Doenças cardiovasculares representam a principal causa de morte no mundo. É legítima a associação existente entre doenças cardiovasculares e eventos emocionais. Processos psíquicos podem ser desencadeados na DCV, provocando evolução desfavorável tanto dos sintomas afetivos quanto da doença clínica: promovem menor aderência às orientações terapêuticas e aumentam índices de morbi-mortalidade. Pacientes portadores de insuficiência cardíaca (IC) avançada, Classe Funcional (CF) III ou IV (NYHA) com sintomas graves, sem alternativa para tratamento clínico e com pior prognóstico são indicados ao transplante cardíaco (TC). A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo principal investigar a dinâmica psíquica envolvida nos diferentes estágios de DCV (especialmente de IC), identificando as particularidades psicodinâmicas encontradas em relação a pacientes que não apresentaram evidência da doença e avaliando a natureza das relações objetais e das fantasias inconscientes nas diferentes classes funcionais (NYHA). Método: estudo clínico, qualitativo, com delineamento observacional. Participantes: N=40, subdivididos em grupos: A) DCV não evidente / B) CF I ou II / C) CF III ou IV não - indicados ao TC / D) CF III ou IV indicados ao TC. Instrumentos: 1 entrevista clínica e Escala de Avaliação Global do Funcionamento AGF / DSM IV; 2 Teste de Relações Objetais de Phillipson TRO. Lâminas: A1(1), B3(4), AG(5), BG(10), C2(11) e Branca(13). Procedimento: amostra por conveniência e aplicação dos instrumentos individualmente. A teoria psicanalítica das relações objetais de Melanie Klein orientou o desenvolvimento do estudo e serviu de base para a análise do material. Resultados: fantasias inconscientes e processos psíquicos arcaicos podem ser encontrados em todos os estágios da DCV, porém, os grupos mais avançados de DCV, apresentaram aspectos psicossomáticos expressivos, relações objetais e fantasias inconscientes provenientes das fases arcaicas do desenvolvimento, esquizoparanóide e viscocárica. No grupo D, a frequência de relações de objeto da fase viscocárica foi mais expressiva, além de evidenciarem fantasias inconscientes específicas ligadas ao TC, como fantasias de mutilação. A avaliação psicanalítica foi fundamental para a compreensão da psicodinâmica do paciente cardiopata e identificou os FR psicossociais envolvidos no processo saúde doença, sugerindo atenção especial da equipe multidisciplinar e instauração imediata de psicoterapia para determinados grupos. A intervenção psicanalítica visa redução dos sintomas e promoção de saúde mental / psíquica: preserva o autocuidado, estimula o cumprimento das orientações de equipe e de protocolo, reforça a adesão ao tratamento. O controle dos FR observados pode determinar um prognóstico favorável quando considerado no tratamento dos pacientes cardiopatas / Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause death worldwide. There is a clear association between cardiovascular disease and emotional events. Psychic processes can happen in CVD, causing unfavorable evolution of affective symptoms and clinical disease: resulting in lower adherence to medical guidelines and higher rates of morbidity and mortality. Patients with advanced heart failure (HF), in NYHA functional class III or IV with severe symptoms, no alternative to clinical treatment and a worse prognosis are listed for heart transplantation (HT). The main objective was investigate the psychodynamics at different stages of CVD (mainly in HF), identifying the psychodynamic characteristics found in relation to patients without evidence of disease and assessing the nature of object relations and unconscious fantasies in different functional classes (NYHA). Method: Clinical, qualitative and observational study design. Participants: N = 40, in groups: A) patients without cardiovascular disease / B) functional class I or II / C) functional class III or IV not listed for HT / functional class III or IV with indications for HT. Instruments: 1 clinical interview and assessment of global functioning / GAF DSM IV, 2 Object Relations Test (ORT) by Phillipson - A1(1), B3(4), AG(5), BG(10), C2(11), White (13). Procedure: convenience sample and individual application. The object relations theory of Melanie Klein guided the development of the study and analysis of the material. Results: unconscious fantasies and psychic processes archaic can be found in all stages of CVD, however, the most advanced CVD groups showed significant psychosomatic aspects, object relations and unconscious fantasies from very archaic development phases._ In group D, the frequency of object relations of viscumcarica position was more expressive and showed specific unconscious fantasies in relation to HT, as the fantasies of mutilation._ The psychoanalytic review was essential to understanding the cardiac patients psychodynamics and identified psychosocial risk factors (RF) involved in the health - disease process, suggesting special attention of the multidisciplinary team and immediate psychotherapy for some groups. Psychoanalytic intervention reduces symptoms and promotes mental health: improves self-care, execution of team guidelines and protocol and treatment adherence. The control some risk factors can determine a favorable prognosis when considered in the treatment of cardiac patients

As relações que se estabelecem entre teorias e práticas na clínica psicanalítica não costumam ser abordadas explicitamente nos escritos teóricos de psicanalistas; necessariamente, porém, elas subjazem às suas práticas e discursos. O presente trabalho propõe-se a investigar a complexidade inerente a essas relações, que a nosso ver não se restringem a uma concepção bidirecional e causal. Para tanto, recorremos a conceitos da epistemologia e, fundamentalmente, da própria psicanálise. O texto \"Uma nova leitura das origens da teoria das relações de objeto\" de Ogden permitiu-nos pensar as teorias como objetos passíveis de sofrerem investimentos libidinais: uma vez perdidas, exigirão do analista um trabalho de luto. Consideramos que essa perda ocorre quando a teoria deixa de responder às exigências da clínica, isto é, quando deixa de amparar o analista em seu contato com os pacientes. Luto e melancolia, assim, serviram-nos como metáfora para investigar os modos pelos quais as teorias se fazem presentes no analista e, conseqüentemente, na clínica, pois engendram objetos internos distintos. Se o analista faz o luto da teoria, ela é incorporada a seu conhecimento subsidiário, provendo as bases para um encontro traumático com os pacientes e com novas teorias. Se, por outro lado, esse luto não pode ser elaborado, a teoria fica então cristalizada no conhecimento subsidiário do analista, impedindo a clínica de irromper em sua dimensão traumática de alteridade. / Relationships established between theories and practices in the psychoanalytic clinical situation are not usually explicitly examined in the theoretical writings of psychoanalysts; such relationships, however, are necessarily implicit to their practices and discourses. The present work intends to investigate the complexities inherent to these relationships, which in our view are not limited to a causal and bidirectional conception. In order to do so, we have referred to concepts from epistemology and, most fundamentally, psychoanalysis itself. Ogden\'s \"A new reading of the origins of object relations theory\" has allowed us the consideration of theories as objects liable to receive libidinal cathexes, so that once they are lost, they will need to be mourned by the analyst. Such a loss occurs once the theory stops responding to clinical demands, that is, once it stops supporting the analyst in his contact with patients. Mourning and melancholia have thus served us as a metaphor to investigate the ways in which theories become present in the analyst and, consequently, in the clinical situation, for they engender different internal objects. If the analyst mourns the loss of the theory, it gets incorporated into his subsidiary knowledge, providing thus the bases for traumatic encounters with patients and new theories. If, on the other hand, the analyst cannot mourn, the theory gets then rigidly fixed into the analyst\'s subsidiary knowledge, therefore preventing the clinical situation to come forward in its full traumatic otherness.

[pt] O presente trabalho procurou investigar a presença, em Michael Balint e Donald Winnicott, do legado ferencziano. Para tanto, procedeu-se inicialmente a um mapeamento da discussão sobre a questão das relações objetais em psicanálise, com ênfase na perspectiva do chamado Middle Group (Independentes Ingleses),realizando uma passagem pela história da Sociedade Britânica de Psicanálise e especialmente pela polêmica, após a morte de Freud, gerada por divergências teóricas entre sua filha Anna e Melanie Klein. No debate em torno da herança freudiana, aquele grupo foi assim chamado exatamente por posicionar-se entre os anna-freudianos e os kleinianos. Dois de seus expoentes foram o objeto principal desse estudo: Winnicott e Balint. Na medida em que se procurou demonstrar a sua descendência de Ferenczi, abordaram-se as contribuições teórico-clínicas a respeito do trauma, após uma breve incursão pelo texto freudiano do trauma à fantasia. De Balint destacaram-se o conceito de amor primário, a problemática da falha básica e a sua abordagem através do conceito de novo começo. De Winnicott trabalhou-se as contribuições sobre o desenvolvimento emocional primitivo, sobretudo no que concerne à valorização do ambiente e da agressividade. Além disso, pesquisou-se a patologia do falso self e a conceitualização sobre a regressão. / [en] The present study aims to investigate the legacy of Sándor Ferenczi in the works of Michael Balint and Donald Winnicott. It begins by presenting a broad view of the discussion about object relations in psychoanalysis, stressing the perspective of the so called Middle Group. It throws a brief look into the history of British Psychoanalytical Society and into the controversial discussions between Anna Freud and Melanie Klein. In the debate about Freuds heritage, that group name (Middle Group) was coined for the position it took in those discussions between the perspectives of Anna Freud and Melanie Klein. Two of its greatest exponents, Michael Balint and Donald Winnicott, are the main object of the present work. This paper approaches Ferenczis contributions to theory and practice regarding the matter of trauma, trying to demonstrate his influence on the thinking of Balint and Winnicott. Therefore, it gives a short outlook of Freud s shift from trauma to phantasy. In Balint, it emphasizes the concepts of primary love and basic fault and its approach through the idea of a new beginning. In Winnicott, it points out his contributions about the primitive emotional development, especially in what concerns the role of the environment and agressiveness. Furthermore, it examines the pathology of false self and the concept of regression.

Doenças cardiovasculares representam a principal causa de morte no mundo. É legítima a associação existente entre doenças cardiovasculares e eventos emocionais. Processos psíquicos podem ser desencadeados na DCV, provocando evolução desfavorável tanto dos sintomas afetivos quanto da doença clínica: promovem menor aderência às orientações terapêuticas e aumentam índices de morbi-mortalidade. Pacientes portadores de insuficiência cardíaca (IC) avançada, Classe Funcional (CF) III ou IV (NYHA) com sintomas graves, sem alternativa para tratamento clínico e com pior prognóstico são indicados ao transplante cardíaco (TC). A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo principal investigar a dinâmica psíquica envolvida nos diferentes estágios de DCV (especialmente de IC), identificando as particularidades psicodinâmicas encontradas em relação a pacientes que não apresentaram evidência da doença e avaliando a natureza das relações objetais e das fantasias inconscientes nas diferentes classes funcionais (NYHA). Método: estudo clínico, qualitativo, com delineamento observacional. Participantes: N=40, subdivididos em grupos: A) DCV não evidente / B) CF I ou II / C) CF III ou IV não - indicados ao TC / D) CF III ou IV indicados ao TC. Instrumentos: 1 entrevista clínica e Escala de Avaliação Global do Funcionamento AGF / DSM IV; 2 Teste de Relações Objetais de Phillipson TRO. Lâminas: A1(1), B3(4), AG(5), BG(10), C2(11) e Branca(13). Procedimento: amostra por conveniência e aplicação dos instrumentos individualmente. A teoria psicanalítica das relações objetais de Melanie Klein orientou o desenvolvimento do estudo e serviu de base para a análise do material. Resultados: fantasias inconscientes e processos psíquicos arcaicos podem ser encontrados em todos os estágios da DCV, porém, os grupos mais avançados de DCV, apresentaram aspectos psicossomáticos expressivos, relações objetais e fantasias inconscientes provenientes das fases arcaicas do desenvolvimento, esquizoparanóide e viscocárica. No grupo D, a frequência de relações de objeto da fase viscocárica foi mais expressiva, além de evidenciarem fantasias inconscientes específicas ligadas ao TC, como fantasias de mutilação. A avaliação psicanalítica foi fundamental para a compreensão da psicodinâmica do paciente cardiopata e identificou os FR psicossociais envolvidos no processo saúde doença, sugerindo atenção especial da equipe multidisciplinar e instauração imediata de psicoterapia para determinados grupos. A intervenção psicanalítica visa redução dos sintomas e promoção de saúde mental / psíquica: preserva o autocuidado, estimula o cumprimento das orientações de equipe e de protocolo, reforça a adesão ao tratamento. O controle dos FR observados pode determinar um prognóstico favorável quando considerado no tratamento dos pacientes cardiopatas / Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause death worldwide. There is a clear association between cardiovascular disease and emotional events. Psychic processes can happen in CVD, causing unfavorable evolution of affective symptoms and clinical disease: resulting in lower adherence to medical guidelines and higher rates of morbidity and mortality. Patients with advanced heart failure (HF), in NYHA functional class III or IV with severe symptoms, no alternative to clinical treatment and a worse prognosis are listed for heart transplantation (HT). The main objective was investigate the psychodynamics at different stages of CVD (mainly in HF), identifying the psychodynamic characteristics found in relation to patients without evidence of disease and assessing the nature of object relations and unconscious fantasies in different functional classes (NYHA). Method: Clinical, qualitative and observational study design. Participants: N = 40, in groups: A) patients without cardiovascular disease / B) functional class I or II / C) functional class III or IV not listed for HT / functional class III or IV with indications for HT. Instruments: 1 clinical interview and assessment of global functioning / GAF DSM IV, 2 Object Relations Test (ORT) by Phillipson - A1(1), B3(4), AG(5), BG(10), C2(11), White (13). Procedure: convenience sample and individual application. The object relations theory of Melanie Klein guided the development of the study and analysis of the material. Results: unconscious fantasies and psychic processes archaic can be found in all stages of CVD, however, the most advanced CVD groups showed significant psychosomatic aspects, object relations and unconscious fantasies from very archaic development phases._ In group D, the frequency of object relations of viscumcarica position was more expressive and showed specific unconscious fantasies in relation to HT, as the fantasies of mutilation._ The psychoanalytic review was essential to understanding the cardiac patients psychodynamics and identified psychosocial risk factors (RF) involved in the health - disease process, suggesting special attention of the multidisciplinary team and immediate psychotherapy for some groups. Psychoanalytic intervention reduces symptoms and promotes mental health: improves self-care, execution of team guidelines and protocol and treatment adherence. The control some risk factors can determine a favorable prognosis when considered in the treatment of cardiac patients

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Religion)--Vanderbilt University, May 2007. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

The text of Beloved will be analyzed with a Kleinian and Freudian approach in order to show how the characters see each other as good or bad objects. This essay begins with an explanation of terms and a short presentation of psychoanalysis and object relations theory. Thereafter, each main character and their relation to Beloved will be examined and discussed as well as their relation to each other.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the various definitional strategies involved in and underlying the use of the term ‘masculinity’ in social science literature, with a particular emphasis on psychodynamic literature, and to propose an additional approach (via the metaphor of the ‘lens’ (borrowed from Bem, 1993)) to understanding masculinity as ideology in Althusser’s (1971; 1984) sense of a discourse or narrative which establishes subjectivity and identity. It suggests that masculinity could be usefully viewed as a certain type of discourse which attempts to exercise a hegemony over a more variegated and nuanced personality for the purpose of the attachment of the individual (usually male) to larger social structures and relations, in this case, to the gendered social relations of patriarchy. The idea for the thesis arose out of the writer’s dissatisfaction with current definitional strategies of masculinity employed in social science research and his perceived need to provide a more complex definition of the term ‘masculinity’, which would highlight its meaning for individual men whilst simultaneously placing that meaning in the wider meaning-generating structures of Western culture. It also arose from a growing frustration with all sections of the so-called men’s movement’s attempts to delineate a type of ‘masculinity’ which is respectful of the rights and needs of women and children. Finally, it particularly arose out of the researcher’s own interest to explore the nature of identity narratives within contemporary Western culture. Chapter One explores these problems and provides key definitions of the important terms of the thesis, including the neological verb, ‘to hegemise,’ by which I refer to the process of attempting, but never entirely successfully, to establish hegemony. It also deals with other definitional questions such as the definition of patriarchy against the suggestion of the existence of multiple patriarchies (Petersen, 1998). The thesis is organised broadly into two sections. The first section, contained in Chapters One through Four, deals with what I have labelled (following suggestions by de Certeau, 1984) current “definitional strategies” employed in discussions of masculinity in the social sciences, with Chapters One and Two providing an overview of these strategies, whilst Chapters Three and Four take three of the six strategies identified and examines them in depth through their exemplary use in key literature from three psychodynamic schools of thought. These definitional strategies are, firstly, the three which are not explored in depth: 1) the simple reduction of masculinity to any male behaviour (which I believe is very rarely employed), 2) the argument from statistics (so that whatever men can be demonstrated to do, have, think, and so on, more often than women becomes an example of masculinity), and 3) the argument from key exemplars, (such as John Wayne), real or imaginary (again, such as John Wayne). Secondly, the three definitional strategies which are chosen for more extended treatment, 1) the strategy of definition by deferral to other, equally problematic terms (as in the works of Freud, discussed in Chapter Two), 2) the use of the process or results of presumed male child development (the views of the object relations psychodynamic theory as delineated by Nancy Chodorow, and to a lesser extent, Dorothy Dinnerstein, discussed in Chapter Three), and 3) reliance on common understandings (Jung, also discussed in Chapter Three). This last strategy is a kind of definition by default, in that the writer fails to provide a definition, assuming a common cultural background with the reader (and seems to be a very common strategy). It is my argument, reinforced by a detailed examination of certain key relevant texts, selected for both their influence and timeliness in the social sciences, that the use of any of these strategies inevitably involves the writer or researcher in contradiction and confusion. As this entire thesis is about the definitional strategies employed when using the term, ‘masculinity,’ no specific definition is provided of masculinity in the opening chapters of the thesis. However, due attention is paid in Chapter Two to Connell’s (1987; 1995) notion that there are actually ‘multiple masculinities,’ a definitional strategy, I argue, not without its own confusions. Within Connell’s understanding of masculinity, this thesis focuses only on notions of ‘hegemonic masculinity’. The final five chapters of the thesis sketch a further approach to masculinity on the basis of considering masculinity as a specific type of identity narrative. Chapters Five, Six and Seven provide the grounding for such a consideration through an examination of the nature of identity narratives generally, and Chapters Eight and Nine apply this grounding specifically to masculinity, and, in the case of Chapter Nine, to research about men. Chapter Five delineates the key term ‘identity’, and separates it from the concept of the ‘self’, a term with which it is often, but not always, conflated, whilst comparing both terms, ‘self’ and ‘identity’, on the one hand to the Foucauldian idea of subjectivity and on the other hand, to the Freudian and Lacanian notion of the ego. Chapter Five argues that identity can be meaningfully separated from the self by two markers, 1) its basically moral nature, which in turn 2) arises out of its association with social structures and social discourses. Although no argument is made either for a singular self or a “true” self, it is argued that the human experience of the self and the identity is that they are often in conflict, and the ‘self’ is often experienced as being an unsuccessful copy or diminished form of the identity (or identities). This experience signals what I have called ‘the Ambassadorial function’ of the identity; that is, its ability to represent and commend, as well as prescribe and command, cultural norms and expectations for an individual’s personality to the self. Chapter Five suggests that whilst the number of selves in a particular culture may be close to infinite (in that one body may contain many selves), the number of identities prescribed by a given culture which uses identity narratives may be multiple, but quite finite. Chapters Six and Seven explore the human attraction, at least in modernist Western cultures, to identity narratives, and suggests that their current cultural importance arises out of both personal need and social compulsion. In order to establish personal motivations for the adoption of the identity, Chapter Six takes a necessary detour through conceptions of agency as they appear in the work of Anthony Giddens (1979; 1984), Rom Harre and his associates (particularly in Harre’s discussion of ‘positioning theory’, Harre and van Langenhove, 1999a) and in the recent work of Judith Butler (1997). Each of these asserts the possibility of human agency against some post-modernist interpretations of Foucault, Althusser, and others which suggest agency is entirely an artefact of discourse (an interpretation denied by Foucault himself (Foucault, 1994/2000, p. 399)). Although I do not believe any of these accounts provide a particularly satisfying notion of agency, they do make it plausible to consider the possibility that identities take on their compelling nature because they provide an answer to individual concerns, as well as the role they play in the construction of human subjectivity, and of course, it can also be argued that some of these individual concerns are themselves created by social subjectivities. Chapter Seven examines this collusion of interest which occurs in modernist Western cultures which promote the adoption of identity narratives. Based on theoretical work by Otto Rank (1936a; 1936b), Ernst Becker (1962/1977), Theresa Brennan (1993; 2000), as well as on research by Theweleit (1977/1987; 1978/1989) and Foxhall (1994; 1995), it suggests that identities serve to protect a person from overwhelming fears of mortality, change and the flow of life (see also Goodchild, 1996). As a result of these fears, an individual is primed to adopt narratives which attach them to larger, less changeable social wholes, whether these narratives are of a collective religious nature, or whether, as in the case of modernist culture, they are identities. These fears can then be exploited to instil identities which serve wider, and not necessarily equitous, social purposes. Chapter Seven concludes, however, that such a project is always unsuccessful, for as Butler (1993, p. 2) states, ‘Bodies never quite comply with the norms by which their materialization is impelled.’ No strategy, however clever, can solidify the processes of flow. Chapter Eight presents the case for considering masculinity as a type of identity narrative, which, because of its relationship to biological sex and gender, reflects the social relationships between the genders in modernist cultures (the assumption that there are only two genders acknowledges a cultural belief, and not the writer’s own assumptions about gender). It suggests that it makes sense to think of masculinity as an identity discourse to which both men and women are initiated as they come to understand the specific speaking conditions under which this discourse must be appropriated (these occur more often for men than for women). It further proposes limiting the use of the term masculinity to those societies which have two necessary pre-conditions; 1) they rely on identity narratives generally, and 2) they are patriarchal. It argues that many societies which are/have been patriarchal do not/did not have a concept of masculinity, and men exercised their privilege over women and children through other forms, such as in the social roles they played. (For example, Connell, 1993, p. 604, cites classical China as having a patriarchal, yet non-identity based culture.) Chapter Eight argues that to refer to men’s conceptions of masculinity in these societies is to import an anachronistic term into discussions of those societies’ conceptions of manhood. Chapter Eight further suggests that the “speaking conditions” for the employment of masculinity must be learned by the members of a culture, and that men’s everyday behaviour is often non-masculine; in fact, I suggest it is usually non-masculine unless the male is made aware that the situation requires the production of the masculine identity narrative. Following suggestions from narrative therapy (for example, Jenkins, 1990; 1996; White, 1991; 1992; C. White and Denborough, 1998), I believe greater hope for promoting equity towards women and children and respect for diversity amongst men can be achieved by focusing on those occasions when a male is not “speaking” masculinity than for reform of masculinity, which in my view, remains locked into its relationship to patriarchal social relations. In this sense, I present further arguments which I believe buttress the case already made by MacInnes (1998) that the abolition of the masculine identity narrative totally (and perhaps gender narratives generally) is more desirable than the reform of masculinity. Chapter Nine briefly illustrates the application of this approach to researching masculinity through the understandings of the development of the masculine identity narrative generated by two male focus groups using the ‘memory work’ methodology pioneered by Frigga Haug (1987; 1992a) and extended by June Crawford and others (1992). In all, this thesis contributes to the current debate on the nature of masculinity by seriously considering the implications of the links masculinity provides to patriarchal social relationships as an identity narrative. The specificity of these links, as well as their deeper functioning within human life have, to date, been largely unexplored in the literature on men. The thesis explores these links through the use of some of the literature which first brought the problems identities seek to resolve to academic and therapeutic attention (such as the work of Rank and Becker). Further, in proposing an approach to masculinity limited by cultural constraints (that is, patriarchy and the general presence of identity narratives), the thesis facilitates a potential shift in the literature from approaching masculinity via one of the definitional strategies to a more focused definition, which allows one to delineate when a man is being masculine and when a man is not being masculine. As such, this allows for a re-emergence and perhaps a re-appreciation of the diversity and multiplicity that lies not only between individuals, but also within each individual’s life and experiences.

Inledning: I föreliggande litteraturstudie analyseras tre kvantitativa studier somundersökt sambanden mellan objektrelationer och antisocial personlighetsstörningoch psykopati hos kriminella män. Målgruppen överensstämmer väl med personermed kriminell livsstil. Föreliggande uppsats syftar till att utifrån den samladekunskapen öka förståelsen för de omedvetna emotionella processerna hospersoner med kriminell livsstil. En ökad förståelse antas kunna bidra till bättreanpassad behandling för målgruppen. Frågeställningar: Vilka objektrelationer finns hos livsstilskriminella män? Hurkan en större förståelse inom området bidra till bättre anpassade interventionerför målgruppen? Metod: Studierna har inkluderats genom databassökning och analyserats genomtematisering där generella och specifika aspekter av objektrelationer hosmålgruppen identifierats. Resultat: Resultatet visar att målgruppen generellt har enpersonlighetsorganisation på borderlinenivå. Specifikt är egocentrism denintrapsykiska aspekt som är mest karaktäristisk. Interventioner som visat sigframgångsrika med andra former av personlighetsstörningar inom kluster B antasvara användbara för målgruppen. Diskussion: Vidare forskning behövs om hur målgruppens egocentrism skahanteras i den terapeutiska situationen. Psykoedukativa inslag om egocentrismantas kunna bidra till att klienten idealiserar denna kunskap, vilket kan vändas tillett intresse för det egna inre. / Introduction: In this literature study, the relationships between objectrelationships and antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy among criminalswas analysed. The aim is to increase the understanding of the unconsciousemotional processes of people with a criminal lifestyle. An increasedunderstanding is believed to contribute to better tailored interventions for thetarget group. Issues: What object relations are found in men with a criminal lifestyle? How cana greater understanding in the area contribute to better tailored interventions forthe target group? Methods: The studies have been included through database search and examinedthrough thematization. General and specific aspects of object relations wereidentified. Results: The result shows that the target group generally has a personalityorganization at borderline level. Specifically, egocentrism is the characteristicaspect. Interventions that have proved to be successful with other personalitydisorders within cluster B are believed to be useful to the target group. Discussion: Further research is needed to examine how egocentrism should behandled in the therapeutic situation. Psycho-educative elements aboutegocentrism are believed to help the client idealize this knowledge and turn it intoan interest in his own mental states.

Este trabalho consistiu na investigação das possíveis implicações entre a dinâmica do casal e a relação com o filho autista e as dificuldades que os pais apresentam para estabelecer parceria com o terapeuta, colaborando assim com o processo terapêutico e com o desenvolvimento do filho. Realizamos Diagnósticos Compreensivos (Trinca, 1983), visando a um conhecimento dos aspectos psicodinâmicos dos casais e da relação destes com o filho autista. A base teórica que fundamenta o estudo é a psicanálise e as teorias psicodinâmicas juntamente com nossa experiência clínica. Utilizamos dois instrumentos: entrevista semidirigida e o procedimento de Desenhos de Família com Estórias (Trinca, 1978). A pesquisa foi realizada nas dependências de uma Instituição Pública, especializada no atendimento de crianças autistas, situada na grande São Paulo. Contamos ainda para a realização deste, com a participação voluntária, de cinco casais de pais de filhos autistas, os quais prestaram enorme contribuição ao nosso estudo. Os resultados obtidos após levantamentos dos dados foram: - os pais vivenciaram conflitos emocionais, instabilidades ambientais, humilhações afetivas em suas famílias de origem. - os conflitos emocionais originaram relações de objetos deficitárias, frágeis e conturbadas. - as dificuldades emocionais vivenciadas serviram como percalços ao desenvolvimento emocional destes pais e impediram qualquer possibilidade de interação com o filho autista. - algumas reações das crianças autistas, utilizadas como forma de contato com os pais estão relacionadas ao foco do conflito da dinâmica dos pais. - as dificuldades emocionais dos pais influenciam o desenvolvimento do filho autista, uma vez que aqueles encontram-se impossibilitados para um contato ‘vivo’ e ‘humano’. Concluímos que os pais por nós estudados apresentam intenso sofrimento por manifestarem importantes dificuldades emocionais, necessitando serem cuidados, tanto quanto seus filhos autistas. / This work was the investigation of possible implications between a couple dynamics and the relationship with their autistic child and the difficulties the parents have to establish a partnership with the therapist, thus helping the therapeutic process and the development of their child. Comprehensive Diagnosis were done (Trinca, 1983), with the aim of getting to know the psycodynamic aspects of the couples and their relationship with their autistic child. The theoretical base of the study is the psychoanalysis and the psycodynamic theories together with the clinical experience. Two methods were used: semi-directed interview and the procedure of Family Drawing with Stories (Trinca, 1978). The research was done in a Public Institution, specialized in treating autistic children, located in the city of São Paulo. There was also the voluntary participation of five couples, parents of autistic children, which meant na enormous contribution to the study. The results obtained after the data gathering were: - the parents lived emotional conflicts, environmental instabilities, and affective humiliation in their families of origin. - the emotional conflicts originated handicapped object relations, they were fragile and disturbed. - the emocional difficulties lived were obstacles to the emotional development of these parents and made impossible any kind of interaction with the autistic child. - some reactions of the autistic children, used as a way of trying to establish contact with their parents are related to the focus of the conflict of the parents dynamics. - the parents’emotional difficulties reflect in the development of the autistic child, due to the fact that the parents do not provide a ‘live’ and ‘human’ contact. We concluded that the parents we have studies present intense suffering demonstrating important emotional difficulties, needing to be treated as their autistic children do.