Around one million tonne of food is annually wasted in Sweden, of which 100,000 tonne of surplus foodis wasted in the retail sector. Even if redistribution of surplus food is the second most preferable optionto reduce food waste according to the food waste hierarchy, only 5% of surplus food in retail is donated.At the same time, food insecurity is a global as well as a Swedish concern. In 2017, 6% of the Swedishpopulation had a low-income standard, and food banks are currently reporting an increasing demand forfood support. The goal of the study was to investigate surplus food donations from grocery stores tofood banks as an approach to address the paradox of food waste and food insecurity. It was done byidentifying challenges and potential lock-in factors, and by analysing practices and success factors toidentify potential best-practices. The study was a qualitative case study and used the sustainabilitytransition framework ‘multi-level perspective’ (MLP) for analysis. The study took part in a collaborationproject to produce a handbook for surplus food donations in retail, which aims to guide actors in retailhow to reduce avoidable food waste by increasing donations. The results showed that there are some basic conditions that are needed for surplus food donations totake place in a safe way. These can be fulfilled in diverse ways, which have been analysed together withsuccess factors and learnings from the literature to give examples of ‘good enough’ practices and bestpractises. This division of ‘good enough and ‘best’ was made to address that small, volunteer-led foodbanks and larger, more experienced ones have quite different opportunities and challenges. Grocerystores also seem to face various practical, economic, and managerial challenges to donating their surplus.The analysis of the challenges showed some potential lock-in factors that contribute to obstructingsurplus food donations to be an integrated part of the food regime. These lock-in factors are mainlyrelated to the devaluation of ecological and social costs of food waste and the low political priority,thereby sustaining a lack of funding, and a ‘waste as a resource’-thinking. Even if there are severalpotential lock-ins that might need to be ‘unlocked’ for surplus food donations to be a part of a radicaltransition to a more sustainable food system, there are still several of the ‘good enough’- and bestpractices that can be implemented to incrementally improve the resource efficiency of the current foodsystem. Surplus food donations may, however, be a key component in the transition towards asustainable food system. / Omkring en miljon ton mat slängs årligen i Sverige, varav 100 000 ton överskottsmat slängs idetaljhandeln. Trots att omfördelning av överskottsmat rankas som det näst bästa alternativet för attminska matsvinnet enligt resurshierarkin för livsmedel, doneras endast 5 % av överskottsmaten idetaljhandeln. Samtidigt är matfattigdom såväl ett globalt som svenskt problem, 2017 hade 6 % av densvenska befolkningen en låg inkomststandard, och livsmedelsbanker rapporterar om en ökandeefterfrågan på mathjälp. Målet med studien var att undersöka donationer av överskottsmat frånlivsmedelsbutiker till matbanker som ett tillvägagångssätt för att minska matsvinn samt matfattigdom.Det utfördes genom att identifiera utmaningar och potentiella inlåsningsfaktorer relaterade till dessa,och genom att analysera praxis och framgångsfaktorer för att identifiera bästa praxis. Studien var enkvalitativ fallstudie och för en bredare analys av strävan mot ett mer hållbart livsmedelssystem såanvändes ramverket "multi-level perspective" (MLP). Studien är en del av ett Vinnovafinansieratsamarbetsprojekt för att ta fram en handbok för livsmedelsdonationer i detaljhandeln, som syftar till attvägleda aktörer inom detaljhandeln hur de kan minska matsvinnet genom ökade donationer av överskott. Resultaten visade att det finns vissa grundläggande förutsättningar som generellt sett behöver uppfyllasför att donationer av överskottsmat ska fungera. Dessa kan uppfyllas på olika sätt, dessatillvägagångssätt har analyserats tillsammans med framgångsfaktorer och lärdomar från litteraturen föratt ge exempel på "bra" praxis och bästa praxis. Denna uppdelning gjordes för att det framkom attmindre, volontärledda matbanker och större, mer erfarna matbanker har olika möjligheter ochutmaningar. Livsmedelsbutiker möter också olika praktiska, ekonomiska och administrativa utmaningarnär det gäller att donera sitt överskott. Analysen av utmaningarna visade några potentiellainlåsningsfaktorer som bidrar till att hindra donationer av överskottsmat från att vara en integrerad del iden nuvarande livsmedels-”regimen”. Dessa inlåsningsfaktorer är främst relaterade till att ekologiskaoch sociala kostnader för matsvinn ofta bortses ifrån, och den låga prioriteringen på den politiskadagordningen. Därmed kvarstår brist på finansiering och ett "avfall som en resurs"-tänk. Även om detfinns flera potentiella inlåsningar som kan behöva "låsas upp" för att donationer av överskottsmat skavara en del av en radikal omställning till ett mer hållbart livsmedelssystem, så finns det även flera bra-och bästa praxis som kan genomföras ändå, för att stegvis förbättra resurseffektiviteten i det nuvarandelivsmedelssystemet. Donation av överskottsmat kan dock vara en nyckelkomponent i omställningen tillett hållbart livsmedelssystem.

<p>Gender politics in Sweden is considered unique because gender policies (jämställdhet) are integrated into national politics and politicised both in the public and the private sphere. The Swedish case is therefore considered a role model by many feminist scholars.</p><p>This view has been criticised by both post modern feminists and public administration scholars. Critics imply that the increased immigration and more heterogeneous population have led to a new challenge for state institutions. The Swedish model, with its universal welfare solutions, lacks the ability to recognise differences within groups. Universal solutions that treat everyone the same is no longer the most just way to treat people.</p><p>The growing use of goal orientation in Swedish public administration has increased the civil servants discretion in the implementation process, and thereby the space for differentiated treatment. This thesis aims to study the civil servants that implement gender policies in every day practice. It is focused on their interpretations of gender and gender equality and how this affects their exercise of authority. The thesis is a case study of two authorities in a heterogeneous area – the northern part of Botkyrka.</p><p>By using a two-fold theoretical approach and combine two perspectives, feminism and a policy analysis, the study analyses how the front-line bureaucrats handle the tension between the universal welfare politics and the demands of the immigrants. The first theoretical approach presents two different feminist perspectives: one that values economic redistribution and one that find it more fair to recognise differences between women. The second approach introduces theories on implementation that makes it possible to study how interpretations have an impact on the exercise of authority in front-line bureaucracies.</p><p>The main result of the study is that the front-line bureaucrats’ interpretations differ from the national gender politics. They have a more differentiated view of women than the universal Swedish gender politics. The study also shows that front-line bureaucrats tend to attribute negative cultural factors to immigrants. These prejudices find their way through the bureaucracy, into the public administration and the exercise of authority.</p>

Gender politics in Sweden is considered unique because gender policies (jämställdhet) are integrated into national politics and politicised both in the public and the private sphere. The Swedish case is therefore considered a role model by many feminist scholars. This view has been criticised by both post modern feminists and public administration scholars. Critics imply that the increased immigration and more heterogeneous population have led to a new challenge for state institutions. The Swedish model, with its universal welfare solutions, lacks the ability to recognise differences within groups. Universal solutions that treat everyone the same is no longer the most just way to treat people. The growing use of goal orientation in Swedish public administration has increased the civil servants discretion in the implementation process, and thereby the space for differentiated treatment. This thesis aims to study the civil servants that implement gender policies in every day practice. It is focused on their interpretations of gender and gender equality and how this affects their exercise of authority. The thesis is a case study of two authorities in a heterogeneous area – the northern part of Botkyrka. By using a two-fold theoretical approach and combine two perspectives, feminism and a policy analysis, the study analyses how the front-line bureaucrats handle the tension between the universal welfare politics and the demands of the immigrants. The first theoretical approach presents two different feminist perspectives: one that values economic redistribution and one that find it more fair to recognise differences between women. The second approach introduces theories on implementation that makes it possible to study how interpretations have an impact on the exercise of authority in front-line bureaucracies. The main result of the study is that the front-line bureaucrats’ interpretations differ from the national gender politics. They have a more differentiated view of women than the universal Swedish gender politics. The study also shows that front-line bureaucrats tend to attribute negative cultural factors to immigrants. These prejudices find their way through the bureaucracy, into the public administration and the exercise of authority.