<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> In this investigation I have illustrated, teacher treatment in a mono-cultural pre-school class and in a multicultural pre-school.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of the study was to illustrate how educators go about it when they face bilingual children to see how they work in a comparative perspective. The purpose was answered, based on four questions relating to how teachers relate to the meeting with bilingual children, the approach teachers use, which operation mode the use, if the take advantage of children's traditions, and if there is any different in the teachers’ treatment of bilingual children in the mono-cultural pre-school class and in the multicultural pre-school.</p><p><strong>Theories: </strong>The theory is linked to the concepts like operation mode, inter-cultural approaches and communications.</p><p><strong>Methodology:</strong> The used methods are qualitative interviews with four pre-school, teachers where an interview guide with formulated questions and observations were used. The purpose of the working methods was to highlight teacher treatment of bilingual children to discover different approaches to meet the bilingual children.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study has shown that the multicultural pre-school working inter-culturally, they are taking advantage of children's home language that is lifted in the nursery and the children's background, while in the mono-cultural pre-school class, they meet bilingual children foremost to develop the Swedish language and they also show interest to the children's traditions. Teachers’ treatment leads to a growing confidence in the children and knowledge for the cultural background.</p>

This thesis is concerned with three language debates that reached their most crucial peaks in Sweden at the beginning of the twenty-first century: (i) the debate on the promotion of the Swedish language, (ii) the debate on language testing for citizenship, and (iii) the debate on mother tongue instruction. The main scope of the thesis is to take a theoretically multi-pronged approach to these debates trying to shed light on the following aspects: Why did such debates emerge when they did? Which discourses were available in those specific historical moments? Who are the social actors that intervened in these debates? What is at stake for them? What do they claim? What systems of values, ideas and beliefs – i.e. ideologies – underlie such claims? What are the effects in terms of identities, objects of political intervention, commonsensical knowledge and authority that these discourses and ideologies produce? Taking Sweden as a case in point, the thesis adds to the existing literature another example of how language debates are the manifestation of conflicts between different language ideologies that struggle for hegemony, thus attempting to impose one specific way of envisaging the management of a nation-state in a time of globalisation. In their outer and most patent facets, these struggles deal with the relationships between languages in today’s Sweden, and how the state, through legislation, should – or should not – regulate such relationships in order to (re)produce some kind of linguistic order. However, the thesis also illustrates that when social actors appeal to a linguistic order, they not only draw boundaries between different languages in a given society, but they also bring into existence a social world in which the speakers of those languages come to occupy specific social positions. These linguistic and social hierarchies, in turn, are imbricated in an often implicit moral regime of what counts as good or bad, acceptable or taboo in that society.

This thesis investigates the use of word order variation, in particular the variable use of subject-verb inversion and non-inversion in main declarative clauses, among adolescents in contemporary multilingual settings in Sweden. The use of non-inversion in contexts that in standard Swedish require inversion is sometimes claimed to be characteristic of varieties of Swedish spoken among adolescents in multilingual urban areas. The present study includes a wide range of data, both spontaneous and elicited, and explores how common the use of non-inversion is among a relatively large group of participants in different contexts, and how the use of non-inversion is influenced by different demographic, linguistic and socio-pragmatic factors. The results show that non-inversions are used to a limited extent in all types of data in the studied population. Only certain individuals frequently employ non-inversions in some contexts. Further, no direct link is found between second language acquisition and the use of non-inversion in this study. Factors related to the issue of nativeness, for example participants’ reported age of onset of Swedish acquisition, only marginally explain the results. In general, examples of non-inversion are employed more extensively, and by more participants, in peer-peer interaction than with adults. The use of non-inversion appears to be part of some adolescents’ spontaneous language use in certain contexts. More importantly, however, the results suggest that some adolescents employ non-inversions as an active linguistic resource to express their identification with the multilingual environment and the different varieties of Swedish spoken there, to show solidarity with peers, to contest official school discourses, and to play around with linguistic stereotypes.

Introduction: In this investigation I have illustrated, teacher treatment in a mono-cultural pre-school class and in a multicultural pre-school. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to illustrate how educators go about it when they face bilingual children to see how they work in a comparative perspective. The purpose was answered, based on four questions relating to how teachers relate to the meeting with bilingual children, the approach teachers use, which operation mode the use, if the take advantage of children's traditions, and if there is any different in the teachers’ treatment of bilingual children in the mono-cultural pre-school class and in the multicultural pre-school. Theories: The theory is linked to the concepts like operation mode, inter-cultural approaches and communications. Methodology: The used methods are qualitative interviews with four pre-school, teachers where an interview guide with formulated questions and observations were used. The purpose of the working methods was to highlight teacher treatment of bilingual children to discover different approaches to meet the bilingual children. Conclusion: The study has shown that the multicultural pre-school working inter-culturally, they are taking advantage of children's home language that is lifted in the nursery and the children's background, while in the mono-cultural pre-school class, they meet bilingual children foremost to develop the Swedish language and they also show interest to the children's traditions. Teachers’ treatment leads to a growing confidence in the children and knowledge for the cultural background.

The purpose of this study was to broaden knowledge about how native language support works in three pre-schools departments in a multicultural area. The questions were how native support works in the current pre-schools departments, which language development methods and forms used by educators to work with native language support, and if they experience any difficulties. I used interviews as a research method, with three child-care and one preschool teacher.The results showed that all departments on both of the pre-schools have native language support with a permanent bilingual staff, outside the ordinary activity. The mother tongue is also spoken in the everyday activities in two of the departments. The third department is only spoken native language with their children if they do not understand what they say in Swedish, or if they are sad.The concrete material is lifted up as a good and important tool in all three language groups, because verbal language is not always enough for all children to understand. All teachers are talking about the mother tongue which they mean is the key to self-esteem and identity formation for these children.The Child-cares is experiencing various difficulties in the work with native language support; one thinks that it is difficult when the children sometimes have a stronger language than her. The second one is experiencing difficulties with the children in her language group because they speak a variety of dialects in the common mother tongue. The third child-care find it difficult when she does not get any verbal response from the children in her group.All child-cares feel finally accepted and feel a joy in the effort made for the children and their mother tongue. They think it's great and fun, and also feel that their children like that.

Denna studie går ut på att se hur två svenska som andraspråkslärare på IVIK arbetar och stöttar sina elevers språkutveckling. För att få svar på detta har jag använt mig av en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer med lärare och elever samt observationer. Resultatet visar att två behöriga svenska som andraspråkslärares undervisning både har likheter och olikheter. Innehållsmässigt ser undervisningen ganska likartad ut medan lektionsuppläggen kan i viss mån skiljer dem åt. När det gäller stöttande av elevernas språkutveckling, brinner lärarna för sina yrken och gör allt för att hjälpa eleverna att utvecklas. Studien har gjort mig medveten om att man som svenska som andraspråkslärare kan använda sig av olika metoder men fortfarande gynna elevernas språkutveckling. Det viktigt att alltid individualisera undervisningen efter varje enskild elevs kunskaper, behov och förutsättningar. Lärarens engagemang och kompetens spelar stor roll för undervisningen. Positiva och engagerade lärare påverkar elevernas syn på skola och utbildning. Detta medför att eleverna tycker att det är roligt att gå till skolan och utveckla sitt språk så att de kan integreras och bli en del av det svenska samhället.

The main aim of this study is to examine six pupils’ attitudes to their mother tongue and their multilingualism. A secondary aim is to investigate the two class teachers’ attitudes to the students’ mother tongue and multilingualism. The method of data collection is based on semi-structured interviews with six students in the third and fourth grades of compulsory school and their two teachers. The participating students were either born in Sweden or arrived before the age of four. The empirical evidence was analysed on the basis of the idea that attitudes can be described as composed of three components: the affective, the conative and the cognitive component. The analysis shows that the students exclusively express a positive attitude to their native language and their multilingualism. A cognitive element in the students’ appreciation of their multilingualism is that they perceive themselves as balanced multilinguals, i.e. master all their languages as well, albeit in different areas. The students express pride and do not seem to hesitate to use their mother tongue. However, it appears that the school is a place associated with the use of Swedish and not their mother tongue. The interviewed teachers express a positive attitude to multilingualism and the students’ maintaining their mother tongue. At the same time, though, the teachers do not seem to be prepared to incorporate the students’ language resources in their teaching.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur lettiska idiomatiska uttryck förstås och används av letter som bor i Sverige. / The aim of this paper is to examine how Latvian idiomatic expressions are understood and how often they are used by Latvians in Sweden. The Swedish Latvians can be grouped as follows: those that arrived in Sweden as a result of the Second World War and have lived here for a greater part of their lives, those that were born in Sweden of Latvian parents, and those that moved here after the reinstatement of Latvian independence in 1991. I shall examine if the Swedish Latvians who have grown up and/or lived in Sweden for many years a) know the meaning of Latvian idiomatic expressions; b) use these idiomatic expressions; and, if used, c) which idiomatic expressions are used most often?

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur väl tvåspråkiga elever i årskurs 9 behärskade vanligt förekommande idiomatiska uttryck i skrivet språk. Tre faktorer som enligt tidigare studier visat sig påverka idiomförståelse är; semantisk transparens, om uttrycket står i en kontext samt tidigare kännedom om uttrycket. Läsförmågan kontrollerades med ett standardiserat avkodnings- och läsförståelsetest, och idiomförståelsen testades utifrån ett test med 45, främst transparenta frekventa idiomatiska uttryck, isolerade respektive i en kontext. Resultaten visade att typ av tvåspråkighet och nivå på läskunnighet påverkade idiomförståelsen. De successivt tvåspråkiga med svenska som andraspråk klarade inte av att använda kontexten vid tolkningen i lika hög grad som de simultant tvåspråkiga och successivt tvåspråkiga med svenska som förstaspråk. Däremot presterade båda grupperna bäst vid tolkningen av idiomatiska uttryck som de hade kännedom om sedan tidigare. Enligt utvecklingsmodellen, global elaboration model (GEM) börjar utvecklingsprocessen för figurativ kompetens i 8 årsåldern hos enspråkiga barn. Enligt resultaten i denna studie kunde successivt tvåspråkiga med svenska som andraspråk i årskurs 9 jämföras med enspråkiga barn i 7-8 årsåldern, medan gruppen med simultant tvåspråkiga och successivt tvåspråkiga med svenska som förstaspråk, kunde jämföras med enspråkiga barn mellan 9-12 år.

Sammandrag Agneta Nylund Guhrén Varför har många tvåspråkiga elever svårt att nå målen skolan ställer på dem? En studie av situationen i en internationell gymnasieklass. Why Do Many Bilingual Students Have Difficulties in Achieving School Targets? A study of an International Class at a Swedish Upper Secondary School. VT 2011 Antal sidor: 55 En lägre andel av andraspråkseleverna når målen för grundskolan än de som är födda i landet.Forskning och kunskap finns inom området om hur framgångsrik andraspråksinlärning skabedrivas. Varför består och till och med ökar andelen andraspråkselever som inte når målen?För att uppnå syftet att urskilja faktorer som avviker från dem som enligt forskningen leder tillgoda studieresultat har styrdokument och forskningsrön studerats, en kvalitativ intervjuundersökningbland elever och lärare genomförts samt observationer gjorts i en internationell klassvid en gymnasieskola i Mellansverige.Resultatet visar att vissa andraspråkselever kommunicerar i lägre grad än vad som är nödvändigtför att utveckla språket. I textproduktionen finns krav på elevernas abstraktionsförmågamen i muntliga situationer utmanas inte språknivån. De sent anlända andraspråkelevernasordförråd räcker inte till för ämnestexter med krav på lingvistisk förståelse.Elever med tidigare skolgång har verktyg för att överbrygga språksvårigheterna och ta till sigett mer abstrakt kunskapsrelaterat språk medan elever utan skolgång behöver utveckla förmågan.Elevernas få tillfällen att utveckla sin additativa tvåspråkighet påverkar deras möjlighetatt nå kunskapsmålen. Samarbete mellan sva-, ämnes- och modersmålslärarna för att förbättraandraspråkelevernas måluppfyllelse är nödvändig.