The work ethic construct has seen increased research attention in recent years and has been applied to a host of different settings. In this study, the work ethic of correctional officers (COs) was examined. Compared with other occupational samples, COs generally endorsed higher levels of work ethic across several of the dimensions. Also, we found that the measurement properties of the Multidimensional Work Ethic Scale–Short Form (MWEP-SF) were comparable to those presented in previous studies. Implications for future research and the relevance of work ethic in a corrections context are discussed. In addition, study limitations and future directions are addressed.

Thesis (M. A. (Criminology and Criminal Justice)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / Vigilantism is a contentious issue that will persist into the future for as long as crime exists. This research aimed at determining community’s perception on vigilantism. The Criminal Justice System has failed community of Matome Village, in the sense that they lost trust and lacked confidence in CJS. Actions involved in vigilantism are not only an expression of people’s anger or frustration but also of their fear. This study adopted both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Probability sampling (Stratified sampling) was used to select participants. For qualitative approach an interview schedule with prearranged questions was conducted and used in both focus group1 and 2 interviews. Focus group 1 consisted of 10 participants, while focus group 2 consisted of 8 participants. For quantitative approach, 80 questionnaires with close-ended and open-ended questions were distributed among community members who took part in the study, and the aim was to get their opinions and experience of vigilantism. The data collected was analysed (thematic content analysis was used) and interpreted by copying exactly words that were said by the participants. The study documented the disadvantages and consequences of vigilantism to fill in the existing gaps of the dangers of vigilante incidents in the literature. Strain theory by Robert Agnew was applied as the suitable theory which best explains why people resort to partake in vigilantism. The research identified factors which contributed mostly to vigilantism, such as: a way of protection and desire for revenge (anger and frustration). KEY WORDS: Vigilantism, Crime, Culprit, Strain, Community participation, Matome Village, Criminal Justice System, Police Officers.

Contemporary probation practice has come to be subject to the logic of risk. The rise in the logic of risk has led to significant changes in penal practices. Therefore, it is sociologically important to explore the recent research on the evolution and transformation of probation in Canada with regard to the logic of risk. The purpose of my research was to explore how the logic of risk has impacted and transformed probation objectives, and how it impacted the role of probation officers. Specifically, I wanted to explore how publications present the transformation of probation due to the logic of risk, the formation of new objectives for the system, the deployment of new practices and tools, and how these transformations and new objectives have changed the role of probation officers. To do this, it was determined that a critical literature review of published articles (both academic and government sources) would be the most appropriate data collection method. To analyze the data, an eleven-stage process to a hybrid thematic analysis was utilized. Through this analysis, four main themes were uncovered and explored using a governmentality framework. Objectives of probation as forms effective penal governance were presented, efficient governance through risk was demonstrated through resource allocation, and effective and efficient decision making is explored. It is hypothesized that risk logic leads to the use of heuristic strategies in probation officer decision making. In this thesis, I argue that we are in a phase of ‘new rehabilitationism’ that draws on notions of rehabilitation and reframes them under neo-liberal strategies for control through normalization. In addition to this, knowledge production of probation through the logic of risk is explored and the effects of knowledge/power and its implications for probationers outlined.

Although many research studies about sexual offender registration exist, there is no qualitative study on the perspective of police officers whose job duties include the implementation of Sex Offender Registration and Notification (SORN) laws. The purpose of this case study was to explore specific police officers' perceptions of sex offender registration. Six police officers were hand selected for face-to-face interviews based on their unique job duties that included responsibilities and training related to the implementation of the sexual offender registration and community notification protocols. Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory provided the theoretical framework for this research study. According to study findings, the majority of the police officers in this study supported sexual offender registration despite the lack of research that supports its effectiveness. Data gathered from conducting face-to face interviews with the identified police officers revealed that 5 out of 6 police officers believed that SORN policies had a positive impact on enhancing community safety, and half of the police officers felt that SORN policies reduced recidivism. All of the police officers in the study called for more formal training and education about SORN. Also, these police officers identified money and human power as barriers to proactive efforts or effective management of the sexual offenders who lived in their jurisdiction. Finally, the police officers in this study suggested the use of specialized officers or the creation of a task force as a method to better address the sexual offenders in the community. Exploring these options could have far-reaching implications for positive social change for the law enforcement community and society as a whole.

The impact of occupational stress on employees' health and work performance costs U.S. companies $300 billion annually; work-related stress is an issue for private security organizations all over the world. The purpose of this single case study was to explore strategies private security organizational leaders used to mitigate private security officers' occupational stress. The study participants were 4 leaders of a private security organization in Bahrain who had a minimum of 5 years of experience in the private security field and had addressed occupational stress successfully. The human capital theory was the conceptual framework used for this study. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and review of archival documents. Yin's 5-step data analysis plan was applied to the data to generate 4 themes: private security occupational stressors, occupational stress reduction practices, leaders-officers open communication, and health protection policies. The identification and development of job stressor mitigation strategies has multiple implications for positive social change including protecting employees' well-being and increasing their working performance, productivity, and business success. Improving work performance and productivity produces opportunities for employment and supports economic growth and community goodwill. The practices of a successful organization positively influence the society by providing jobs and capital investments, which can improve the quality of life in the community.

Sjöfarten står konstant inför nya utmaningar. En av de största utmaningarnasom sjöfartsbranschen står inför i dagsläget är digitaliseringen. Mycket avden traditionella utrusningen ombord fartyg idag är digitaliserat ochintegrerat på bryggan. När utrustning digitaliseras betyder det inte att det blirbättre för operatören. Det är viktigt att se hur förändringen påverkar arbetetombord och att befälen som använder utrustningen har rätt kompetens. Syfteti denna studie är att undersöka svenska sjöbefäls syn på kompetensaspekteninom digitalisering samt hur arbetet med digitalisering sker inom svenskarederier. Metoden för studien är kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer.Resultatet visar att samtliga respondenter ser stora utmaningar ochmöjligheter med digitalisering. Svenska sjöbefäl och svenska redare serpositivt på digitalisering. Respondenterna ser även att utbildningen fördigitalkompetens behöver följa med i den fortskridande digitaliseringen föratt arbetet ombord skall fortsätta vara säkert och effektivt. / Shipping is constantly facing new challenges. One of the biggest challengesfacing the shipping industry today is digitalization. Much of the traditionalequipment on board ships today is digitized and integrated on the bridge.When equipment is digitized it does not mean that it gets better for theoperator. It’s important to see how this affects the work on board and that theofficers have the appropriate competence. This study aims to examineSwedish seafarers' views on the competence aspect in digitization and howthe work on digitization takes place within Swedish shipping companies.This study uses qualitative semi-structured interviews. The result shows thatall respondents see great challenges and opportunities with digitization.Swedish officers and Swedish ship owners are positive about digitization. Allrespondents believe that digital competence needs to follow the fastdeveloping digitalization to ensure that work onboard keeps on being safeand effective.

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A sample of 816 metropolitan police officers in Thailand completed a survey consisting of a set of job characteristics, including job control, support, and job demands, in addition to measures of emotional labour (surface acting and deep acting), and a set of psychological outcomes, to test a proposition based on Karasek and Theorell's (1990) model. 1t was argued that the emotional labour requirements of police officers would act as a moderating factor that would impact adversely on their wellbeing. The survey instruments were translated and back-translated from the original English to Thai, and their psychometric properties were assessed through confirmatory factor analysis. Tests based on validation and cross-validation procedures indicated that the measurement model was valid and reliable. The effects of job characteristics on wellbeing were assessed through canonical correlation and hierarchical moderated multiple regression analyses. Results revealed that deep acting was inversely related to wellbeing, and had a moderating effect on the relationship between job demands and wellbeing/psychological distress. A moderating effect was also detected for surface acting on the relationship between co-worker support and wellbeing. Neither surface acting nor deep acting had a moderating effect on the relationship between job control and wellbeing/ psychological distress. Implications of the results and recommendations for future research are discussed together with methodological limitations of the study.

Doctor of Philosophy / Responsible Government began in New South Wales in 1856. Direct participation by women began 70 years later in 1925 with the election of Millicent Preston-Stanley. Her first speech questioned whether Parliament was a fit place for women. Another significant milestone was reached after another 70 years when female MLAs in the Fifty-first Parliament constituted 15% of the Legislative Assembly and female MLCs made up 33% of the Legislative Council. In the 1990s there was no formal barrier to the participation of persons on the basis of their sex but no scholarly study had addressed the question of whether the Parliament’s culture was open to all gender orientations. This study examines the hypothesis that the Parliament informally favoured some types of gender behaviour over others. It identifies ‘gender’ as behaviour rather than a characteristic of persons and avoids the conflation of gender with sex, and particularly with women exclusively. The research used interviews, observation and document study for triangulation. The thesis describes the specific context of New South Wales parliamentary politics 1995-1999 with an emphasis on factors that affect an understanding of gender. It explores notions of representation held by MPs, analyses their personal backgrounds and reports on gender-rich behaviours in the chambers. The study concludes that gender was a significant factor in the behaviour of Members of the Parliament. There were important differences between the ways that male and female MPs approached their roles. Analysis of the concept of gender in the Parliament shows that some behaviours are more likely to bring political success than are others. The methodology developed here by adapting literature from other systems has important strengths. The data suggest that there is a need for many more detailed studies of aspects of gender in parliaments.

This research project examines how managers in local-government-owned business organisations justify their adoption of an entrepreneurial orientation and their interpretation of their role in entrepreneurial terms. To explore these justifications, interviews were conducted with the senior management of four local-government- owned business operations and one local council. They were: Metrowater, The Edge, Taieri Gorge Railway, Chatham Islands Council and Chatham Islands Enterprise Trust. These interviews were then analysed, utilising a critical discourse method. In addition, interviews were also conducted with senior managers in the Rotorua District Council and Taupo District Council who provided a sharp contrast to the former organisations and suggested a means by which the neo-liberal approach within the sector might be countered. Through speaking with the various local govermnent business managers contacted for this project, I concluded that managers of local-government-owned business operations have a strong institutional identification with the private sector. This identity is so strong that many of the managers interviewed have rejected the very notion that they are public employees of any sort. The managers have adopted an entrepreneurial approach because they see this as essential to gain professional legitimacy with their peers in the private sector. This has caused them to place distance between themselves and the owners of the business that they manage (that is, the councils), and the local citizens they ostensibly serve, to the extent that they have described their job as providing goods and services to customers rather than providing services for citizens. I will show that the adoption of such an attitude is inappropriate when placed within the context of local-government-owned and operated business concerns. From the point of view of European settlement, New Zealand is a very young country, especially in the administrative sector. To provide a background to this project and to suggest the main lines of development of local government in New Zealand, I have included a prologue that outlines the history of local government in New Zealand.