Although the societies that lived in Egypt during the interlude of Pharaonic Period can be defined by the way of life intrinsically linked to the aquatic environment, whether for subsistence, socializing or in a symbolic way, the archaeological sites are analyzed only from point of view of land, ignoring your surroundings. Consequently, the areas of oasis, located in the Western Desert, are also ignored about this type of research. The suggestion of this research is to propose the observation of societies Egyptian oasis of a aquatic viewpoint, independent of the Nile or the lakes of Libyan Desert, but not observed only as a place to collect resources, but a place used for socializing and inspiration to culture material. To understand the populations of oasis is necessary in first understand the populations of the Nile and his speeches, especially those related to its vision over what was the desert environment and consequently its inhabitants and how this implies in material culture, especially those related to aquatic territories. / Embora as sociedades que viveram no Egito ao longo do intervalo de tempo que constitui o chamado Período Faraônico possam ser definidas pelo modo de vida ligado ao ambiente aquático, seja para a subsistência, socialização ou de uma forma simbólica, os sítios são analisados do ponto de vista somente da terra, ignorando o seu entorno. Consequentemente, as áreas de oásis, que se encontram no Deserto Ocidental, também não raramente são postas de lado no que diz respeito a este tipo de pesquisa. Desta forma, a sugestão é propor a observação das sociedades egípcias dos oásis de um ponto de vista aquista em que todos os ambientes aquáticos, seja o rio Nilo ou as regiões lacustres do Deserto Líbio, devem ser levantados, ou seja, não observados somente como um local para captação de recursos, e sim um espaço utilizado para a socialização e inspiração para a cultura material. Para se compreender as populações de oásis é necessário primeiramente entender as populações do Nilo e seus discursos, principalmente aqueles relacionados à sua visão em relação ao que era o ambiente desértico e consequentemente seus habitantes e de que forma isto implica na cultura material, especialmente aquelas ligadas aos territórios aquáticos.

Although the societies that lived in Egypt during the interlude of Pharaonic Period can be defined by the way of life intrinsically linked to the aquatic environment, whether for subsistence, socializing or in a symbolic way, the archaeological sites are analyzed only from point of view of land, ignoring your surroundings. Consequently, the areas of oasis, located in the Western Desert, are also ignored about this type of research. The suggestion of this research is to propose the observation of societies Egyptian oasis of a aquatic viewpoint, independent of the Nile or the lakes of Libyan Desert, but not observed only as a place to collect resources, but a place used for socializing and inspiration to culture material. To understand the populations of oasis is necessary in first understand the populations of the Nile and his speeches, especially those related to its vision over what was the desert environment and consequently its inhabitants and how this implies in material culture, especially those related to aquatic territories. / Embora as sociedades que viveram no Egito ao longo do intervalo de tempo que constitui o chamado Período Faraônico possam ser definidas pelo modo de vida ligado ao ambiente aquático, seja para a subsistência, socialização ou de uma forma simbólica, os sítios são analisados do ponto de vista somente da terra, ignorando o seu entorno. Consequentemente, as áreas de oásis, que se encontram no Deserto Ocidental, também não raramente são postas de lado no que diz respeito a este tipo de pesquisa. Desta forma, a sugestão é propor a observação das sociedades egípcias dos oásis de um ponto de vista aquista em que todos os ambientes aquáticos, seja o rio Nilo ou as regiões lacustres do Deserto Líbio, devem ser levantados, ou seja, não observados somente como um local para captação de recursos, e sim um espaço utilizado para a socialização e inspiração para a cultura material. Para se compreender as populações de oásis é necessário primeiramente entender as populações do Nilo e seus discursos, principalmente aqueles relacionados à sua visão em relação ao que era o ambiente desértico e consequentemente seus habitantes e de que forma isto implica na cultura material, especialmente aquelas ligadas aos territórios aquáticos.

The thesis' main topic concerns issues of ceramic typologies of the field survey assemblages. The case study subject is represented by an assemblage originating from the Sherobod oasis, Uzbekistan, a significant district of ancient Bactria and a sphere of the Czech araeological mission's activities. The thesis aspires to define in theory, what are the most convenient features of a typology of heterogeneous and numerous assemblages. The work consists of two main sections. The textual section is theoretical. Attention is paid to the fundamentals of categorical thinking and concept of fuzzy logic is proposed for broader application in archaeological typologies. The second section presents an extensive, previously unpublished catalogue of pottery finds withdrawn within the activities of the Institute for Classical Archaeology, Prague, conducted by PhDr. Ladislav Stančo, Ph.D.

Se ha realizado un estudio interdisciplinar en el sector del Oasis y Agadir de Amtoudi, declarado Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad. Este sector se localiza en la Cuenca del Wadi des Argans (Rambla de los Arganes), en la frontera norte del Desierto del Sahara, Cadena del Anti-Atlas del Cratón Africano Occidental, Sur de Marruecos. En este sector el contacto entre el basamento Precámbrico y la serie sedimentaria Paleozoica de cobertera afloran plegados. Se han tratado cinco aspectos principales: (1) estudio geológico del sector, incluyendo una revisión de la cartografía geológica, la realización de una cartografía geomorfológica, reconstrucción litoestratigráfica del sustrato y caracterización petro-mineralógica de los materiales de la serie; (2) caracterización climática e hidrogeológica del sector de influencia del Oasis de Amtoudi, que incluye la dinámica del agua subterránea y la sostenibilidad de la economía dependiente (agricultura y turismo) en esta zona desértica; (3) estudio de la estabilidad del macizo rocoso de Amtoudi donde se sitúa el agadir (un granero fortificado), incluyendo ensayos geotécnicos de laboratorio de los materiales; (4) diagnóstico de los materiales constructivos, principalmente, piedras, morteros y elementos de madera; y (5) análisis de las técnicas constructivas y elementos arquitectónicos, tales elementos sustentantes y sustentados. El agadir está construido directamente sobre un promontorio rocoso con rocas del propio sustrato usando materiales tradicionales y técnicas ancestrales. El talud SW del macizo rocoso se ha clasificado como inestable en condiciones de saturación. Se han identificado y clasificado las rocas en cuatro petrofacies, y se ha establecido la degradación de las mismas. Se han propuesto medidas de conservación y mantenimiento compatibles con el medio ambiente. Los elementos sustentantes (muros de mampostería) y los sustentados (forjados) del agadir han sido estudiados también para establecer su estabilidad, estudiando los casos más desfavorables. Se han caracterizado materiales, técnicas y dimensiones para identificar posibles fallos por cortante, flexión y flexo-pandeo como guía para el mantenimiento del agadir. El análisis hidrogeológico del Oasis de Amtoudi, atractivo para el turismo, muestra evidencias de degradación del agua subterránea debido al aumento del turismo internacional. Se proponen algunas acciones de tecnología simple para mitigar dicha degradación.

No description available.

No description available.

Dans le désert Libyque (Égypte), l'un des plus arides du monde, l'action du vent trouvant peu de limites, l'ablation et le transport éoliens sont des éléments prégnants de la morphogenèse. Au cœur de ce désert, les oasis de la dépression de Kharga, nées de l'artésianisme et des activités humaines, constituent au contraire, par la profusion de l'eau et de la végétation, des secteurs où les processus de dépôt sont renforcés. L'imbrication entre une région désertique (zone-source de sédiments) et des sites oasiens (zones de dépôt), où s'appliquent des processus opposés, maximise les dynamiques éoliennes et leur impact morphogénétique. Il en découle la formation des paysages du vent, que cette thèse vise à décrire, comprendre et expliquer. Mobilisant des méthodes de géomorphologie, de géoarchéologie, de géohistoire et de sédimentologie, ce travail rend compte de l'impact paysager des interactions entre activités humaines et dynamiques éoliennes depuis la création des oasis il y a 2 500 ans. Il présente un bilan des processus naturels et anthropiques, et aborde la question des conditions de vie des oasiens depuis l'Antiquité.Trois apports principaux résultent de cette recherche :- une typologie des formations constitutives des paysages du vent- une modélisation descriptive du système à leur origine, reposant sur des cycles asynchrones de colonisation et de déprises- un bilan des grandes tendances de l'évolution environnementale et morphogénétique sur le temps long, depuis l'implantation des oasis : les paysages du vent sont nés de la distorsion entre la dégradation environnementale régionale et l'amélioration locale et temporaire des conditions édaphiques résultant des activités humaines. / The limiting features of the wind dynamics are scarce in the Western desert of Egypt, one of the most arid areas in the world: eolian ablation and transport are the prevailing factors of the morphogenesis. Born from artesian waters and human activities, the oases of Kharga basin form an area where the deposition processes are stronger thanks to the large amount of water and vegetation. Eolian dynamics, and their morphogenetic impacts, are strengthened by the nesting of oasis sites (deposition areas) in a desert region (sediment source-zone). The landscapes of the wind are thus formed by the juxtaposition of these areas where opposed processes occur. This thesis aims to describe, understand and explain their development.This work based on geomorphology, geoarchaeology, « géohistoire » and sedimentology gives an account on the impacts on the landscapes of the interactions between eolian dynamics and human activities since the creation of the oases 2 500 years ago. It consists in an overview of the natural and anthropogenic processes and an assessment of the living conditions in the oasis since the Antiquity.The three main results of this research are:- a typology of the elements forming the landscapes of the wind;- a descriptive modelisation of the system at stake in their formations, which is based on an asynchronous cycle of colonisation and abandonment of the sites;- an overview of the main patterns of the long-term environmental and morphogenetic evolution since the creation of the oases.This triple contribution shows that the landscapes of the wind are born from the distortion between the regional environmental trend towards degraded conditions and the local and temporary improvements of the edaphic conditions due to human activities.

Les galaxies elliptiques ne sont des objets astronomiques très simples qu'en apparence: leur forme parfaitement régulière et ellipsoïdale est davantage le vestige d'une histoire tumultueuse semée d'interactions gravitationnelles avec d'autres galaxies plutôt que le signe d'un stade primitif dans leur vie. En effet, ces deux dernières décennies ont révélé la complexité de ces objets au niveau de leur cinématique interne, et surtout récemment avec le spectrographe intégral de champ SAURON qui a permis de dresser la structure bidimensionnelle de la vitesse de nombreuses galaxies elliptiques. La compréhension de la formation et de l'évolution de ces objets est un enjeu majeur de l'astrophysique contemporaine. La théorie hiérarchique de formation et d'évolution des galaxies, selon laquelle une galaxie est le résultat de nombreuses interactions et de fusions d'objets moins massifs, est à l'heure actuelle la mieux soutenue par les observations. Ainsi, elle permet de rendre compte de structures complexes telles les galaxies à coeur cinématiquement distinct, dans lesquelles on observe un brusque changement dans la courbe de rotation. Certains de ces objets montrent même une inversion dans le sens de rotation de la partie interne. De nombreuses études ont été réalisées pour comprendre les mécanismes de formation de ces coeurs, et la plupart d'entre elles semblent nécessiter l'apport d'un corps externe voire la fusion de deux galaxies. Dans ce travail nous réalisons dans un premier temps un catalogue de ces objets, afin d'en dégager les conclusions majeures. Dans un second temps nous présentons une méthode permettant d'extraire la signature orbitale de ces structures découplées en utilisant une modélisation dynamique de Schwarzschild . Nous appliquons cette méthode à trois objets dont nous disposons des données intégrales de champ, et tentons d'en extraire les principaux points communs. Finalement nous soulignons la valeur de cette méthodologie pour contraindre les modèles hiérarchiques de formation.

Werden Defizite in Bewässerungssystemen als rein technisches Problem betrachtet, führt dies zur Ausblendung sozialer und kultureller Aspekte der Ressourcenverwaltung. Als Konsequenz werden sinnvolle technische Innovationen von der Bevölkerung nicht angenommen und verbleiben letztendlich ungenutzt. Bisherige Studien über das südmarokkanische Oasengebiet im Ziz-Tal hatten überwiegend ökologische und ingenieurtechnische Ansätze verfolgt. Das Forschungsinteresse dieser Arbeit liegt stärker auf den kollektiven Handlungsmustern, Regelsystemen und spezifischen Variationen sozialer Vereinbarungen in Form von formellen und informellen Institutionen der traditionellen und der heutigen Bewässerung. Zum Verständnis der gegenwärtigen Situation werden die rechtlichen und politischen Rahmenbedingungen, der soziokulturelle Kontext sowie die naturräumlichen Voraussetzungen und Umweltveränderungen – mit besonderem Blick auf die verfügbaren Wasserressourcen in dieser ariden Region – analysiert und das institutionelle Gefüge in einer auf Methoden der qualitativen Sozialforschung basierenden Fallstudie in einem Oasendorf untersucht.

15 Abstract The following thesis summarizes results of the archaeological research in the microregion of the Zarabag Oasis in the South Uzbekistan. The non-destructive research focused on the collection and evaluation of the archaeological data that allow to reconstruct the settlement dynamics in the oasis during the ages. Previously, there was not archaeological evidence available in the region. The fieldwork in the oasis and its closest surroundings was conducted by way of extensive surface survey (global coverage of the oasis focused on the detection of archaeological evidence), and intensive one (systematic surface survey on a closely defined area). The extensive survey proved to be more suitable for the studied environment in terms of the quality and quantity of the collected archaeological data. One part of the survey consisted in detection of the water sources (springs, surface canals and even remains of the karez systems). The basic units of extensive survey were represented by polygons (gardens, fields, cemeteries, tepas etc.), to which the finds collected during the research were attributed. Their dating in the combination with their spatial distribution allowed then to reconstruct the settlement processes and dynamics in the microregion of the oasis. One part of the research deals also with the...