published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

La violence contre les policiers a des répercussions importantes à la fois chez les policiers et pour les administrateurs de la police. En 2005, le taux canadien de voies de fait contre la police a atteint son plus haut sommet en plusieurs décennies, faisant état d’une situation préoccupante. Plusieurs provinces canadiennes connaissent d’ailleurs une hausse marquée de la violence contre leurs policiers depuis plusieurs années. Cette étude vise donc à examiner et à comprendre l’évolution du phénomène de violence contre les policiers au Canada par l’identification de facteurs qui pourraient expliquer les variations du taux de voies de fait contre les policiers. La méthode d’analyse privilégiée dans le cadre de cette étude est une analyse transversale de séries chronologiques regroupées (pooled time series) qui traite des données portant sur les dix provinces canadiennes pour une période allant de 1986 à 2006. Les résultats indiquent que plusieurs facteurs ont un impact sur la violence dont sont victimes les policiers : la proportion de la population âgée entre 15 et 24 ans, la proportion d’hommes de 15 ans et plus, la proportion de la population vivant dans une région urbaine, la proportion de gens divorcés, les taux résiduels de crimes de violence et de crimes rattachés aux drogues, et le nombre d’évasions et de personnes en liberté sans excuse. La présence croissante de policières, qui fait encore l’objet de débats, semble quant à elle réduire le nombre de voies de fait contre la police, quoique l’impact de ce facteur soit de faible portée. Au Québec, la une hausse importante du taux de voies de fait contre les policiers pourrait s’expliquer par la hausse de plusieurs facteurs identifiés comme jouant un rôle dans le phénomène, bien qu’il ne faille pas écarter qu’un changement dans la reportabilité puisse entrer en ligne de compte. / Violence against police officers has important implications both for police officers and police administration. In 2005, the Canadian rate of assault against police officers rose to its highest in decades, showing a worrying situation. Moreover, several Canadian provinces are experiencing a marked increase in violence against their police officers for several years. This study aims to examine and understand the trend of violence against the police officers in Canada by identifying factors affecting the rate of assaults against police officers. In order to do so, a pooled time series analysis, which processes data on the ten Canadian provinces for the period from 1986 to 2006, was performed. Findings indicate that several factors have an impact on the violence against the police: the proportion of young people aged 15-24, the proportion of males aged 15 and more, the proportion of population living in urban areas, the proportion of divorced people, the residual rates of violent crimes and drug crimes, and the number of people who escaped custody and prisoners unlawfully at large. The growing presence of women police officers, which is still debated, appears to reduce the number of assaults against police officers, although the impact of this factor is of limited scope. In Quebec, the continual increase in the rate of assaults against the police officers can possibly be explained by the increase of several factors identified as playing a role in the phenomenon, although a change in crime reporting can also be taken into account.

Dissertation / The main purpose of the study was to determine whether there is a significant relationship between the transformational leadership styles of officers and their followers’ levels of work engagement. The instruments used in the study were the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) (Form 5X) and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). Followers (n=311) were identified in various units of the South African Army and provided with the instruments. The work engagement instrument was then completed by each follower, while the MLQ was completed by the follower for his or her specific leader, who in this instance, were all officers in the South African Army. Descriptive statistics were obtained and correlations completed for the data, which indicated a significant correlation between the transformational leadership of officers and their followers’ work engagement. / Industrail and Organisational Psychology / M. A. (Industrail and Organisational Psychology)

The purpose of this study was to examine what, if any, symptoms of a traumatic stress reaction were still being experienced by police officers, as a result of the events of September 11, 2001, who were geographically distant from the events of that day. Participants included 60 police officers at two southern California law enforcement agencies.

This ex post facto inquiry investigated the existence of an association between advanced formal education and the largely psychomotor task of flying military aircraft. The analysis of data indicated that such an association does exist. Data were analyzed by computer comparison of two separate data bases. The first data base included selected U.S. Air Force officers' educational histories. The second set of data included aircrew standardization/evaluation qualification grade scores. Individual subjects were identified, and for each subject a record was formed that included the subject's standardization flight proficiency grade and advanced educational background. Group subsets of selected variables were then recorded in 2 X 2 contingency tables and statistical calculations using chi square tests of independence were applied.

Sedan början av 2000-talet har Försvarsmakten genomfört en mängd förändringar med sin organisation och personal. Nedskärningarna av förband tillsammans med ett ökat fokus på internationella insatser i början av 00-talet har under slutet av 10-talet förändrats till en tillväxt av förband samt en återgång till ett nationellt fokus. Yrkesofficerarnas profession har förändrats genom införandet av ett tvåbefälssystem under slutet av 00-talet från ett enbefälssystem, likväl som att värnplikten lades vilande 2010 och anställda soldater introducerades i organisationen. Sedan 2018 är värnplikten återinförd med utbildning av soldater och gruppbefäl, 9 respektive 11 månader. Från och med sommaren 2021 återinförs 15 månaders värnpliktiga, som övertar befattningar i krigsorganisationen som tidigare bemannats av yrkesofficerare. Studien utforskar vad detta införande innebär för yrkesofficersprofessionen, vilka konsekvenser som uppstår likväl som hur införandet bör implementeras. Genom intervjuer av åtta respondenter från Trängregementet i Skövde utforskas införandet ur yrkesofficerarnas perspektiv. Studien tar hjälp av Bolman och Deal’s fyra perspektiv på organisation och ledarskap samt Runsten och Werr’s modell för kunskapsintegration för att förstå och tolka organisationsförändringen. Införandet av 15 månaders värnpliktiga omfattar yrkesofficerarnas förväntningar på förändringen, som baseras från tidigare erfarenheter men innehåller även farhågor och positiva förväntningar. Erfarenheten att utbilda dessa värnpliktiga saknas idag på grundutbildningskompanierna, denna kunskap återfinns hos äldre yrkesofficerare i högre nivåer - varvid ett utbyte av gamla erfarenheter i dagens kontext är en framgångsfaktor. Införandet påverkar även utbildning och övningar för förbanden, då värnplikten sker under en längre tid samt att de värnpliktiga ställer ett ökat ansvarstagande hos plutonchefer. Professionen för främst specialistofficerare förändras, genom att värnpliktiga innehar samma grad som specialistofficerare likväl som att expertisen för specialistofficerare kommer ta längre tid att uppnå. En maktförskjutning sker från yrkesofficerare till värnpliktiga, vilket främst påverkar unga specialistofficerare. Studien rekommenderar Försvarsmakten att överse nuvarande styrdokument och uppdatera dessa, samt vidare utveckla yrkesofficersprofessionen. Studien rekommenderar Försvarsmakten att med nuvarande indelning i trebefälssystemet att sergeantsgraden är lämplig för de värnpliktiga och att en förstegsutbildning är bäst lämpad för att utbilda och öva sig till ställföreträdande plutonchef. Om Försvarsmakten inför värnpliktiga plutonchefer i framtiden bör detta föregås av en analys utifrån den militära professionen och trebefälssystemet. / Since the early 2000’s the Swedish Armed Forces has conducted several changes concerning its organization and personnel. The downsizings of units as well as an increased focus on international operations in the early 2000’s have changed to a growth of units and a return to a national focus. The professions of professional officers have changed with the transformation from a single-command system to a two-officer system in the late 00s, as well as the pause of national conscript service in 2010 and introduction of professional soldiers within the organization. The national conscript service was reintroduced in 2018, for soldiers and squad leaders between 9 and 11 months. During the summer of 2021, 15 months conscript service will be reintroduced. These new conscripts will take over the positions previously manned by professional officers in the wartime organization. The study explores the reintroduction’s affects for professional officers, what consequences that occur as well as how the reintroduction should be implemented. Through interviews with eight respondents from the Logistics regiment in Skövde the reintroduction is explored through the professional officers’ view. The study seeks guidance from Bolman and Deal’s four perspectives on organization and leadership and also Runsten and Werr’s model for integration of knowledge, to be able to understand and interpret the organizational change. The reintroduction of 15 months conscripts includes professional officers’ expectations of the change, which is based from earlier experiences but also includes concerns and hopes. There is a lack of experience to train this new category of conscripts today at company level, the ability to do so is found in older officers in higher echelons – therefore an exchange of old experiences in the context of today is a criterion for success. The reintroduction also affects the training and the field exercises, because the conscript service is prolonged and the conscripts require an increased responsibility from the platoon leader. The profession for non-commissioned officers (NCO) changes - through the use of the same rank by conscripts and NCO’s. It will also take longer time for NCO’s to achieve expertise within their profession. A shift of power occurs from professional officers to conscripts, which mostly affects junior NCO’s. The study recommends the Swedish Armed Forces to overlook its current steering documents and to update these, and also to further develop its military profession for all officers. The study recommends the Armed Forces that with the current officer system, the rank of sergeant is well suited for these conscripts and the conscripts service should be based upon a pre-training concept to be able to succeed as deputy platoon leader. If the Armed Forces introduce conscripts as platoon leaders in the future, an analysis should be conducted prior to the change, concerning the military profession and the three-officer system.

Thesis (M.A. (Social Work)) -- University Of Lmpopo, 2022 / The study concentrated on factors that hinder the utilisation of intermediary social work support services to alleged child offenders in Mopani District. The study aimed to assess knowledge from probation officers in respect of awareness, utilisation and effectiveness of referral to intermediary services, as well as the level at which they can refer alleged child offenders to an intermediary. The study employed the qualitative research design. The Integrated Service model was employed to understand the utilisation of intermediary social work support services to alleged child offenders. Purposive sampling was used to obtain nine participants who were probation officers. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of Limpopo and gatekeepers approval from the Department of Social Development. Participation was voluntary and no one was forced to participate. The findings of the study revealed that there are no clear guidelines or legislation for probation officers to guide them on how and when to recommend the alleged child offenders to the intermediary services. The study also revealed that section 158(2) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 is not effective to alleged child offenders but rather is used to child victims. Therefore, probation officers must have understanding of the role of an intermediary, process and referral when conducting assessments. As a result, the study recommends that the probation officers should come to the developmental level of the child, speak the language of the child and follow up assessment interviews as opposed to informed allegation interviews. However, training is also recommended to all probation officers about the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 and amendments of the Child Justice Act 75 of 2008 with the inclusion of intermediary services to alleged child offenders

Vi har studerat cyberdomänen i perspektivet från en officer och vad denne förväntas kunna om och implementera ur cyberdomänen på sitt system. Studien är genomförd med fokus mot förståelse för utmaningen och komplexiteten som kommer av att integrera civilt dominerad verksamhet i en militär organisation. Vi har antagit en induktiv ansats med kvalitativ metod genom intervjuer och litteraturstudier. Under tiden som studien genomfördes skedde den ryska invasionen av Ukraina, vilket gav ytterligare bidrag till den empiriska delen av studien när cyberområdet hamnade än mer i fokus. Utgångspunkten för analysen har varit tidigare professionsforskning med fokus på officersprofessionen samt forskning som beskriver cyberområdet och dess komplexitet. Analysen är baserad på de kategorier som framkommit i den data som insamlats. Vid studiens slutförande framkommer behovet av att samtliga blivande, och till viss del nuvarande, officerare erhåller en förståelse för cyberdomänens möjlighet till påverkan på eget system. För att möta områdets komplexitet och kunna utbilda inom behöver styrdokument och utbildningsunderlag utvecklas parallellt. Författarna uppfattar att det militära systemet genomgår en teknikutveckling i vilken cyberdomänens framväxt gör sig mer påträngande för varje dag som går. Stora förändringar som får påverkan på stridsfältet har skett tidigare genom historien och kommer med stor sannolikhet även ske i framtiden, vilket organisationen behöver förhålla sig till. / We have studied the cyber domain in the perspective of an officer and what an officer is expected to know about and implement from the cyber domain on current technical systems. The study is conducted with a focus on understanding the challenge and complexity that comes from integrating civilian-dominated activities into a military organization. We have adopted an inductive approach with qualitative methods through interviews and literature studies. During the course of the study, the Russian invasion of Ukraine took place, which made further contributions to the empirical part of the study when the cyber field came into even more focus. The starting point for the analysis has been previous professional research with a focus on the officer profession as well as research that describes the cyber field and its complexity. The analysis is based on the categories that emerged in the data collected. Upon completion of the study, the need arises for all forthcoming, and to some extent present, officers to gain an understanding of the cyber domain's ability to influence current technical systems. In order to meet the complexity of the area and be able to handle education, regulatory documents and training documents need to be developed in parallel. The authors perceive the armed forces is undergoing a technological and organizational military reform in which the emergence of the cyber domain is becoming more intrusive with each passing day. Technological advancements have taken place earlier in history and will in all probability also take place in the future, which the organization needs to relate to.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate/evaluate how employment officers handle the refugees who have different backgrounds and therefore different conditions for entering the labour market. Semi-structured interview was used and a total of seven employment officers participated and the result shows that all the participants experienced cultural clashes in their work. Everyone has their own way for solving this issue, for example to inform the clients how the employment officer works or helping the clients with their issues and questions. The aspects of ethnicity and gender are important especially for female clients during conversation for establishment since the living conditions between the genders are not always equally. Depending on the clients individually qualifications the employment officers will decide how to help the clients. Furthermore, the employment officers considered that those efforts offered to the clients are sufficient. However, establishment within two years is hard to achieve, especially for clients who are illiterates and women who have been housewives their whole life. The result should be interpreted with caution due to the few participants.