En uppsats som behandlar obehörig vinst och dess tillämpning i svensk rätt idag. Från att ha  varit ett kritiserat institut i den svenska juridiken har den de senaste åren fått mer genomslag och en mer accepterad status.

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I min uppsatts så undersöker jag om det finns någon uppenbar pedagogisk skillnad mellan behöriga och obehöriga lärare. I undersökningen så deltog två outbildade och två utbildade lärare. Jag gör undersökningen genom grundfilosofiskt perspektiv. Jag börjar med att ge lite statistik på hur fördelningen har varit mellan behöriga och obehöriga lärare från 1990-talets början till en början in på 2000-talet. Redovisar sedan fyra grundfilosofier essentialism, perennialism, progressivism och rekonstruktionism. Efter detta redovisar jag mina intervjuer och filminspelningar samt tolkar och redovisar dessa. Jag kommer framtill att jag inte kan se någon uppenbar skillnad i min intolkning av de olika lärarna vare sig de är utbildade eller inte.

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I denna uppsats avser vi att utreda vad renommésnyltning är och vilka rekvisit som finns för detta förfarande. Vårt syfte är att ge en förståelse för renommésnyltning och var gränserna för rekvisiten för renommésnyltning går. Vi kommer behandla de rekvisit som MD ställer upp för renommésnyltning. När vi beskriver rekvisiten kommer vi använda oss av avgöranden från MD och varva det med våra egna tankar och reflektioner. Vi kommer att studera vad det innebär när en näringsidkare obehörigen anknyter till en annan näringsidkare och vad som menas med att renommésnyltning är otillbörligt. Dessa är rekvisit som vi kommer studera närmare eftersom renommésnyltning endast kan anses vara otillbörligt om en obehörig anknytning har skett. Uppsatsen kommer inte att behandla renommésnyltning som sker i samband med jämförande reklam i 18 § 7 p. MFL, utan endast renommésnyltning som bedöms enligt generalklausulen, 5 och 6 §§ MFL. De rekvisit som vi anser föreligger för renommésnyltning är: Huruvida ett kännetecken är bärare av ett renommé i det sammanhang som det används i. Huruvida kännetecknet kan förknippas med näringsidkaren. Huruvida anknytningen till kännetecknet är obehörig. Huruvida anknytningen även är otillbörlig. Huruvida den utsatte näringsidkaren lider någon skada. Huruvida konsumenternas marknadsöverblick förändras. Med hänsyn till att Sverige fick en ny marknadsföringslag 2008 kommer vi avslutningsvis att göra en kort reflektion av hur bedömningen av renommésnyltning eventuellt kommer att förändras på grund av detta.

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Allt fler elever lämnar grundskolan utan behörighet till gymnasiet vilket har ökat söktrycket på de fem introduktionsprogrammen. Ett utav dessa är yrkesintroduktion som presenteras som ett alternativ för de elever som har ett specifikt yrke i sikte och vill in på motsvarande yrkesprogram eller direkt ut i arbete. Dock visar forskning att det finns en diskrepans mellan hur yrkesintroduktion presenteras och vad eleverna i verkligheten får. Med detta som bakgrund är syftet med denna studie att beskriva och analysera elevers upplevelser av introduktionsprogrammet yrkesintroduktion. För att få en helhetsförståelse för elevernas upplevelse presenteras och analyseras anledningar till varför programmet valdes, vilka förväntningar eleverna hade på programmet och hur dessa införlivades samt vad ungdomarna har för utsikter efter programmet. Då elevernas upplevelser är centrala, alltså mjuk data, har en kvalitativ metod använts där intervju-personerna bestod av två män och nio kvinnor från fyra olika yrkesintroduktionsinriktningar. Intervjumaterialet har analyserats genom innehållsanalys med stöd i begreppen handlingshorisont, habitus, fält, aktörer, kapital, brytpunkt, rutin samt self-efficacy. Studiens resultat visar att obehörighet gjort att ungdomarna valt yrkesintroduktion som ett sätt att nå behörighet till motsvarande yrkesprogram. Avsaknaden av grundskolebetygen upplevdes i sin tur orsakats av bristande kommunikation med lärare, bortprioritering av studier, diagnoser som påverkat prestationen samt mobbning. Den information som ungdomarna fick gällande yrkesintroduktion vid valet motsvarade inte verkligheten de mötte på programmet. Trots detta ansåg sig ungdomarna haft en bra och utvecklande tid på utbildningen då den genom att ge dem möjlighet att nå godkänt i kärnämnena från grundskolan, i kombination med praktiskt lärande, bidragit till att de känner sig trygga i sitt val av inriktning och har en tro på att gå vidare till nationellt program.

The legal conception and methodology developed by the Historical School of Jurisprudence had a strong impact on Swedish legal scholars in the 19th century, influencing the legal faculties at the universities as well as the drafting of private law legislation. In his seminal work System des heutigen römischen Rechts Friedrich Carl von Savigny, the figurehead of the Historical School, used the terms legal relations and legal institutions as core concepts, distinguishing between the natural institutions of family law and the artificial institutions of private law. These terms were used in a similar capacity to how Friedrich Julius Stahl, a decade earlier, had used them in his work on legal philosophy, Die Philosophie des Rechts nach geschichtlicher Ansicht. The distinction between natural and artificial institutions has been criticized as an unhistorical abstraction and as a necessary precondition for the subsequent development of conceptual jurisprudence. This thesis investigates the relation between natural and artificial institutions, as well as the function and meaning of the artificial institutions in the legal system and the reasoning of the courts. The thesis proposes a spectrum ranging from natural to artificial as an analytical framework. Through a historical and dogmatic analysis of three legal institutions different aspects of the artificial character of legal institutions are presented. The analysis of the legal institution of stoppage in transitu shows that a natural institution based on customary law over time can evolve into an artificial institution, far removed from the concrete circumstances in which it developed. This is the case with stoppage in transitu in Swedish law. The analysis of the legal institution of culpa in contrahendo shows that it originated in a legal remedy theorized by Rudolf von Jhering and gained authority through court practice over time until it was codified in German law. By contrast, the use of culpa in contrahendo in Swedish law has declined over time and been functionally replaced by a general principle of good faith. Though the institution has not been made obsolete, it is now generally regarded as a specific expression of the good faith principle. The analysis of the legal institution of unjust enrichment shows that in contrast to the continental civil law systems, Nordic and Swedish legal scholars have generally been firmly opposed and highly critical of its application. There are provisions stipulating compensation based on unjust enrichment in several different laws and it has been used in the reasoning of the Supreme Court, but the prevailing opinion among legal scholars has been that such an institution doesn’t exist in Swedish law. In the last thirty years, essentially a new generation of legal scholars has acknowledged the existence of unjust enrichment in Swedish law. From the results of the historical analysis artificial institutions can be understood as abstract systematic units with a core normative content expressed in technical-legal language. Their function in the legal system is to bridge the gap between fundamental ethic norms inherent in the system and individual legal relations for which no rule exists. The natural or artificial character of institutions can only be determined in relative terms, and in the evolution of a specific legal institution this character is not fixed, but subject to gradual change.  In the reasoning of the court the analyzed artificial institutions are mainly used as a vehicle for legal analogies or as an argument to determine if a proposed analogy is justified. These arguments are routinely based on legal doctrine and prior court praxis, and only occasionally cites preparatory works or legislation. In the reasoning of the court, invoking artificial institutions are a means of solving hard cases by creating new rules which are formally coherent.

<p>Unjustified enrichment is used as legal basis when a part claims compensation. Unjustified enrichment can be illustrated as: (A) made a profit on someone else’s loss (B) and if the profit is"unjustified"and has"no legal basis"it shall be returned, which then make it possible for B to claim compensation from A referring to the profit. B has in this case lost something that he owns. To be able to claim A for compensation must the loss of B also be a benefit for A. The purpose with this rule is to equalize the transaction between A and B with the benefit for A as basis. </p><p>This thesis takes German law as starting point to find out whether unjustified enrichment can be considered a general legal principal that also can be used in different branches of law and if it can not be considered a general legal principal to discuss if unjustified enrichment should be such a principle. Differences between unjustified enrichment in the Swedish and German legal system has been detected. Inter alia that the courts in Sweden are not bound to follow the properties transformation and fusion with other properties when they try a situation that is to be solved under the principle of unjustified enrichment. </p><p>The Swedish doctrine is doubtful to give unjustified enrichment validity in contract law. A conclusion that can be questioned because of the fact that Swedish case law uses unjustified enrichment as a general legal principle also in cases that includes contract law. Another fact that is important is that unjustified enrichment in other European Union memberstates have given unjustified enrichment validity also in contract law and when it has that status the EC-court can use it in cases, cases that have an impact on Sweden. Unjustified enrichment has in Sweden been considered diffuse and that it often occurs evidence difficulties. This problems are considered to hurt predictability and therefore also the rule of law. This also is questioned by the author because unjustified enrichment can be used when a mild form of compensation is suitable. With the profit as starting point will the winner not leave the dispute in a worse situation as if it never occurred.</p>

Unjustified enrichment is used as legal basis when a part claims compensation. Unjustified enrichment can be illustrated as: (A) made a profit on someone else’s loss (B) and if the profit is"unjustified"and has"no legal basis"it shall be returned, which then make it possible for B to claim compensation from A referring to the profit. B has in this case lost something that he owns. To be able to claim A for compensation must the loss of B also be a benefit for A. The purpose with this rule is to equalize the transaction between A and B with the benefit for A as basis. This thesis takes German law as starting point to find out whether unjustified enrichment can be considered a general legal principal that also can be used in different branches of law and if it can not be considered a general legal principal to discuss if unjustified enrichment should be such a principle. Differences between unjustified enrichment in the Swedish and German legal system has been detected. Inter alia that the courts in Sweden are not bound to follow the properties transformation and fusion with other properties when they try a situation that is to be solved under the principle of unjustified enrichment. The Swedish doctrine is doubtful to give unjustified enrichment validity in contract law. A conclusion that can be questioned because of the fact that Swedish case law uses unjustified enrichment as a general legal principle also in cases that includes contract law. Another fact that is important is that unjustified enrichment in other European Union memberstates have given unjustified enrichment validity also in contract law and when it has that status the EC-court can use it in cases, cases that have an impact on Sweden. Unjustified enrichment has in Sweden been considered diffuse and that it often occurs evidence difficulties. This problems are considered to hurt predictability and therefore also the rule of law. This also is questioned by the author because unjustified enrichment can be used when a mild form of compensation is suitable. With the profit as starting point will the winner not leave the dispute in a worse situation as if it never occurred.