Salmon is a good source of long chain (LC) omega 3 fatty acids and selenium; these are well recognised for their health benefits. Recommendations for LC omega 3 fatty acid intakes presume equivalence between fish and fish oil. The aim of this research was to compare the effects of consuming salmon with salmon oil capsules on LC omega 3 fatty acid and selenium status. Forty four healthy subjects were randomly assigned to consume either two servings of 120 g farmed New Zealand King (FNZK) salmon/week or 2, 4 or 6 capsules of salmon oil/day for 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measures, food consumption habits information and blood pressure (BP) measurements were obtained at the study commencement and ending. Each subject’s intake of LC omega 3 fatty acids and selenium was determined by analysing the fatty acid and selenium content of duplicate portions of cooked salmon and capsules. The amount of salmon consumed was then calculated by subtracting unconsumed amounts of salmon and then calculating the intake of LC omega 3 fatty acids as grams of LC omega 3 fatty acids consumed per day. Percentage of compliance to capsule intake, based on counts of unconsumed capsules, was calculated to determine the amount of LC omega 3 fatty acids consumed per day from capsules. Change in red blood cells (RBC) LC omega 3 fatty acid levels from equivalent amounts of LC omega 3 fatty acids consumed from capsules and salmon were compared using linear regression analysis predictive models fitted to the capsule data. Omega 3 index was calculated. LC omega 3 fatty acid intakes from salmon and 2, 4 and 6 capsules were 0.82, 0.24, 0.47 and 0.68 g/day, respectively. Equal amounts of LC omega 3 fatty acids consumed from salmon and capsules resulted in similar increases in RBC LC omega 3 fatty acids and omega 3 index (RBC eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA): 0.80 [0.58 – 1.02] vs. 1.00 [0.71 – 1.27] %; RBC docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): 0.93 [0.58 – 1.29] vs. 0.99 [0.68 – 1.31] %; omega 3 index: 1.92 [1.46 – 2.38] vs. 2.25 [1.65 – 2.83] %). The capsules did not contain selenium, but the salmon provided 6.84 µg selenium/day. Plasma selenium concentrations increased significantly in the salmon group compared to the capsule

Thesis (MNutr (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Human Nutrition))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Background At least 40 - 80% of all cancer patients develop some degree of clinical malnutrition and cachexia. The complex and multi-factorial nature of cancer cachexia and the inability of conventional nutrition intervention to reverse or attenuate the effects of this syndrome have driven investigators to consider new therapies and approaches to manage the syndrome of cancer cachexia including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an n-3 fatty acid of fish oil origin. Objectives The aim of this study was to review Phase I, Phase II and Phase III (RCT) trials investigating the safety and efficacy of n-3 supplementation in the treatment of cancer cachexia in adult patients with unresectable solid tumours, with special reference to weight loss, body composition, appetite, dietary intake, energy expenditure, functional status, acute phase response and quality of life. Adverse effects associated with EPA supplementation were also reviewed. Methodology and data collection The major databases were systematically searched for studies that met the inclusion criteria using a structured keyword search strategy or various combinations of these keywords. Relevancy of studies was assessed by two independent reviewers according to pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality was assessed by two independent reviewers using the Jadad scale. Data extraction was performed by the principal reviewer and one of the independent reviewers, and investigators of the included studies were contacted where further information was required. Meta-analysis was not appropriate due to heterogeneity of the data. However, where possible, the paired t-test was used for analysis of the data. Descriptive or non-quantitative analysis of the tabulated data provided a summary of the characteristics of the included studies enabling comparisons to be made between interventions and outcomes within the specified population. Results The search resulted in a total of 1408 citations, of which only 16 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of these, only 4 studies were of a good quality. Although the reported data was incomplete and variable, the combined analyses suggested that the effect of EPA supplementation on weight, fat mass, dietary intake, energy expenditure, and acute phase response was not significant. Interestingly there appeared to be a significant increase increased or decreased? in lean body mass (p<0.05). There was little or no data to draw any conclusions regarding the effect of supplementation on appetite and quality of life. Conclusion Despite several limitations in this review, the data collected and analysed are suggestive of the beneficial effects of EPA supplementation, but there remains a significant lack of substantial evidence and conclusive statistical analysis to confirm that EPA supplementation is a safe and effective method of intervention in the management of patients with cancer cachexia.

Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Omega-3 fatty acids and supplementation is very topical, attracting both public and interest from the industry. Findings from various research studies led a number of authorities to encourage the general population to consume more omega-3. This is the first study of its kind to be conducted in this population. Objective: To determine the current knowledge and trends of omega-3 (n-3) supplementation in parents of children at public primary schools in the City of Cape Town. Design: An observational and analytical and descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed. Methods: Purposive sampling was used to select a minimum of 150 parents from the six (6) randomly selected public primary schools. The schools were then divided into three different living standard measure (LSM) groups. The research questionnaire was made available at the Parent Teachers meetings where all parents had the option to complete the questionnaire anonymously at the meeting. Results: Six hundred and fifty seven (n=657) parents, mostly mothers, with a mean age of 37 years, completed and returned the questionnaires. The mean monthly income (p=0.00, SD=2.63) and the education level (p=0.00, SD=1.37) differed significantly between each of the three LSM groups. Prior to the study, 80.1% of parents (n=526) had heard of omega-3 supplements and overall knowledge of omega-3 was significantly better in this group (p=0.00) when compared to the group that had not heard of omega-3 previously. The overall mean omega-3 knowledge score for the three LSM groups (n=657) was 71%. The high and low LSM groups differed significantly in terms of omega-3 knowledge (p=0.02), but not statistically significantly once adjusted for income and education level (p=0.75). The main sources of information, where all parents (n=526) indicated having heard of omega-3 supplements, was from television (n = 230, 35%), books (n= 220, 33.5%) and the health worker (n=199, 30.3%). A total of 38.5% (n=253) of parents indicated that they gave their children omega-3 supplements. The overall omega-3 knowledge was significantly better (p=0.00) in parents who gave their children omega-3 supplements than the group that did not give supplements to their children. Income and the education level differed between all three LSM groups for those giving their children omega-3 supplements, but these variables did not influence the choice to give omega-3 supplements. Doctors (n=58, 22.9%) and the parents’ own decision (n=60, 23.7%) to supplement were the most favoured sources of recommendation indicated overall. Most parents indicated that the omega-3 supplement they administered was from a marine source (n=105, 41.5%). Only 35.2% (n=89) of parents giving omega-3 supplements indicated they knew the dose they were administering. Most of the children (n=90) were taking 500 mg omega-3 supplements daily. Conclusions and Recommendations: Statistically significant differences existed between the three LSM groups regarding various aspects of omega-3 knowledge and the sources from which parents had been informed and those who gave their children omega-3 supplements. Recommendations include education and public health programs supplying information to parents on omega-3 supplementation, as well as on omega-3 in the children’s diets. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Omega-3 vetsure en supplementasie is ‘n baie aktuele onderwerp, wat beide die belangstelling van die publiek en industrie betrek. Bevindinge van verskeie navorsingstudies het daartoe gelei dat verskeie instansies die algemene publiek aanmoedig om meer omega-3 in te neem. Dit is die eerste studie van sy soort wat in dié populasie groep gedoen is. Doelwit: Om die huidige kennis en tendensies/neigings in omega-3(n-3) supplementasie in ouers van kinders by publieke laerskole in die stad Kaapstad te bepaal. Ontwerp:’n Waarnemende- en en analitiese en beskrywende- dwarsdeursnitstudie is gedoen. Metode: Daar is gebruik gemaak van ‘n doelgerigte steekproefneming om ‘n minimum van 150 ouers uit ses (6) ewekansig geseleteerde publieke laerskole van uit te kies. Die skole is in drie verskillende lewenstandaardgroepe (LSM) verdeel. Die navorsingsvraelys is by ‘n Ouer-Onderwyservergadering beskikbaar gestel en alle ouers het ‘n geleentheid gehad om die vraelys anoniem by die vergadering te voltooi. Resultate: Seshonderd sewe-en-vyftig (n=657) ouers, meestel moeders, met ‘n gemiddelde ouderdom van 37 jaar, het die vraelyste voltooi en teruggegee. Die gemiddelde maandlikse inkomste (p=0.00, SD=2.63) en vlak van opvoeding (p=0.00, SD=1.37) het noemensvaardig tussen elk van die drie LSM groepe verskil. Voor die studie het 80.1% van die ouers (n=526) al van omega-3 supplemente gehoor en die algehele kennis van die groep was beduidend beter (p=0.00) as die groep wat voorheen nie van omega-3 gehoor het nie. Die gemiddelde algehele omega-3 kennistelling vir die drie LSM groepe was 71%. Die hoë en lae LSM groepe het beduidend ten opsigte van omega-3 kennis (p=0.02) verskil, maar nie statisties- beduidend wanneer dit vir inkomste en opvoedingsvlak (p=0.75) aangepas is nie. Die hoofbronne van inligting waar al die ouers (n=526) wat aangedui het dat hulle van omega-3 supplementasie gehoor het, was deur televisie (n=230, 35%), boeke (n=220, 33.5%) en die gesondheidswerker (n=199, 30.3%). ‘n Totaal van 38.5% (n=253) ouers het aangedui dat hulle hul kinders omega-3 supplemente gee. Die algehele omega-3 kennis van ouers wie hulle kinders omega-3 supplemente gee was statisties beduidend beter (p=0.00) in vergelyking met die groep wat nie supplemente vir hulle kinders gee nie. Die inkomste en opvoedingsvlak het verskil tussen all drie LSM groepe wat hulle kinders omega-3 supplementasie gegee het, maar hierdie veranderlikes het nie die keuse om omega-3 supplemente te gee beïnvloed nie. Mediese dokters (n=58, 22.9%) en die ouer se eie besluit (n=60 23.7%) om te supplementeer, was die gunsteling bronne van aanbeveling in die algemeen. Die meeste ouers het aangedui dat die omega-3 supplement wat hulle gegee het van ‘n visbron afkomstig (n=105, 41.5%) is. Net 35.2% (n=89) van die ouers wat omega-3 supplemente gee het aangedui dat hulle die dosis kenwat hulle gee. Meeste van die kinders (n=90) het 500mg omega-3 supplemente daagliks gekry. Gevolgtrekking en aanbevelings: Statistiese beduidende verskille is tussen die drie LSM groepe ten opsigte van verskeie aspekte van omega-3 kennis en bronne waaruit ouers ingelig is, sowel as die ouers wie hulle kinders omega-3 supplemente gegee het, gevind. Aanbevelings sluit opvoeding en publieke gesondheidsprogramme in, wat inligting aan ouers sal verskaf oor omega-3 supplementasie sowel as omega-3 in die kinders se diëte.

Well functioning circadian system is crucial component of healthy organism and its disruption can result in impairment of metabolic functions with consequential development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity is in general caused by enhanced migration of pro- inflammatory polarized macrophages (M1) into adipose tissue. We have shown, that interaction of this type of macrophages with adipose tissue had significant effect on rhythmic expression of clock genes in adipocytes. We further investigated effect of high fat diet and diet enriched by omega-3 fatty acids on circadian oscillations in WAT and differently polarized macrophages. This diet affected oscillations in adipose tissue and in M0 and M2 polarized macrophages. These results support previous findings of effect of omega-3 fatty acids on metabolism and suggest their effect on circadian system as well. Key words: circadian rhythms, adipose tissue, macrophages, omega-3 fatty acids, high fat diet

The thesis deals with beneficial omega-3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and their beneficial effects on health. Characteristics, properties and appearance of omega-3 fatty acids may explain some of the mechanisms of their effects on human health manifested not only in the treatment and mitigation of some non-infectious diseases of mass occurrence, but especially in the area of preventive action. Theoretic information used in the first part of this work was obtained from scientific and professional publications and periodicals searched in domestic and international databases of scientific and specialist literature. The part of data collection and analysis compares the intake of omega-3 acids in the form of fish dishes prepared for children in the first half of elementary school, aged 7 to 10 years, in randomly selected school canteens or contracted catering in the European Union with the recommendations of Decree 107/2005 Sb. Ministry of Education.

The nutraceutical omega 3 fatty acid, which has been used to prevent cardiovascular disease; on the other hand, atherosclerosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, becoming myocardial infarction and strokes the main consequences. Objective: This study aimed to verify the preventive effects of omega-3 in the formation of atherosclerosis, inducing hyperlipidemic diet in rabbits to quantify the atherosclerotic involvement of the arterial lumen and to evaluate serum lipid levels (total cholesterol, fractions, triglycerides and HDL). Methods: 21 male rabbits New Zealand white race were randomized into three groups with seven animals, namely: control group (G1) where the animals received food and water ad labium; group hyperlipidemic (G2) food and water ad labium, 20 ml of chicken egg yolk divided in two doses and treated group (G3) that in addition to 20 ml of yolk, ingested 221 mg / kg body weight of omega-3 as well as food and water ad labium. The blood was collected to determine serum and after 99 days of the experiment, animals were euthanized for removal of debris following: aortic arch, right common carotid artery and right femoral artery. The results were compared using statistical methods of ANOVA, and Kolmogorov-Smirnorv. Results: There was no decrease in serum total cholesterol and fractions, and triglyceride did not increase HDL. There was thickening of the sub endothelial layer and formation of foam cells in G1 and G2. Conclusion: The Omega has no preventive effect in reducing atherosclerotic plaques; there was increased in the arterial lumen at 57.55%. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / O ômega-3 é um ácido graxo nutracêutico, que tem sido utilizado para prevenir as doenças cardiovasculares, das quais a aterosclerose é a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade, tornando o infarto do miocárdio e o acidente vascular encefálico suas principais consequências. Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivos verificar a existência de efeitos preventivos do ômega-3 na formação da doença aterosclerótica, através da indução de dieta hiperlipidêmica em coelhos, quantificar o comprometimento aterosclerótico da luz arterial bem como, analisar os níveis lipídicos séricos (colesterol total, frações, triglicerídeo e HDL). Material e Método: 21 coelhos albinos, machos da raça Nova Zelândia foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos com sete animais, a saber: Grupo Controle (G1) cujos animais receberam ração e água ad libitum; Grupo Hiperlipidêmico (G2) ração e água ad libitum, mais 20 ml de gema de ovo de galinha em dividida em duas tomadas e o Grupo Tratado (G3) que além dos 20 ml de gema, ingeriu 221 mg/kg/peso de ômega-3, bem como ração e água ad libitum. O sangue foi coletado para verificar os níveis séricos e após 99 dias de experimento, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia para retirada dos seguintes fragmentos: arco aórtico, artéria carótida comum direita e artéria femoral direita. Os resultados foram comparados pelos métodos estatísticos ANOVA, e teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnorv. Resultados: Não houve diminuição dos níveis séricos do colesterol total, e frações, o triglicerídeo e não aumentou o HDL. Houve espessamento da camada subendotelial e formação de células espumosas, nos grupos G1 e G2. Conclusão: O ômega não tem efeito preventivo na redução das placas ateromatosas, houve aumento do comprometimento da luz arterial em 57,55%.

Introdução: Epilepsia é uma desordem cerebral caracterizada predominantemente pela interrupção paroxística do funcionamento normal do cérebro causada por crises epilépticas que ocorrem de maneira recorrente e imprevisível. Aproximadamente 50% dos adultos com epilepsia têm ao menos uma comorbidade médica associada, e algumas condições apresentam uma prevalência maior quando comparados à população em geral. Entre elas podemos citar as comorbidades psiquiátricas e as alterações nutricionais. Objetivos: O presente estudo avaliou o consumo alimentar de pacientes portadores de epilepsia, e de forma mais específica, o consumo dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFAS), e a sua relação com a presença de transtornos neuropsiquiátricos. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal onde o consumo alimentar de paciente com epilepsia do lobo temporal foi avaliado por um questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA) validado para a população de Porto Alegre –RS. Também foi avaliado a presença de transtornos psiquiátricos e sintomas de ansiedade através dos questionários estruturados, SCID, BAI e Escala de Hamilton. Resultados: Pacientes com diagnóstico de transtornos psiquiátricos avaliado por SCID apresentaram menor consumo de ácidos graxos omega-3, (0,53 ± 0,34g vs 0,84 ± 0,58g; p=0,047) e (0,21g ± 0,13g/1000kcal vs 0,32±0,21g/1000kcal; p=0,049). Pacientes com maiores níveis de ansiedade avaliados pelo BAI também apresentaram menor ingestão de PUFAS n-3 (9,14 ± 3,65g vs 12,82 ± 4,84g; p=0,011 e 3,41 ± 1,21% vs 4,14 ± 1,05% do VET; p=0,04). A Escala de Hamilton apresentou correlação inversa ao consumo de PUFAS n-3 (-0,306; p=0,041). Conclusão: Foi identificada uma associação entre o consumo de PUFAS n-3 e a presença de transtornos psiquiátricos e níveis mais altos de ansiedade em pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal. Ainda que o nosso estudo não pode determinar uma relação de cause efeito entre alterações neuropsiquiátricas e consumo de PUFAS é possível que um consumo de alimentos ricos em Omega-3 possa ser uma estratégica terapêutica a fim de melhorar anormalidades neuropsiquiátricas nesses pacientes. Essa é uma interessante questão que necessita ser melhor avaliada no futuro. / Background: Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by recurrent and unpredictable interruptions of normal brain function. About 50% of the adults patients with epilepsy have one or more coexisting medical conditions. Among the comorbidities, we highlight nutritional problems as well psychiatric disorders, which have a significant impact in the life quality of this patient. Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the nutritional intake of lobe temporal epilepsy patients and investigate its relation with psychiatric disorders diagnosis. Patients and Methods: we performed a cross-sectional study with 45 temporal lobe epilepsy patients and applied a food frequency questionary (FFQ), comparing the results with psychiatric diagnosis assessed by SCID to any disorders and depression by BAI and Hamilton Scale for anxiety. Results: All patients had a higher consumption of calories (38,89 ± 15,44). than the preconized for people in general and a lower intake of PUFAS than the recommended for cardiovascular protection. Patients identified with any psychiatric disorder by SCID had a lower intake of PUFAS n-3 (0,53 ± 0,34g vs 0,84 ± 0,58g; p=0,047 and 0,21g ± 0,13g/1000kcal vs 0,32±0,21g/1000kcal; p=0,049 than those free of diagnosis. Patients with high levels of anxiety also had also had a lower consumption of PUFAS n-3 (9.14 ± 3.65g vs 12.82 ± 4,84g; p=0.011). The Hamilton Scale had a negative correlation with PUFAS n-3 intake (0,306; p=0,041). Conclusion: We found a negative relation between the diagnosis of psychitric disorders and anxiety as assessed by SCID and BAI respectively. It’s not possible to determine a cause and effect relationship in this association, but we can consider the omega-3 fat acid and PUFAS n-3 rich food might be potentially therapeutic in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. This question might deserve further studies.

Ratos foram tratados com salina, óleos de peixe (OP) ou soja (OS) por via intragástrica durante 20 dias antes da indução do IAM. A área de infarto e atividades da creatina quinase no plasma e da caspase 3 no ventrículo esquerdo (VE) foram menores no grupo OP comparado a salina ou OS. Os conteúdos de IL-1&beta;, TNF-&alpha;, CINC 2&alpha;/&beta;, IL-6 e VEGF-&alpha; no VE e de IL-1&beta;, TNF-&alpha;, MIP-3, IL-6 e VEGF-&alpha; no fígado foram elevados pelo OS. O OP aumentou os conteúdos de ATP e lactato e diminuiu o de glicogênio no VE. A redução do fluxo coronariano no VE dos animais infartados foi abolida pelo OP. A expressão gênica de iNOS, eNOS, HIF-1&alpha;, GLUT-1, VEGF-&alpha;, p53 e Bax2 no VE aumentou pelo OP. A fração de ejeção, fração de encurtamento e velocidade de encurtamento das fibras cardíacas foram mais elevadas pelo OP. Portanto, o tratamento com OP induziu um estado de pré-condicionamento que conferiu proteção do miocárdio à injúria isquêmica. / Rats were treated with saline, fish (FO) or soybean (SO) oils by gavage for 20 days before myocardial infarction (MI). Infarct size, activities of plasma CK and caspase 3 in the left ventricle (LV) were decreased by FO as compared with saline or SO. The contents of IL-1&beta;, TNF-&alpha;, CINC 2&alpha;/&beta;, IL-6, VEGF-&alpha; in the LV and of IL-1&beta;, TNF-&alpha;, MIP-3, IL-6, VEGF-&alpha; in the liver were increased by SO. Contents of ATP and lactate in the LV were increased and of glycogen decreased by FO. FO prevented the decrease in the coronary blood flow in the LV of infarcted rats. The mRNA contents of iNOS, eNOS, HIF-1&alpha;, GLUT 1, VEGF-&alpha;, p53 and Bax2 in the VE were increased by FO. Ejection fraction, fractional shortening and velocity of circumferential fiber-shortening were also increased by FO. So, treatment with FO leads to a preconditioning state that protected the heart from MI injury.

Introdução: Epilepsia é uma desordem cerebral caracterizada predominantemente pela interrupção paroxística do funcionamento normal do cérebro causada por crises epilépticas que ocorrem de maneira recorrente e imprevisível. Aproximadamente 50% dos adultos com epilepsia têm ao menos uma comorbidade médica associada, e algumas condições apresentam uma prevalência maior quando comparados à população em geral. Entre elas podemos citar as comorbidades psiquiátricas e as alterações nutricionais. Objetivos: O presente estudo avaliou o consumo alimentar de pacientes portadores de epilepsia, e de forma mais específica, o consumo dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFAS), e a sua relação com a presença de transtornos neuropsiquiátricos. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal onde o consumo alimentar de paciente com epilepsia do lobo temporal foi avaliado por um questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA) validado para a população de Porto Alegre –RS. Também foi avaliado a presença de transtornos psiquiátricos e sintomas de ansiedade através dos questionários estruturados, SCID, BAI e Escala de Hamilton. Resultados: Pacientes com diagnóstico de transtornos psiquiátricos avaliado por SCID apresentaram menor consumo de ácidos graxos omega-3, (0,53 ± 0,34g vs 0,84 ± 0,58g; p=0,047) e (0,21g ± 0,13g/1000kcal vs 0,32±0,21g/1000kcal; p=0,049). Pacientes com maiores níveis de ansiedade avaliados pelo BAI também apresentaram menor ingestão de PUFAS n-3 (9,14 ± 3,65g vs 12,82 ± 4,84g; p=0,011 e 3,41 ± 1,21% vs 4,14 ± 1,05% do VET; p=0,04). A Escala de Hamilton apresentou correlação inversa ao consumo de PUFAS n-3 (-0,306; p=0,041). Conclusão: Foi identificada uma associação entre o consumo de PUFAS n-3 e a presença de transtornos psiquiátricos e níveis mais altos de ansiedade em pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal. Ainda que o nosso estudo não pode determinar uma relação de cause efeito entre alterações neuropsiquiátricas e consumo de PUFAS é possível que um consumo de alimentos ricos em Omega-3 possa ser uma estratégica terapêutica a fim de melhorar anormalidades neuropsiquiátricas nesses pacientes. Essa é uma interessante questão que necessita ser melhor avaliada no futuro. / Background: Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by recurrent and unpredictable interruptions of normal brain function. About 50% of the adults patients with epilepsy have one or more coexisting medical conditions. Among the comorbidities, we highlight nutritional problems as well psychiatric disorders, which have a significant impact in the life quality of this patient. Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the nutritional intake of lobe temporal epilepsy patients and investigate its relation with psychiatric disorders diagnosis. Patients and Methods: we performed a cross-sectional study with 45 temporal lobe epilepsy patients and applied a food frequency questionary (FFQ), comparing the results with psychiatric diagnosis assessed by SCID to any disorders and depression by BAI and Hamilton Scale for anxiety. Results: All patients had a higher consumption of calories (38,89 ± 15,44). than the preconized for people in general and a lower intake of PUFAS than the recommended for cardiovascular protection. Patients identified with any psychiatric disorder by SCID had a lower intake of PUFAS n-3 (0,53 ± 0,34g vs 0,84 ± 0,58g; p=0,047 and 0,21g ± 0,13g/1000kcal vs 0,32±0,21g/1000kcal; p=0,049 than those free of diagnosis. Patients with high levels of anxiety also had also had a lower consumption of PUFAS n-3 (9.14 ± 3.65g vs 12.82 ± 4,84g; p=0.011). The Hamilton Scale had a negative correlation with PUFAS n-3 intake (0,306; p=0,041). Conclusion: We found a negative relation between the diagnosis of psychitric disorders and anxiety as assessed by SCID and BAI respectively. It’s not possible to determine a cause and effect relationship in this association, but we can consider the omega-3 fat acid and PUFAS n-3 rich food might be potentially therapeutic in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. This question might deserve further studies.

The consumption of omega-3 fatty acids and phytosterol promotes the reduction of cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. However, such compounds are susceptible to oxidation, which hampers their application. First, the aim of this work was to encapsulate echium oil (Echium plantagineum L.), source of omega-3 fatty acids, with hydrophilic phenolic compounds (sinapic acid and rutin) by double emulsion followed by complex coacervation in order to evaluate the best hydrophilic phenolic compound. In this case, sinapic acid showed better performance as antioxidant. Then, the second objective of this work was to study the microencapsulation of echium oil by complex coacervation using gelatin-arabic gum and gelatin-cashew gum as wall materials and sinapic acid and transglutaminase as crosslinkers. In this step, it was possible to observe that sinapic acid, besides to be an antioxidant, could also act as crosslinker. So, the third objective was to study the effect of sinapic acid in echium microparticles obtained by emulsion followed by spray or freeze drying using arabic gum as carrier agent in order to compare different encapsulation techniques. In addition to these methods, the fourth objective was to compare these techniques already mentioned to the combination of microfluidic devices and ionic gelation in order to encapsulate echium oil. In this case, sinapic acid and quercetin were also incoporated in the microcapsules. All the microcapsules/ microparticles obtained in the mentioned different techniques presented characteristics feasible for application and also promoted the protection of the oil. However, the encapsulation by complex coacervation and the addition of sinapic acid as crosslinkers was the method choosen for the coencapsulation of echium oil and phytosterols since presented the better results. Moreover, the treatment GA075 (microcapsule with gelatin-arabic gum as wall materials and 0.075g sinapic acid/ g gelatin) promoted the better protection to the encapsulated compounds. In this way, this treatment was applied into yogurt and compared to the one with the compounds nonencapsulated and the yogurt control. The yogurt containing microcapsules, presented a pH range from 3.89-4.17 and titratable acidity range from 0.798-0.826%, with good sensorial acceptance. It was possible to apply the microcapsules in yogurt, without compromising the rheological properties and physicochemical stability of the product, obtaining a functional product rich in omega-3 fatty acids, phytosterols and phenolic compound. / O consumo de ácidos graxos ômega-3 e fitosterol promove a redução dos níveis de colesterol e triacilglicerol. No entanto, esses compostos são susceptíveis à oxidação, o que dificulta sua aplicação. Primeiramente, o objetivo deste trabalho foi encapsular o óleo de echium (Echium plantagineum L.), fonte de ácidos graxos ômega-3, com compostos fenólicos hidrofílicos (ácido sinápico e rutina) por emulsão dupla seguida de coacervação complexa com intuito de avaliar o melhor composto fenólico hidrofílico. Neste caso, o ácido sinápico apresentou melhor desempenho como antioxidante. Em seguida, o segundo objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a microencapsulação do óleo de echium por coacervação complexa utilizando as combinações gelatina-goma arábica e gelatina-goma de caju como materiais de parede e ácido sinápico e transglutaminase como agentes de reticulação. Nesta etapa, foi possível observar que o ácido sinápico, além de ser um antioxidante, também pode atuar como agente de reticulação. Assim, o terceiro objetivo foi estudar o efeito do ácido sinápico em micropartículas de óleo de echium obtidas por emulsão seguida de atomização ou liofilização utilizando goma arábica como agente carreador, com a finalidade de comparar diferentes técnicas de encapsulação. Além desses métodos, o quarto objetivo foi comparar essas técnicas já mencionadas com a combinação de dispositivos microfluídicos e gelificação iônica utilizando o óleo de echium como composto bioativo. Neste caso, o ácido sinápico e a quercetina também foram incorporados nas microcápsulas. Todas as microcápsulas/ micropartículas obtidas pelas diferentes técnicas mencionadas apresentaram características viáveis para aplicação e também promoveram a proteção do óleo. No entanto, a encapsulação por coacervação complexa e a adição de ácido sinápico como reticulante foi o método escolhido para a coencapsulação de óleo de echium e fitosteróis, uma vez que apresentou melhor resultado. Além disso, o tratamento GA075 (microcápsula com gelatina-goma arábica como materiais de parede e 0,075g de ácido sinápico/ g gelatina) promoveu a melhor proteção aos compostos encapsulados. Desta forma, este tratamento foi aplicado em iogurte e comparado com o mesmo adicionado dos compostos não encapsulados e o iogurte controle. O iogurte contendo microcápsulas apresentou faixa de pH de 3,89-4,17 e acidez titulável de 0,798-0,826 %, com boa aceitação sensorial. Foi possível a aplicação das microcápsulas no iogurte, sem comprometer as propriedades reológicas e a estabilidade físico-química do produto, obtendo um produto funcional rico em ácidos graxos ômega-3, fitosteróis e compostos fenólicos.