The thesis aims to analyze to what extent the non-recognition of illegal territorial acquisition rule is applicable in investment treaty arbitration and specifically whether it may constitute a jurisdictional hurdle depriving investors of the opportunity to effectively seek the protection of their investments on illegally acquired territories through investment treaty arbitration.

O presente estudo propõe analisar a crítica marxista do direito, pela qual o fenômeno jurídico é compreendido enquanto relação de equivalência, em que os indivíduos estão reduzidos a uma mesma unidade comum de medida, em decorrência de sua subordinação real ao capital. Nesse sentido, os indivíduos são alçados a condição de sujeitos de direito, que opera a partir dos elementos de igualdade e liberdade, de modo que com a venda da força de trabalho o homem passa a ser o próprio objeto de troca. Assim, a partir do momento em que o direito passa a organizar a subjetividade humana, as reações dos indivíduos estão restritas a ele, ou seja, tanto a subordinação quanto a insurgência operam dentro do direito. A partir desta crítica, pretende-se elaborar uma leitura da fábrica ocupada Flaskô, escolhida enquanto objeto de pesquisa devido ao seu caráter original e revelador das contradições do modo de produção capitalista, especialmente em razão da gestão pelos trabalhadores e trabalhadoras sob o controle operário. Além disso, avanços materiais foram implementados, tais como a redução da jornada de trabalho, diminuição dos acidentes de trabalho e o estabelecimento do complexo da Vila Operária e da Fábrica de Cultura e Esportes. A inter-relação entre a crítica marxista do direito e a Flaskô pretende compreender seus limites e possibilidades para a superação da sociedade do capital. / This study aims to analyze the Marxist critique of law, for which the legal phenomenon is understood as an equivalence relation, where individuals are reduced to a single common unit of measurement as a result of their actual subordination to capital. In this sense, individuals are raised to the status of legal persons, which operates on the basis of equality and freedom, so in the sale of the labor, man becomes himself an object of exchange. With the law organising human subjectivity, the reactions of individuals are restricted or subordinated within its framework, even if insurgent in character. From this perspective, we intend to develop an understanding of the occupied factory Flaskô. Flaskô was chosen due to its unique character, with the means of production under worker control and the absence of management, revealing the contradictions of the capitalist mode of production. In addition, materials advances within Flaskô have been implemented, such as the reduction of working hours, improvement in health and safety and the establishment of the Workers\' Village and Culture and Sports Factory. The interrelationship between the Marxist critique of law and Flaskô aims to understand its limits and possibilities for overcoming the capitalist nature of society.

This research explores the role of co-learning in addressing water issues, being both context sensitive and responsive to the needs, lived experiences and symbolic representations of people at the local level in the case of the West Bank. Water is essential to the wellbeing of all societies, not only due to the necessity of water for life, but because it connects us to stories about place, beliefs and norms, identity and others, through the meanings that it invariably comes to embody. This research critically examines the significance for learning of freshwater: as a physical necessity; as a metaphor; and, as a source of meaning in the context of community-based water interventions. The dominance of particular narratives around water in the Occupied Palestinian Territories are discussed, as these have resulted in the acceptance of specific understandings about the problems and solutions to the water shortages that are experienced across the West Bank in differentiated ways. The effects of these narratives on water intervention processes and outcomes are observed, being most adverse in relation to local ownership, agency and identity as well as sustainability. A meaning-based framework is proposed based on an understanding of sense of place and a socio-political perspective of water shortages, as a way to reconnect the discourse with Palestinians' own accounts of water and place, and to provide opportunities to explore NGO engagement with divergent knowledges, perspectives, and priorities during interventions. It is argued that water interventions can be understood as a social learning process, which NGOs may be ideally situated to mediate. A model of learning and sustainable development is revisited and revised in order to consider the relationship between participation, agency and sustainability in relation to community-based water interventions.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-05-15T16:25:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Valesca Canabarro Dios.pdf: 18782272 bytes, checksum: 8fa286e106d0db015f58896fa3f26b1c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-15T16:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valesca Canabarro Dios.pdf: 18782272 bytes, checksum: 8fa286e106d0db015f58896fa3f26b1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30 / This Masters Dissertation analyzes audiovisual narratives produced by high school students during the rallies demonstration of the year 2015. Such events took thousands of youngsters to the streets and reached its peak when 200 schools in the São Paulo state were occupied. The students objected the restructuring proposal presented by the government of São Paulo. All narratives observed here were recorded using smartphones owned by the students. As the support of authors such as Manuel Castells, Jean-Louis Comolli, Ismail Xavier e Max Schleser, this study is aimed at understanding if the means of production interferes in the way the recording process is made and if it hints at a new form of narrative. To do so, we organized and classified about seven hour of recording material, all of it taken from the above-mentioned rallies. During our work, we could see that these occupations followed the same format other popular movements from the beginning of this century. They largely use the smartphone, the Internet and social network sites as their means of production, mobilization and action / Esta dissertação analisa narrativas audiovisuais produzidas pelos estudantes secundaristas durante o levante de 2015 que levou milhares de jovens às ruas e que culminou na ocupação de 200 escolas paulistas. Os estudantes se manifestavam contra a proposta apresentada pelo governo do Estado de São Paulo de reestruturação da rede de ensino. Todas as narrativas observadas foram gravadas por aparelhos celulares dos secundaristas. O objetivo da pesquisa é entender se o meio de produção interfere no jeito de filmar e se sugere a presença de uma nova narrativa. Com o apoio de autores como Manuel Castells, Jean-Louis Comolli, Ismail Xavier e Max Schleser, a pesquisa organiza e classifica cerca de sete horas de vídeos gravados durante o movimento. O percurso do estudo identificou que as ocupações seguiram o mesmo formato de outros movimentos populares do início do século XXI, que têm no celular, na internet e nas redes sociais seu principal meio de produção, mobilização e ação

This thesis adopts a bottom-up, qualitative approach to Palestinian identity construction in East Jerusalem and asks how the new politics and altered geography of the city since Oslo are recreating Palestinian subjectivities and redefining Palestinian struggle. I make the case that East Jerusalemites are doubly marginalised, first as Palestinians spatially and politically dislocated from the West Bank, then as residents of Israel, inside the politics and economy of the state but permanently excluded from the national project. Distanced from both state projects and from the discursive structures through which Palestinian identity was constructed after 1967, East Jerusalem residents are redefining from below what it means to be Palestinian in ways that are unfamiliar to Palestinians elsewhere in the occupied territories. Drawing on the vocabulary and theoretical contours of discourse theory, I problematise the top-down optic favoured by mainstream academic approaches which essentialises identities and privileges an occupation/resistance binary. I suggest that a ground-level approach to everyday practices in East Jerusalem sheds light on the extent to which existing nationalist and resistance discourses have either lost or changed meaning for Palestinian residents and makes evident the complexities of domination which are not visible from an elevated perspective. I suggest that the view from the ground in East Jerusalem is significantly underexplored and that from this position, the assumptions underlying existing analytic approaches to Palestinian identity and struggle are called into question.

The resettlement of Baltic Germans from Estonia and Latvia to the Polish territories initiated the dissolution of the Baltic German community and its unique identity, largely causing hardship and suffering throughout the occupation in Poland. The subsequent escape from the Red Army and deportations by the Poles at the end of World War II completed the disbanding. It brought innocent families, as well as Baltic German soldiers, to and beyond the limits of their ability to endure pain and suffering. Yet, throughout the process, Baltic Germans’ reaction to the opportunities and crisis varied greatly. The following study will uncover the diverse fates Baltic Germans endured and reveal the range of Baltic German’s culpability and victimhood throughout the resettlement process and the subsequent migration west.

During the period of occupation of Norway between the years 1940-1945 the National Lutheran Church took the responsibility of supporting the Norweigans in their ideological battle against the Nazis. This was a period named Holdningskampen in Norwegian history. One person to remember was Eivind Berggrav, bishop in Oslo diocese. He was the one responsible for the theological document of importance Kirkens Grunn that became important as a document against the Nazis and the small percentage of Christians that related to the naziinspired-church. Berggrav was also one of the founders of Den Midlertidlige Kirkeledelsen, the organisation responsible for the non-nazified churches. During Easter 1942 there was a division between the national church department and the churches. The outcome was that almost all priests left their offices because they did not want to be part of a Nazi-friendly system. The German-inspired government did their best to keep the churches going with the help of new politically correct priests and bishops. However, people did not accept them and they mostly had to talk for empty rows. The attention was instead given to the priests who marked their standpoint against the Nazis and for the freedom of the people and their country. They became the good examples that helped many Norwegians to keep their courage during a period of tribulation in the history of the country. The purpose is to analyze how and why the support became so important. By using letters from the bishop’s office in Tromsö, literature written about these subjects and local sources I will try to answer the following questions: What difference made the Church for Holdningskampen and the following years and what response did the people give to this standpoint? In what way did the Church support cooperation? How was this perceived by people in general? How did the Church support those who did not sympathize with the party Nasjonal Samling and the occupying power? What became the response from the people and the authorities? The importance of the local priests cannot be underestimated. Their resistance against the Nazis had an important role in the local community during a period of great turmoil and uncertainty in Norway. While their government and King had escaped to London, the Norwegian Church remained in the country. The Nazi-inspired church tried to get the people’s attention but very few listened. Because of the many undeviating priests and church leaders all over the country the locals remained hopeful and resistant, in spite of the Nazi-government’s threats. The interaction between the locals and the church gave them courage. Together they were made strong.

Understanding the history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is important for a greater understanding of the current state of sexual and reproductive rights of Palestinian women. Constant military occupation has been a determining factor hindering the development of comprehensive and coherent health policies and programmes. As a result of the Oslo Accords and the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement in 1994, the Palestinian National Authority was granted limited authority over portions of the West Bank and Gaza. In 2007-2008 a multi-national, multi-disciplinary study team undertook a national study to assess the reproductive health content of nursing education and identify gaps in curricular coverage and implementation. One component of this project included exploring final year nursing and midwifery students’ attitudes toward a range of sexual and reproductive health issues. This thesis analyzes these data and explores the demographic factors, including gender, region, and residence, associated with nursing and midwifery students’ attitudes toward abortion and contraception-related laws and policies. Our findings suggest that there is a considerable need to incorporate values clarification exercises as well as structured sessions dedicated to laws and policies governing sexual and reproductive health into the formal curricula of programs in both the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Our results also shed further light on the dynamics shaping abortion and contraception attitudes among health professions students in the Occupied Palestinian Territories.

Den 1 maj 2009 infördes lagreglerna som tillåter bildande av ägarlägenheter, en för Sverige ny upplåtelseform. Till skillnad mot bostadsrätten innebär ett köp av en ägarlägenhet ett direkt ägande av en fastighet, närmare bestämt en ägarlägenhetsfastighet. Liksom bostadsrätten äger del i bostadsrättsföreningen, äger ägarlägenheten del i en samfällighetsförening, men som till skillnad från bostadsrättsföreningen normalt sett inte upptar några lån i samband med förvärvet av fastigheten. Avsaknaden av lån i samfällighetsföreningen innebär att årsavgiften för ägarlägenheten blir betydligt lägre än motsvarande avgift för bostadsrätten. Detta utgör en väsentlig skillnad för konsumenten. Mot bakgrund av att ägarlägenheter är en relativt ny upplåtelseform, och att tidigare studier visar att det råder stor okunskap om vad ett ägande av den nya boendeformen innebär, finns det en kunskapslucka att fylla. Vidare innebär det rådande ränteläget i kombination med en historiskt hög skuldsättning hos de svenska hushållen att dess känslighet mot stigande räntor vuxit sig allt större. Således syftar studien till att utreda skillnaderna i bostadskostnader för upplåtelseformerna bostadsrätt och ägarlägenhet ur ett konsumentperspektiv, samt att undersöka hur olika räntenivåer påverkar bostadskostnaderna för respektive upplåtelseform. Grundläggande information om de olika upplåtelseformerna sammanställdes och relevanta teorier kopplade till ämnet redogjordes för. Vidare insamlades data till den kostnadskalkyl som sedermera upprättades. Slutligen utfördes känslighetsanalyser på bostadskostnaderna genom att justera räntenivåerna i kalkylen. Resultaten av studien visar att ägarlägenheten är den dyrare upplåtelseformen att köpa. Däremot bör tydliggöras att orsaken till att ägarlägenheten är den dyrare av de två, är på grund av amorteringen av bostadslån och det privatlån som tas för att täcka mellanskillnaden i kontantinsatsen mellan upplåtelseformerna. Känslighetsanalysen visar, både vid en måttlig och kraftig ökning av räntenivå, att bostadsrätten är känsligast för ränteökningar då den uppvisar högre procentuell ökning i bostadskostnader än ägarlägenheten. / On the 1st of May, 2009, a new type of housing form was legally introduced in Sweden, a leasing form which allows for a direct ownership of the apartment. In the same way that the more usual form of housing, condominiums, owns a share in a tenant-owner association, the so called owner- occupied apartments owns a share in a joint property association. One important difference though, is that the joint property association does not take up any loans when purchasing the residential property. For the consumer this significantly affects the costs of living since the joint property association does not haveto charge the consumer for cost of capital, in contrast to the tenant-owner association. Considering the fact that owner- occupied apartment is a relatively new form of housing in Sweden,and that previous studies indicates that the consumer is ill informed regarding owner- occupiedapartments, there is a knowledge gap that needs to be filled. Furthermore, the current interest rate levels in combination with a historically high debt among swedish households, implies that the sensitivity towards raised interest rates has become increasingly large. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine the differences in cost of housing between condominiums and owner- occupied apartments, and also to analyze how different levels of interest rates affect the cost of housing. Fundamental information about the two different forms of housing was compiled inthe form of a table. Finally, the interest rates were put through a sensitivity analysis, in order to examine the sensitivity of cost of housing to raised interest rates. The study results shows that owner- occupied apartments is the more expensive alternative to acquire.It should be clarified, however, that the reason for the owner- occupied apartment being the more expensive alternative is because of the amortization. The yearly cost of amortization is much higherfor the owner- occupied apartment because of its higher price, but considering the fact that amortization could be seen as a form of saving, one could argue it makes the comparison unfair. The sensitivity analysis shows that condominiums is more sensitive to a raise in interest rates, both at a moderate and a vigorous raise.

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