This study aims to examine the trajectory of sex offenders through the Lebanese criminal justice system while highlighting various human rights violations. It attempts to fill in the gaps within the literature through building on the existing research and by examining the processes and experiences of arrest, detention, court, prison and release. Recently, numerous scholars have argued that most criminal justice systems are following a popular punitive trend rather than focusing on rehabilitation. This study through its focus on human rights violations, participants attitudes and beliefs as well as issues of rehabilitation and treatment of prisoners firmly places Lebanon within the global trend of popular punitiveness. Seventy-three interviews were carried out with sex offenders, police officers, prison guards, judges and lawyers within Lebanon. These qualitative interviews captured criminal justice professionals and offenders experiences, attitudes and perceptions surrounding sex offending and the criminal justice system. The thematic analysis of the interviews specifically focused on uncovering how sex offenders moved through and were dealt with by the Lebanese criminal justice system. Human rights violations were found to be abundant at the various stages of the criminal justice system. Participants highlighted events such as the excessive use of torture within police stations as well as prisons, the use of forced confessions, and the lack of legal representation. Numerous factors were found to play a role in conceding the copious violations of sex offenders rights occurring at the various stages of the criminal justice system. These factors included corruption, the lack of accountability, police culture, the commonly held belief that offenders are undeserving of human rights, the lack of training, and religion. In investigating the structure and the functioning of the criminal justice system, it became evident that religion played a vital role. Religion dictated professionals positions within the criminal justice system and influenced participants beliefs and attitudes surrounding sex offenders. Because of its influence, religion played a vital role in paving the way for the re-occurrence of human right violations. For example, religion granted the criminalisation of homosexuality and the act of de-virginizing as well as legalising marital rape, all of which result in human rights violations. In order to move Lebanon, and other punitive countries, towards a more rehabilitative criminal justice approach, this study highlights the importance of training, change in legislation, as well as the separation of religion from law.

Cette étude comparée, à la fois transdisciplinaire et transnationale, permet d’esquisser un portrait de « l’expert psychiatre » européen, mais aussi de mieux comprendre son rôle et les enjeux de sa mission, à chaque stade de la procédure judiciaire (de la phase d’instruction jusqu’au procès, de la réception de la mission à la rédaction du rapport). L’immersion dans l’univers de travail de l’expert psychiatre (observation d’examen, de rapports, entretiens), dans le quotidien de la Justice (entretiens, observations d’audiences, de dossiers judiciaires), offre une analyse dynamique permettant de saisir au plus près les enjeux liés au rôle de l’expert psychiatre dans le processus pénal et judiciaire autour des affaires de crimes sexuels. Cette porte d’entrée confronte la rigueur juridique des textes qui régulent la procédure pénale à leurs mises en contexte dans la pratique judiciaire. Elle interroge la transformation de la place de l’expert psychiatre dans les politiques pénales, sous l’effet des mutations conceptuelles qui ont affecté l’appréhension de la délinquance sexuelle et du risque de récidive. De la scène judiciaire à l’action publique, émerge une nouvelle figure de l’expert psychiatre sur la scène européenne. / This comparative study, both transnational and transdisciplinary, allows to sketch out a portrait of “the European forensic psychiatrist”. Observation of the dynamics in the construction of expertise provides a good understanding of the forensic psychiatrist’s role and of the issues involved in his mission at each stage of the procedure (from investigation to trial, from assignment of a case to the drafting of the forensic report). Immersion in the working routine of forensic psychiatrists (observing forensic examinations, reading reports, interviews) as well as in the daily routine of the justice system (observing hearings, reading criminal records, interviews), allows a dynamic analysis furthering knowledge on the role of the forensic psychiatrist in the criminal proceedings dealing with sexual offences. This approach confronts the rigor of criminal law ruling the criminal process with the practical realities of its enforcement. This research examines the transformation of the role of the forensic psychiatrist in public policies, under the effect of the conceptual changes that have affected the perception of sexual crime and the risk of recidivism. From the judicial arena to public policies, a new figure of the forensic psychiatrist emerges in Europe.

The main theme of this thesis, as the name suggests, is the crime of sexual coercion. This relatively new offense is regulated in seven paragraphs of Section 186 of the Penal Code. Since its introduction into Czech criminal law, it has been a useful addition to the crimes of rape (Section 185 CC) and child sexual abuse (Section 187 CC). It allows the criminalization of offenders who have committed such unlawful acts against human dignity related to sexuality, in particular the freedom of an individual to decide on their sex life, in cases, where sexually aggressive behaviour of the perpetrator has not reached the intensity of rape or child sexual abuse, while the perpetrator remained in the role of an observer, while the victim was forced to satisfy the erotic perception of the perpetrator through his (victim's) body and his own actions. In the first chapter the topic of legal regulation of sexual offenses is set in historical context. Later in the thesis, the crime of sexual coercion is analysed, described, explained and clarified in detail, the thesis deals with its object, physical elements (actus reus), offender (the subject) and mental elements (mens rea), including qualified facts and individual developmental stages. The offense of sexual coercion is further compared with the offenses of rape...

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Depuis 2002, la lutte contre l'insécurité routière est devenue une priorité nationale. Cette dernière s'est traduite par une politique répressive dite de « tolérance zéro » à l'égard des contrevenants et délinquants au Code de la route. Cette répression, à la fois administrative et pénale peut cependant se heurter à certaines difficultés lorsque l'infraction revêt un caractère d'extranéité, car commise par un conducteur titulaire d'un permis de conduire délivré par une autorité étrangère ou à l'aide d'un véhicule immatriculé à l'étranger. L'absence ou quasi-absence de répression de ces infractions, outre ses conséquences sur l'insécurité routière, est source d'un profond sentiment d'inégalité tout particulièrement dans les zones transfrontières et nécessite donc de nouvelles réponses. Sur le plan administratif, ces nouvelles réponses résident entre autres dans l'extension de la portée transfrontalière d'une mesure administrative mais également par le développement d'un permis de conduire à points propre à l'Union Européenne. Sur le plan pénal, ces nouvelles réponses passent par une coopération renforcée entre les États afin de pouvoir identifier les propriétaires de véhicules dans les cas où le véhicule n'est pas intercepté par les forces de l'ordre. L'instauration de systèmes automatisés de contrôle de la circulation routière nécessite de la part des États et de l'Union européenne un développement de l'échange transfrontalier d'informations. / Fighting to achieve road safety has been a top national priority since 2002. It has led to the so-called « zero-tolerance » policy with highway code delinquents and traffic offenders. This repression which is both administrative and penal may however prove problematic should the offence bear an extraneous aspect, when it is committed by a driver with a foreign driving licence or when the vehicle was registered abroad. That such offences never or quasi-never be punished besides the consequences on road safety, gives rise to a deep feeling of inequality particularly in cross-border areas and therefore calls for new answers. Administratively speaking, the new answers lie, among other things, in a widening of the cross-border range of administrative measures, but also in developing a driving licence with a penalty point system specific to the EU. Penally speaking such new answers suppose a closer cooperation among states so as to be able to identify vehicle owners should the vehicle fail to be intercepted by the police. Introducing automated control systems of road traffic requires that states and the EU increase cross-border information exchange.

The African National Congress inherited a country with high levels of unemployment, deepening poverty and inequalities. These socio-economic challenges were the result of the previous apartheid regime‟s reliance on racism to conduct its affairs such as the distribution of basic services and socio-economic wealth of the country. As such, the African National Congress (ANC) came up with different policies and programmes aimed at significantly transforming these skewed and racialised socio-economic conditions. Socio-economic empowerment was identified as one of the key programmes to be championed by the new democratic government led by the ANC. To this end, tenders or public procurement formed a vital element of the economic strategies that were put in place as a means of empowering black entrepreneurs with a view that they will in turn empower others through the means of „trickledown‟ economics. Tender guidelines were designed to advance this programme in a transparent, fair and cost-effective way. Contrary to this noble idea, the practice of tenders has become synonymous with acts of bribery and financial kickbacks which are serious forms of corruption. In this regard, the electronic and print media report daily about government officials, public servants, politicians and business people who have found a way of manipulating tender rules and other economic empowerment policies to enrich themselves at the expense of the people of South Africa. This study focuses on tenders and corruption in the post-apartheid era. It reviews key programmes such as the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), Batho Pele, Masakhane, Affirmative Action (AA) and Black Economic Empowerment (BEE). The study claims that while these programmes were important, the lack of moral or ethical leadership at all levels of society ate into the moral fibre upon which these programmes were based. On the basis of the evidence presented, this study concluded that the ANC-led government was correct in using public procurement as one of its methods to address the legacy of Apartheid. However, the research study also confirmed that corruption is essentially a moral or ethical problem and as such there should be an ethical solution to it. While there are many ethical perspectives, this study found that African ethics in general and Ubuntu in particular is the most relevant type of ethic that could be used as a panacea to corruption. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

Viešoji tvarka, kaip baudžiamojo įstatymo ginama vertybė, - tai moralės ir pagarbos principais pagrįstos bendrosios viešo elgesio taisyklės, kurių laikymasis užtikrina visuomenėje įprastą gyvenimo eigą, civilizuotus iškylančių konfliktų sprendimo būdus. Magistro baigiamajame darbe ,,Baudžiamoji atsakomybė už viešosios tvarkos pažeidimą“, remiantis Lietuvos Respublikos BK ir kitais teisės aktais, įvairiomis mokslinėmis koncepcijomis, teismų praktika, kompleksiškai nagrinėjami diskusiniai klausimai, kurie iškyla siekiant atskleisti viešosios tvarkos pažeidimo sudėčių požymius, jų ypatumus, ir siekiant nustatyti atribojimo kriterijus. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į Lietuvos Respublikos BK 284 straipsnio 2 dalyje įtvirtinto viešosios tvarkos pažeidimo, kaip baudžiamojo nusižengimo, atribojimo problematiką nuo Lietuvos Respublikos ATPK 174 straipsnyje numatyto administracinio teisės pažeidimo - nedidelio chuliganizmo. Paminėto darbo tikslas – atskleisti viešosios tvarkos pažeidimo, numatyto Lietuvos Respublikos BK 284 straipsnio 1 dalyje ir 2 dalyje, objektyviuosius ir subjektyviuosius požymius, nustatyti jų tarpusavio atribojimo kriterijus, ir jų atribojimą nuo kitų nusikalstamų veikų. Tai aktualu todėl, kad 2000 m. gegužės 1 d. įsigaliojusiame Lietuvos Respublikos BK įstatymų leidėjas numatė naujas viešosios tvarkos pažeidimo sudėtis, ir atsisakė mokslininkų prieštaringai vertinamos sąvokos ,,chuliganizmas“. Visgi, nepaisant pažangių naujovių, susijusių su viešosios tvarkos pažeidimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Public order, as the value protected of the criminal law, can be defined as the common rules that must be carried out in order to safeguard ordinary life and to accept lawful solutions of various disputes emerging in the society. The general target of the Thesis ,,Criminal liability for violation of public order “ is the complex analysis of theoretical and practical problems related to the objective and subjective elements of violation of public order. Also, the main indications of distinction are analyzed in order to distinguish violation of public order from other criminal offences. Besides, much attention is paid to distinction of the second part of article 284 of Criminal code from almost identical 174 article of Administrative law offences code. These aspects are analyzed according to Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, other legal laws, legal concepts and judicial practice. It is important to do it as Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, which came into force from the 1st May of 2003, established the new structure of violation of public order and abolished the term ,,hooliganism”, which was critiqued by scientists. Despite the advanced legal regulation of violation of public order, courts decisions presents many problems arising in the field of qualification of the aforementioned criminal offence. As a consequence, such objective elements as public order and public place are studied in detail. The basic problems analyzed in this Thesis are uncertainty... [to full text]

For years social workers have been involved in the investigation of child abuse cases, which includes the sexual abuse of children. The forensic social worker primarily engages with the investigation of child sexual abuse allegations and their involvement begins when a criminal case of alleged child sexual abuse is registered with the police. The core function of forensic social workers is to objectively assist the South African Police Service (SAPS) and the judicial system during the investigation of crimes against children, which includes cases of alleged sexual abuse of babies. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the forensic social worker in cases of sexual abuse of babies in the Boland. A qualitative research procedure was followed and data was gathered through in-depth interviews with three state prosecutors working in regional courts in Worcester, Ceres and Paarl. In-depth interviews were also conducted with three SAPS forensic social workers in these areas. The results of the investigation were summarised according to certain themes. The results of the study indicate that the successful prosecution and conviction of offenders of the sexual abuse of babies are limited, because a baby is unable to deliver testimony. The crucial role of the qualified forensic social worker in the investigation of these cases was highlighted in the study. The participants found the thorough investigation of collateral sources and the interpretation of information gathered by forensic social workers of great value. As an expert witness the forensic social worker can therefore play a prominent role in the conviction of offenders of sexual abuse of babies. / Thesis (MA (SW (Forensic))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

For years social workers have been involved in the investigation of child abuse cases, which includes the sexual abuse of children. The forensic social worker primarily engages with the investigation of child sexual abuse allegations and their involvement begins when a criminal case of alleged child sexual abuse is registered with the police. The core function of forensic social workers is to objectively assist the South African Police Service (SAPS) and the judicial system during the investigation of crimes against children, which includes cases of alleged sexual abuse of babies. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the forensic social worker in cases of sexual abuse of babies in the Boland. A qualitative research procedure was followed and data was gathered through in-depth interviews with three state prosecutors working in regional courts in Worcester, Ceres and Paarl. In-depth interviews were also conducted with three SAPS forensic social workers in these areas. The results of the investigation were summarised according to certain themes. The results of the study indicate that the successful prosecution and conviction of offenders of the sexual abuse of babies are limited, because a baby is unable to deliver testimony. The crucial role of the qualified forensic social worker in the investigation of these cases was highlighted in the study. The participants found the thorough investigation of collateral sources and the interpretation of information gathered by forensic social workers of great value. As an expert witness the forensic social worker can therefore play a prominent role in the conviction of offenders of sexual abuse of babies. / Thesis (MA (SW (Forensic))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The master paper discusses the issue of the matter of crime in cases against civil service and public interests. Criminal acts against civil service and public interests are considered to be selfish acts. In fact, the matter of crimes against civil service and public interests is an obtained or provided benefit of particular form. Master paper tries to present the matter of bribery crimes (Articles 225 – 227 of Criminal Code), attributes of the matter of abusing service for the purpose of obtaining material or other benefit (Article 228 Paragraph 2 of Criminal Code.), their general characteristics and differences, contents and effect on qualification of criminal acts. After the Republic of Lithuania regained its independence which had influence on the essential changes in economy-social relations and corresponding legislative acts, property and personal relations among people had become significantly more modern and varied. In addition, a wider range of benefit forms which could be obtained or provided in relation with position of a civil officer appeared and thus respective evaluation had to be made in respect of the matter of criminal acts specified in Part XXXIII of the Criminal Code. The author expresses reasoned opinion based on theoretical knowledge and concepts on the issue discussed. The master paper also includes the analysis of criminal proceedings, corresponding judgements and courts’ positions on the issue of the matter of crime. The author presents the... [to full text]