show that the main flame stabilization mechanism is auto-ignition. However, multiple reaction zone topologies, such as triple flames, are also observed at the jet periphery of the fuel jet helping the flame to stabilize by filling high-temperature burnt gases reservoirs localized at the periphery, which trigger in its turn auto-ignitions.Finally, a model predicting the fluctuations of the lift-off length around its time-averaged value is proposed. This model has been developed based on observations made in the experimental and numerical study: first, the lift-off length time-evolution was decomposed into a succession of auto-ignition events and downstream evolutions. Second, the period between two auto-ignition and the velocity of the downstream evolution was modeled using experimental correlations available in the literature. Third, the model has been adapted to take into account the effect of the high-temperature reservoirs on the flame fluctuations. Last, the model was compared to experimental data, where the ambient temperature, oxygen concentration and injection pressure were varied. Since the model showed good agreement with the experimental data, it can be used in addition to the model predicting the time-averaged lift-off length to better describe the Diesel flame stabilization.

Estudos sobre a instabilidade aeroelástica em estruturas de pontes suspensas têm adquirido relevante destaque no âmbito das pesquisas em engenharia do vento nos últimos anos, haja vista que as definições resultantes dessa análise apresentam informações essenciais ao projeto, cálculo e concepção desse tipo de estrutura. Considerando que os escoamentos ao redor de pontes suspensas apresentam características turbulentas, o conhecimento acerca desse fenômeno torna-se fundamental para a análise da interação vento-ponte, estabelecendo a turbulência como uma importante e complexa vertente dentro dessa pesquisa. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho visa contribuir com o tema através da análise numérica da ação do vento na seção transversal do tabuleiro de pontes suspensas, verificando seu comportamento quando estiverem submetidas à ação dos esforços provenientes do vento na interação de um escoamento turbulento com o tabuleiro da ponte. No trabalho foi investigada a atuação dos esforços aerodinâmicos na estrutura da ponte, ensejando na obtenção dos coeficientes aerodinâmicos de arrasto, sustentação e momento. Também foi analisado o comportamento do tabuleiro para o surgimento das vibrações induzidas por vórtices, permitindo o cálculo da frequência de desprendimento de vórtices e determinação do número de Strouhal. No que tange aos esforços aeroelásticos para o estudo específico do drapejamento (flutter), foram avaliadas as amplitudes de deslocamentos torcionais para o cálculo e obtenção da velocidade crítica do vento que acarreta o fenômeno do flutter. Juntamente com as análises aerodinâmicas e aeroelásticas da seção transversal da ponte, diferentes modelos de turbulência foram aplicados nas simulações para se estabelecer uma análise comparativa entre os escoamentos. As simulações computacionais desenvolvidas e apresentadas neste trabalho foram realizadas com auxílio de um programa de CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). Os modelos de ponte utilizados no trabalho foram o da ponte suspensa Great Belt East, localizada na Dinamarca e da ponte estaiada Sunshine Skyway, localizada nos Estados Unidos. Para validação da técnica computacional, os resultados das simulações foram comparados com dados numéricos e experimentais disponíveis na literatura. / Researches about aeroelastic instability in long span suspension bridges have been consistently the focus in wind engineering field in recent years, therefore the definitions from that study present essential information to design and construction of this type of road structure. Considering that fluid flows around bridges show some turbulent features, the knowledge about turbulence become critical for this wind-bridge interaction analysis, establishing the turbulence modeling study as an important and complex part within that research. According to this context, the meaning of this research was to contribute with numerical analysis of wind effects on a suspension bridge deck, verifying its behavior when this model is subjected to the action of wind loads from a turbulent fluid flow. The bridge aerodynamic behaviour was investigated and aerodynamic coefficients of drag, lift and moment were calculated. Flow induced vibrations were also analyzed for the bridge deck model, allowing it to obtain the vortex shedding frequency and Strouhal number. With regard to aeroelasticity and focusing on flutter study, the amplitudes of torsional displacements were evaluated as well as the analysis of critical wind velocity that causes flutter instabilities. Along with aerodynamic and aeroelastic analysis of the bridge deck cross sectional, fluid flow features were studied and compared applying several turbulence models to simulations. The numerical approach developed and shown in this work was performed by CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software. The bridge deck models used at this dissertation were the Great Belt East suspension bridge, located in Denmark and the Sunshine Skyway cable stayed bridge, located in USA. In order to validate the computational technique, simulation results from this research were compared with numerical and experimental test data available in papers and literature.

Une des préoccupations majeures de la recherche dans le domaine de l’énergie est la diminution de la production des gaz à effet de serre et la réduction de notre empreinte écologique. Les générateurs thermoélectriques participent à une démarche globale d’efficacité énergétique en convertissant directement une partie de l’énergie thermique qui les traverse en énergie électrique. Ces derniers sont encore peu utilisés et rares sont les travaux qui traitent de leur optimisation. Ce travail a permis d’explorer les stratégies d’intégration des modules thermoélectriques dans les ensembles définis par les utilisateurs finaux en utilisant une méthodologie basée sur une modélisation complète des systèmes du flux de chaleur à la production électrique. Un code numérique couplant les équations de la thermique, de la thermoélectricité et de l’électricité a été développé et permet d’observer l’influence de plusieurs paramètres sur la production d’électricité (débit et température de la source chaude, débit et température de la source froide, type de modules thermoélectriques, emplacement des modules,…). La validation de ce modèle a nécessité la réalisation et l’instrumentation de plusieurs prototypes expérimentaux dont le plus conséquent est une boucle d’air à haute température alimentant un prototype de générateur thermoélectrique modulable. La conception et la réalisation de convertisseurs électriques dédiés, à recherche du point de fonctionnement maximal (MPPT), a permis de tester ces prototypes au point d’adaptation optimale. Enfin, une méthode d’optimisation appliquée au modèle nous délivre le nombre de modules ainsi que leur emplacement pour une production électrique maximale. Un outil de dimensionnement et d’optimisation de générateurs thermoélectriques est maintenant disponible. Il nous a permis tout d’abord d’étudier la faisabilité d’une production d’électricité en zones isolées au travers d’un prototype de cuisinière à bois thermoélectrique. Puis nous avons analysé la faisabilité dans le domaine de l’automobile en se plaçant à un point de fonctionnement précis correspondant au gaz d’échappement. / A major concern of research in the field of energy is the decrease in the production of greenhouse gas emissions and reducing our ecological footprint. Thermoelectric generators participate in a comprehensive approach to energy efficiency by directly converting a part of the thermal energy that flows through in electricity. This work explore strategies for integrating thermoelectric modules in sets defined by end users using a methodology based on a complete systems modelling from heat flow to power generation. A numerical code coupling equations of heat transfers and thermoelectricity was developed and used to observe the influence of several parameters on the production of electricity (flow and temperature of the hot source, flow and temperature of the cold source, type of thermoelectric modules, module location...). The validation of this model has necessitated the construction and the instrumentation of several experimental prototypes which for the most important is a hot air loop supplying a prototype flexible thermoelectric generator. The design and the realization of dedicated electrical converters to research the maximum operating point (MPPT) was performed to test these prototypes optimal adaptation issue. Finally, an optimization method applied to the model delivers us the number of modules and their location for maximum power production. A tool for design and optimization of thermoelectric generators is now available. It has allowed us to study the feasibility of an integrated thermoelectric generation in a variety of systems such as the automobile using exhaust gas or a specific cook stove for developing countries.