Uma das grandes dificuldades para o controle do rebanho em áreas tão extensas como o território brasileiro é a resistência por parte dos pecuaristas/proprietários de fazendas em usar a tecnologia. O não uso de tecnologias acaba tornando inviável a rastreabilidade e consequente controle da cadeia produtiva. A proposta deste trabalho é a implementação de um sistema, aqui denominado SARE (Sistema de Alerta de Risco Epidemiológico), para gerenciar informações de diagnóstico, comunicando em tempo real aos órgãos competentes de maneira hierarquizada as ocorrências de testes positivos e doenças, agregando confiabilidade e segurança na transmissão dos dados. O foco primário é agilizar o processo de comunicação com intuito de assegurar que medidas preventivas possam ser tomadas em tempo hábil. Considerando que a situação atual no Instituto Biológico (IB) é bastante burocrática e não existem processos informatizados integrados, o sistema proposto SARE foi desenvolvido para ser utilizado via web, de modo a facilitar a comunicação imediata dos órgãos fiscalizadores envolvidos no processo, que imediatamente podem intervir e tomar decisões para o controle de doenças zoossanitárias. A informatização do sistema de sanidade animal para um Centro de Referência como o Instituto Biológico em São Paulo aliado a implantação de um programa especialmente desenvolvido para gerenciar os dados e transmiti-los em tempo real aos órgãos de defesa sanitária contribuirá para a modernização dos processos de diagnóstico, facilitando a identificação de amostras, agilizando a comunicação e gerando rastreabilidade de todas as operações diagnósticas. O sistema proposto contempla também um módulo desenvolvido para auxiliar especialistas (veterinários e especialistas de campo) na solicitação de exames conforme situação detectada em campo. Para o desenvolvimento desse módulo foi proposto o uso de ontologias para a representação do conhecimento dos especialistas da área a fim de criar um vocabulário com termos formais e informais para auxílio na solicitação adequada de exames conforme sintomas aferidos em campo. / One of the major challenges for herd control in areas as large as the Brazilian territory is resistance by breeders/ranch owners to using technology. Failure to use technologies makes tracking and subsequent control of the productive chain unviable. The proposal of this work is to implement a system, hereby named Epidemiologic Risk Alert System (SARE), to manage diagnosis information, reporting occurrences of positive tests and diseases in real time and in a hierarchical manner to the competent agencies, adding reliability and security in data transmission. The primary focus is to expedite the communication process aiming to ensure that preventive measures can be taken in a timely manner. Considering the fact that the current situation at the Biological Institute (BI) is very bureaucratic and that there are no integrated computerized processes, the proposed SARE system was developed to be used via the web in order to facilitate immediate communication with the inspecting agencies involved in the process, which can immediately intervene and make decisions to control zoosanitary diseases. Computerization of the animal health system for a reference center such as the Biological Institute of São Paulo, together with implementation of a specially developed program to manage data and transmit it in real time to the health defense agencies will contribute to modernization of the processes of diagnosis, facilitating identification of samples, speeding communication and ensuring traceability of all the diagnostic operations. The proposed system also contains a module developed to assist specialists (veterinarians and field specialists) request exams depending on the situation detected in the field. To develop this module the use of ontologies was proposed, to represent the knowledge of specialists in the area in order to create a vocabulary with formal and informal terms to assist in the adequate requesting of exams depending on the symptoms noted in the field.

Uma das grandes dificuldades para o controle do rebanho em áreas tão extensas como o território brasileiro é a resistência por parte dos pecuaristas/proprietários de fazendas em usar a tecnologia. O não uso de tecnologias acaba tornando inviável a rastreabilidade e consequente controle da cadeia produtiva. A proposta deste trabalho é a implementação de um sistema, aqui denominado SARE (Sistema de Alerta de Risco Epidemiológico), para gerenciar informações de diagnóstico, comunicando em tempo real aos órgãos competentes de maneira hierarquizada as ocorrências de testes positivos e doenças, agregando confiabilidade e segurança na transmissão dos dados. O foco primário é agilizar o processo de comunicação com intuito de assegurar que medidas preventivas possam ser tomadas em tempo hábil. Considerando que a situação atual no Instituto Biológico (IB) é bastante burocrática e não existem processos informatizados integrados, o sistema proposto SARE foi desenvolvido para ser utilizado via web, de modo a facilitar a comunicação imediata dos órgãos fiscalizadores envolvidos no processo, que imediatamente podem intervir e tomar decisões para o controle de doenças zoossanitárias. A informatização do sistema de sanidade animal para um Centro de Referência como o Instituto Biológico em São Paulo aliado a implantação de um programa especialmente desenvolvido para gerenciar os dados e transmiti-los em tempo real aos órgãos de defesa sanitária contribuirá para a modernização dos processos de diagnóstico, facilitando a identificação de amostras, agilizando a comunicação e gerando rastreabilidade de todas as operações diagnósticas. O sistema proposto contempla também um módulo desenvolvido para auxiliar especialistas (veterinários e especialistas de campo) na solicitação de exames conforme situação detectada em campo. Para o desenvolvimento desse módulo foi proposto o uso de ontologias para a representação do conhecimento dos especialistas da área a fim de criar um vocabulário com termos formais e informais para auxílio na solicitação adequada de exames conforme sintomas aferidos em campo. / One of the major challenges for herd control in areas as large as the Brazilian territory is resistance by breeders/ranch owners to using technology. Failure to use technologies makes tracking and subsequent control of the productive chain unviable. The proposal of this work is to implement a system, hereby named Epidemiologic Risk Alert System (SARE), to manage diagnosis information, reporting occurrences of positive tests and diseases in real time and in a hierarchical manner to the competent agencies, adding reliability and security in data transmission. The primary focus is to expedite the communication process aiming to ensure that preventive measures can be taken in a timely manner. Considering the fact that the current situation at the Biological Institute (BI) is very bureaucratic and that there are no integrated computerized processes, the proposed SARE system was developed to be used via the web in order to facilitate immediate communication with the inspecting agencies involved in the process, which can immediately intervene and make decisions to control zoosanitary diseases. Computerization of the animal health system for a reference center such as the Biological Institute of São Paulo, together with implementation of a specially developed program to manage data and transmit it in real time to the health defense agencies will contribute to modernization of the processes of diagnosis, facilitating identification of samples, speeding communication and ensuring traceability of all the diagnostic operations. The proposed system also contains a module developed to assist specialists (veterinarians and field specialists) request exams depending on the situation detected in the field. To develop this module the use of ontologies was proposed, to represent the knowledge of specialists in the area in order to create a vocabulary with formal and informal terms to assist in the adequate requesting of exams depending on the symptoms noted in the field.

O crescimento da população urbana requer o aumento dos serviços prestados pelos gestores públicos em consonância com as interações espaciais vividas pelo homem, tornando a administração do espaço urbano uma tarefa árdua e complexa. A inexistência ou a falha na prestação de serviços básicos relacionados com a segurança pública aumenta potencialmente os riscos de sinistros para a população. O objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar a distribuição espacial dos agentes e neutralizantes de incêndio na cidade de São Carlos-SP. Para essa finalidade estudou-se o posicionamento dos agentes e neutralizantes e suas relações no espaço, através de análises realizadas com o uso de um SIG, as quais indicaram a existência de problemas relacionados com a quantidade e a distribuição dos neutralizantes nessa cidade. Utilizando as ferramentas disponíveis no QGIS, foi possível desenvolver e propor uma solução estrutural para melhorar a alocação dos equipamentos de segurança e propor uma solução não estrutural por meio de tecnologia embarcada que proporcionou um menor tempo de deslocamento para abastecer as viaturas em casos de ocorrências de incêndios. Os cenários avaliados mostraram que é possível obter níveis de cobertura de toda a malha urbana, apenas com a realocação de parte dos equipamentos já instalados e com a instalação de alguns poucos hidrantes na rede. / The urban population growth requires increased services provided by public managers in harmony with the spatial interactions experienced by man, making the management of urban space an arduous and complex task. The absence or failure in providing basic services related to public security increases a lot the risk of accidents for the population. The aim of this study is to evaluate the spatial distribution of fire agents and neutralizers fire in the city of São Carlos-SP. For this purpose it was studied the positioning of the fire agents and neutralizers and their relations in space through analyzes with the use of a GIS, that indicated the existence of problems related to the amount and distribution of neutralizers in this city. Applying the tools available in QGIS, was possible to develop and propose a structural solution to improve the allocation of security devices and propose a non-structural solution using embedded technology that allowed shorter shift to water supply the vehicles in cases of occurrences of fires. The evaluated cases showed that it is possible to obtain coverage levels across the urban area, only reallocating the already installed equipment and the installation of a few more hydrants in the network.

Ce travail a pour objet l’étude de deux méthodes de fouille automatique de textes, l’extraction d’informations et la textométrie, toutes deux mises au service de la veille stratégique des événements économiques. Pour l’extraction d’informations, il s’agit d’identifier et d’étiqueter des unités de connaissances, entités nommées — sociétés, lieux, personnes, qui servent de points d’entrée pour les analyses d’activités ou d’événements économiques — fusions, faillites, partenariats, impliquant ces différents acteurs. La méthode textométrique, en revanche, met en œuvre un ensemble de modèles statistiques permettant l’analyse des distributions de mots dans de vastes corpus, afin faire émerger les caractéristiques significatives des données textuelles. Dans cette recherche, la textométrie, traditionnellement considérée comme étant incompatible avec la fouille par l’extraction, est substituée à cette dernière pour obtenir des informations sur des événements économiques dans le discours. Plusieurs analyses textométriques (spécificités et cooccurrences) sont donc menées sur un corpus de flux de presse numérisé. On étudie ensuite les résultats obtenus grâce à la textométrie en vue de les comparer aux connaissances mises en évidence au moyen d’une procédure d’extraction d’informations. On constate que chacune des approches contribuent différemment au traitement des données textuelles, produisant toutes deux des analyses complémentaires. À l’issue de la comparaison est exposé l’apport des deux méthodes de fouille pour la veille d’événements. / This research demonstrates two methods of text mining for strategic monitoring purposes: information extraction and Textometry. In strategic monitoring, text mining is used to automatically obtain information on the activities of corporations. For this objective, information extraction identifies and labels units of information, named entities (companies, places, people), which then constitute entry points for the analysis of economic activities or events. These include mergers, bankruptcies, partnerships, etc., involving corresponding corporations. A Textometric method, however, uses several statistical models to study the distribution of words in large corpora, with the goal of shedding light on significant characteristics of the textual data. In this research, Textometry, an approach traditionally considered incompatible with information extraction methods, is applied to the same corpus as an information extraction procedure in order to obtain information on economic events. Several textometric analyses (characteristic elements, co-occurrences) are examined on a corpus of online news feeds. The results are then compared to those produced by the information extraction procedure. Both approaches contribute differently to processing textual data, producing complementary analyses of the corpus. Following the comparison, this research presents the advantages for these two text mining methods in strategic monitoring of current events.

O crescimento da população urbana requer o aumento dos serviços prestados pelos gestores públicos em consonância com as interações espaciais vividas pelo homem, tornando a administração do espaço urbano uma tarefa árdua e complexa. A inexistência ou a falha na prestação de serviços básicos relacionados com a segurança pública aumenta potencialmente os riscos de sinistros para a população. O objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar a distribuição espacial dos agentes e neutralizantes de incêndio na cidade de São Carlos-SP. Para essa finalidade estudou-se o posicionamento dos agentes e neutralizantes e suas relações no espaço, através de análises realizadas com o uso de um SIG, as quais indicaram a existência de problemas relacionados com a quantidade e a distribuição dos neutralizantes nessa cidade. Utilizando as ferramentas disponíveis no QGIS, foi possível desenvolver e propor uma solução estrutural para melhorar a alocação dos equipamentos de segurança e propor uma solução não estrutural por meio de tecnologia embarcada que proporcionou um menor tempo de deslocamento para abastecer as viaturas em casos de ocorrências de incêndios. Os cenários avaliados mostraram que é possível obter níveis de cobertura de toda a malha urbana, apenas com a realocação de parte dos equipamentos já instalados e com a instalação de alguns poucos hidrantes na rede. / The urban population growth requires increased services provided by public managers in harmony with the spatial interactions experienced by man, making the management of urban space an arduous and complex task. The absence or failure in providing basic services related to public security increases a lot the risk of accidents for the population. The aim of this study is to evaluate the spatial distribution of fire agents and neutralizers fire in the city of São Carlos-SP. For this purpose it was studied the positioning of the fire agents and neutralizers and their relations in space through analyzes with the use of a GIS, that indicated the existence of problems related to the amount and distribution of neutralizers in this city. Applying the tools available in QGIS, was possible to develop and propose a structural solution to improve the allocation of security devices and propose a non-structural solution using embedded technology that allowed shorter shift to water supply the vehicles in cases of occurrences of fires. The evaluated cases showed that it is possible to obtain coverage levels across the urban area, only reallocating the already installed equipment and the installation of a few more hydrants in the network.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation studies the strategies of an organization under a crisis situation in the construction of a journalistic occurrence in a mediatized society. There are constant challenges to be overcome by organizations, visibility processes are constantly being changed by new technologies advent, changes in the media s role and the appropriation of their approaches by various social fields on their daily practices. This are just some changes which require reflection about crisis management strategies adopted until nowadays. The organizational crises present themselves as very explored occurrences by the media. These events are characterized by the disruption of everyday s life, mainly by its unpredictability, that's the fact that arouses wide interest in the media field. With the method of content analysis (Bardin, 1977) we adopted as our empirical object the crisis faced by Air France with the tragedy of Flight 447, analyzing news in Folha de São Paulo and Le Monde s newspapers. Thus, we persue to study the impact of this crisis in French and Brazilian media, to verify the sources used by the media in the occurrence construction, as well as the position given to the organization in the news published, identifying the organization's strategies to mitigate the incident, and understanding the strategic nature of the interface press -company in crisis situations in news production. So, as a result of this research, we concluded that in this crisis the organization has adopted and maintained a concise and objective position in addition to technical measures taken to circumvent the situation. This triggered another kind of relationship with the media, where what was witnessed was not an Air France's image crisis, but on the other hand, the occurrence "447" was explored as a tragedy. So, what stands out in this scenario is that between the crisis and the news, the news prevailed. / Esta dissertação estuda as estratégias de uma organização em situação de crise na construção do acontecimento jornalístico em uma sociedade midiatizada. São constantes os desafios a serem superados pelas organizações. Os processos de visibilidade foram e continuam sendo alterados pelo advento de novas tecnologias, a transformação do papel da mídia na sociedade atual e a apropriação de suas lógicas pelos diversos campos sociais em suas práticas cotidianas são apenas algumas mudanças que demandam questionar e refletir sobre estratégias de gestão de crises adotadas até hoje. As crises organizacionais se apresentam como acontecimentos jornalísticos bastante explorados pelos veículos de comunicação. Esses acontecimentos se caracterizam pela ruptura do cotidiano, sendo marcados principalmente pelo seu caráter de imprevisibilidade e pelo amplo interesse que desperta no campo midiático. A partir do método da análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 1977), adota-se como objeto empírico a crise enfrentada pela Air France com a queda do voo AF 447 nos jornais A Folha de São Paulo e Le Monde. Assim, busca-se analisar a repercussão da crise em questão na mídia impressa brasileira e francesa, verificar quais as fontes utilizadas pela mídia na construção do acontecimento, bem como a posição dada à organização nas notícias publicadas sobre esta crise, identificar as estratégias da organização para amenizar o ocorrido e compreender o caráter estratégico da interface empresa-imprensa em situações de crise no processo de construção do acontecimento. Dessa forma, como resultado da pesquisa, conclui-se que nesta crise a organização adotou e manteve um posicionamento conciso e objetivo, além de ter tomado as medidas técnicas cabíveis para contornar a situação. Esse fato desencadeou um outro tipo de relacionamento da mídia para com a empresa, no qual o que se presenciou não foi uma crise de imagem da Air France, ou seja, no acontecimento AF 447 , a característica mais explorada foi a da tragédia. Sendo assim, o que se destaca nesse cenário é que, entre a crise e a notícia, prevaleceu a notícia.

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The aim of this graduation thesis is to introduce the effective information processing during extraordinary occurrences. Initially, it processes the information generally, presents it's life cycle and types of communication. It also explains models of communication. The second part depicts extraordinary occurrences. It defines particular sorts of extraordinary occurrences and possible critical countermeasures. It targets the legal regulation, which defines these situations. In the last part, the author explains hers performed survey of public opinion on extraordinary occurrences, which she interprets both graphically and in writing. In conclusion, this graduation thesis evaluates the policy of the Czech Republic during extraordinary occurrences.

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With advancement in information and communication technologies (ICT), Smart Cities are becoming a popular urban development strategy amongst policymakers and city managers to respond to various threats posed by rapid urbanization such as environmental degradation and increasing inequality (Hartemink, 2016). Therefore, globally, regions ranging from small towns to megacities are proposing and investing in smart city (SC) initiatives. Unfortunately, the prolific use of this term by city managers and technology vendors is clouding the view on what it really takes to become a SC (Van den Bergh and Viaene, 2015). Consequently, cities are experiencing multiple implementation risks when trying to turn a smart city ambition into reality. These implementation risks reflect the gaps or missing pieces in the current organizational structure and policies designed for implementing SC projects at the city level. They can be understood better if the process of SC transformation is explored using diverse cases of cities undergoing such a transformation. However, the current studies on SC initiatives at the local, regional, national, and international level have focused on: 1) strengthening the SC concept rather than understanding the practical implementation of the concept – i.e., discussing SC characteristics and outcomes rather than focusing on the challenges faced in implementing SC projects; 2) cases that have already been developed as a SC or are soon to become a SC, leaving out the opportunity to study cities undergoing SC transformation and the identification of implementation risks; and 3) cases from more advanced economies. Taken together, these observations reveal the need for research that focuses on SC initiatives in a developing nation context. More specifically, there is a need for researchers, city managers, and policymakers in these regions to focus on the process of SC transformation to identify implementation risks early on in the process. Understanding these risks may help the development of better risk mitigation strategies and result in more successful SC projects. This research explores SC implementation risks in two cities currently undergoing a SC transformation in India – Kakinada and Kanpur. While examining the risks landscape in these two cities, the research also explores what city officials are focused on when implementing SC projects. This research finds that: 1) implementation risks such as Institutional, Resource and Partnership, and Social are crucial for implementing SC projects; 2) in the cities of Kakinada and Kanpur, Institutional risks that relate to gaps and deficiencies in local urban governance such as overlapping functions of multiple local urban development agencies, have causal linkages with other risks such as Resource and Partnership risks and Financial risks, which further delay project implementation; and 3) city officials and industry professionals implementing SC projects in Kakinada and Kanpur have a slightly different perspective on smartness, however both the groups focus on External smartness of the city – i.e., projects related to physical infrastructure such as mobility and sanitation – rather than Internal smartness of the city – i.e., strengthening local urban governance, increasing citizen engagement, etc. Overall, this research proposes that there is a need to frame the concept of a SC around both Internal and External Smartness of the city. This research will be of special interest to: 1) cities (in both developed and developing nations) currently implementing SC projects by providing a framework to systematically examine the risk landscape for successful project implementation; and 2) communities/institutions (especially in developing nations) proposing SC initiatives by helping them focus on components, goals, and enablers of a SC. / Doctor of Philosophy / The concept of a Smart City (SC) revolves around "using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to increase workability, liveability, and sustainability" of a city (Smart Cities Council, 2014). SCs are becoming a popular urban development strategy amongst policymakers and city managers to respond to various threats posed by rapid urbanization such as environmental degradation and increasing inequality (Hartemink, 2016). Unfortunately, city managers see SCs as a readymade solution to urban challenges. As a consequence, cities are experiencing multiple implementation risks when trying to turn a smart city ambition into reality. These implementation risks reflect the gaps or missing pieces in the current organizational structure and policies designed for implementing SC projects at the city level. They can be understood better if the process of SC transformation is explored. However, the current studies on SC initiatives at the local, regional, national, and international level have focused on: 1) strengthening the SC concept rather than understanding the practical implementation of the concept; 2) cases that have already been developed as a SC or are soon to become a SC, leaving out the opportunity to study cities undergoing SC transformation and the identification of implementation risks; and 3) cases from more advanced economies. Taken together, these observations reveal the need for research that focuses on SC initiatives in a developing nation context. More specifically, there is a need for researchers, city managers, and policymakers in these regions to focus on the process of SC transformation to identify implementation risks early in the project development process. Understanding these risks may help the development of better risk mitigation strategies and result in more successful SC projects. This research explores SC implementation risks in two cities currently undergoing a SC transformation in India – Kakinada and Kanpur. This research finds that: 1) implementation risks such as Institutional, Resource and Partnership, and Social are crucial for implementing SC projects; 2) in the cities of Kakinada and Kanpur, Institutional risks that relate to gaps and deficiencies in local urban governance such as overlapping functions of multiple local urban development agencies, have causal linkages with other risks such as Resource and Partnership risks and Financial risks, which further delay project implementation; and 3) city officials and industry professionals implementing SC projects in Kakinada and Kanpur have a slightly different perspective on smartness, however both the groups focus on the External smartness of the city – i.e., projects related to physical infrastructure such as mobility and sanitation – rather than the Internal smartness of the city – i.e., strengthening local urban governance, increasing citizen engagement, etc.