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<p>The general purpose of this dissertation is to define and explore what mathematical problem solving entails. Seven criteria for rich problems will also be formulated. Rich problems are defined as problems which are especially constructed for mathematics education in a school context. The first part of the dissertation presents a sketch of what mathematical problem solving can entail in the teaching and learning process. The second part of the dissertation is a presentation and analysis of two ´rich´ problems. The analysis points out where mathematical ideas - concepts, procedures, conventions, strategies and formulae – appear in a problem solving process. The dissertation concludes with examples of the ways in which pupils and teachers together create occasions to utilize accepted mathematical ideas as well as the new range of ideas they devise in order to solve the problems. The concept of ´rich problems´ enables pupils with different mathematical backgrounds and capabilities to work with the same problem and solve it with various mathematical ideas. Research methods have included video- and audio recordings, stimulated recall with pupils and teachers, interviews and pupils drawings.</p>

The general purpose of this dissertation is to define and explore what mathematical problem solving entails. Seven criteria for rich problems will also be formulated. Rich problems are defined as problems which are especially constructed for mathematics education in a school context. The first part of the dissertation presents a sketch of what mathematical problem solving can entail in the teaching and learning process. The second part of the dissertation is a presentation and analysis of two ´rich´ problems. The analysis points out where mathematical ideas - concepts, procedures, conventions, strategies and formulae – appear in a problem solving process. The dissertation concludes with examples of the ways in which pupils and teachers together create occasions to utilize accepted mathematical ideas as well as the new range of ideas they devise in order to solve the problems. The concept of ´rich problems´ enables pupils with different mathematical backgrounds and capabilities to work with the same problem and solve it with various mathematical ideas. Research methods have included video- and audio recordings, stimulated recall with pupils and teachers, interviews and pupils drawings.

Not much ink has been spilled over John Donne’s relationship to negative, or apophatic, theology. A few scholars have written about apophatic discourse in Donne’s poetry and sermons, but, in general, the subject continues to be overlooked. This thesis seeks to (re)start the conversation by shedding light on Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions, a text which has yet to be linked to the negative tradition despite its clear engagement in apophatic discourse. Indeed, throughout Devotions, Donne wields several apophatic strategies when speaking of God including via negativa, predicates of action, linguistic regress, paradox, and a consistent reliance upon metaphorical language. Each of these strategies uphold the two guiding principles of negative theology: the epistemic thesis which asserts that God is incomprehensible, and the semantic thesis which asserts that God is unspeakable therefore can only stand as the subject term in negative propositions. Significantly, my objective is not merely to qualify Devotions as an example of apophatic discourse; I also intend to contemplate the implications of qualifying it as such, namely how Devotions challenges the long-held assumption that apophasis requires the user to relinquish the body. Across the text, Donne’s apophasis does not lead him to un-body; on the contrary, the body gains new importance as Donne imagines the risen body, the interpersonal body, the body that cannot be lost because it is an inextricable facet of selfhood. Again, my hope is that this thesis will (re)start or (re)energize the conversation around Donne’s relationship to negative theology, a relationship that is much richer and more extensive than current scholarship suggests.

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Insufficient sleep may be associated with obesity via increased energy intake and/or decreased energy expenditure. The present study therefore aimed to investigate effects of sleep restriction on energy balance in healthy young adults. Participants (14 men, 13 women) aged 35.3 ± 1.0 y with 23.6 ± 0.2 kg/m2 BMI completed a randomized, crossover study exposed to short and habitual sleep with 4 wk washout. Controlled diets were provided during the first 4 d, followed by 2 d of ad libitum eating. Ad libitum energy intake, energy expenditure and physical activity level were determined as well as energy balance and body weight. Results showed that ad libitum energy intake (p = 0.031), as well as total fat (p = 0.018) increased after short compared with habitual sleep, but physical activity level, energy expenditure, energy balance, and body weight remained unaffected by sleep duration. In conclusion, sleep deprivation elevates energy intake, which may lead to positive energy balance over time and increase the risk of weight gain and/or obesity.

Insufficient sleep may be associated with obesity via increased energy intake and/or decreased energy expenditure. The present study therefore aimed to investigate effects of sleep restriction on energy balance in healthy young adults. Participants (14 men, 13 women) aged 35.3 ± 1.0 y with 23.6 ± 0.2 kg/m2 BMI completed a randomized, crossover study exposed to short and habitual sleep with 4 wk washout. Controlled diets were provided during the first 4 d, followed by 2 d of ad libitum eating. Ad libitum energy intake, energy expenditure and physical activity level were determined as well as energy balance and body weight. Results showed that ad libitum energy intake (p = 0.031), as well as total fat (p = 0.018) increased after short compared with habitual sleep, but physical activity level, energy expenditure, energy balance, and body weight remained unaffected by sleep duration. In conclusion, sleep deprivation elevates energy intake, which may lead to positive energy balance over time and increase the risk of weight gain and/or obesity.

La vaccination est une des meilleures procédures de prévention coût-efficaces. Des couvertures vaccinales non adéquates présentent des problèmes de Santé publique considérables. Réduire ou éliminer les occasions manquées de vaccination (OMV) dans les régions les plus vulnérables permettrait d’y augmenter la couverture vaccinale. L’Inde a un des plus grands programmes de vaccination dans le monde, cependant il y existe d’importants gradients de couvertures vaccinales d’une région à l’autre. Objectifs : Cette étude visait à estimer la prévalence des OMV chez des jeunes enfants en zone rurale de Hardoi en Inde et identifier les potentiels déterminants et facteurs prédictifs des OMV. Méthodes : Les données secondaires d’une étude pré-post ont été utilisées pour mener une étude transversale. Les OMV ont été définies selon la définition de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé. Deux sources d’information sur le statut vaccinal ont été considérées : mémoire des mère ou carnet de vaccination (M/C) pour les analyses principales; et carnet de vaccination seulement (CS) en analyse de sensibilité. La prévalence des OMV dans la première année de vie (OMV-1AV) chez les enfants de 12 à moins de 24 mois et celle des OMV pendant la période optimale de vaccination (OMV-PO) chez les 0 à moins de 24 mois ont été calculées par sexe et bloc administratif. Les potentiels déterminants des OMV ont été identifiés à l’aide de modèles hiérarchiques. Des modèles prédictifs ont été construits pour identifier les facteurs qui permettraient de mieux cibler les enfants plus à risque d’OMV: leur pouvoir prédictif a été évalué avec la statistique c. Résultats : La prévalence des OMV-1AV selon la source M/C est de 19,3% ; celle selon CS est de 76,0%. La prévalence des OMV-PO selon M/C est de 14,6% alors qu’elle est de 65,7% selon CS. Pour les OMV-1AV et les OMV-PO, la prévalence variait d’un vaccin à l’autre mais seulement selon CS. Les déterminants des OMV varient selon la source d’information sur le statut vaccinal. Les principaux potentiels déterminants selon M/C sont: problèmes logistiques (OMV-1AV Rapport de cotes (RC) = 3,38; OMV-PO RC = 2,59); malaise ressenti chez l’enfant (OMV-1AV RC = 0,37; OMV-PO RC = 0,52); refus des vaccinateurs de vacciner sans avoir le carnet de vaccination (OMV-1AV RC = 5,66; OMV-1AV RC = 5,23); effets secondaires (OMV RC = 8,24; OMV-PO RC = 5,62); et le fait qu’un membre de la famille s’oppose à la vaccination de l’enfant; (OMV-1AV RC = 4,03; OMV-PO RC = 4,61). Des modèles prédictifs efficaces ont été construits et présentaient des statistiques c variant entre 0,72 et 0,79. Certains facteurs permettaient d’améliorer le pouvoir prédictif des modèles sans être nécessairement des potentiels déterminant des OMV tel que le temps de déplacement à pied entre le ménage et le centre de vaccination. Retombées : Les résultats suggèrent que la situation des OMV est complexe que ce soit du point de vue de la source d’information sur le statut vaccinal, de l’identification de leurs potentiels déterminants ou sur la capacité à cibler les individus les plus à risque. Les divergences au niveau des estimations de la prévalence selon la source d’information soulignent l’importance d’assurer un meilleur contrôle de la validité des sources d’information afin de maximiser l’exactitude des informations fournies. / Introduction: Missed opportunities for vaccination (MOV) affect vaccination coverages and contribute to create considerable vaccination gradient between and within regions. In India, despite major vaccination accomplishments, important vaccination gradients persist. MOV have been reported but the situation is not well known in many parts of the country. Aim: Quantify MOV in children in rural Hardoi district and identify potential determinants and predictive factors. Methods: We defined MOV using the definition of the World Health Organization. Our outcomes were missed opportunities for vaccination in first year of life (MOV-FYL) and missed opportunities for on-time vaccination (MO-OTV). We used a cross-sectional design. Vaccination status was verified according to two sources: by mothers’ recalls OR children vaccination card for the main analysis; and by vaccination card only for sensitivity analysis. We calculated the prevalence of both outcomes in a clustered population of 0 to under 24month-old children recruited in a census-like manner from rural area in Hardoi, India. We used multilevel binary logistic regression to identify potential determinants of MOV and multivariable logistic regression to built prediction models. Results: The prevalence was 19.30% and 14.39% for MOV-FYL and MO-OTV respectively. There were little variations across child sex and vaccines. However, among vaccination cardholders, the prevalence was 75.99% and 65.73% for MOV-FYL and MO-OTV respectively and varied across vaccines. Marked potential determinants using the main source of information about vaccination status were: logistics problems (MOV-FYL Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.38; MO-OTV OR = 2.59); child feeling unwell (MOV-FYL OR = 0.37; MO-OTV OR = 0.52); the refusal of health provider to vaccinate without the vaccination card (MOV-FYL OR = 5.66; MO-OTV OR = 5.23); side effects (MOV-FYL OR = 8.24; MO-OTV OR = 5.62); and family member not allowing vaccination (MOV-FYL OR = 4.03; MO-OTV OR = 4.61). Predictive models for MOV-FYL and MO-OTV yielded c statistics around 0.72 and 0.79 respectively and had the best sensitivity/specificity balance when used in a population with 15%-20% probability of MOV. Conclusion: Our study revealed that quantifying the prevalence of MOV is rather complexed. The source of information about vaccination status is key to obtain the best estimates, hence the knowledge on the reliability of the information from the card or obtained from recalls is a must. Many potential modifiable determinants should be explored and there is potential for predictability: interventions should be developed to reduce risks of MOV in targeted individuals, increase vaccination coverage and reduce vaccination gradients.