內生經濟成長認為政府支出結構與收入結構均會影響恆定狀態成長率之觀點和事實是否一致呢？許多先前相關之研究需被修正，因為這些研究在政府預算限制式的設定並不完全，導致實證之結果產生偏誤。本文除了將討論忽略這些偏誤所會導致之影響外，進一步將以One-Way與TwO-Way的固定效果與隨機效果模型來進行估計，並修正先前研究所發生之問題，然後找出強力的證據來支持Barro模型（1990）所做的預測。本文的樣本資料取自東亞經濟前瞻與亞洲開發銀行，以亞洲新、舊四小龍，加上申國，共九個國家的17年時間序列資料所形成的揉合資料（pooling data）為實證對象。分析結果發現在考慮異質性與同期相關性下，若採用似無相關迴歸技巧來對One-Way固定效果模型進行估計，則：（1）不論政府是以租稅收入或是非租稅收入作為融通財源，資本性支出的增加均會提高經濟成長率，經常性支出的增加則均會對經濟成長率造成負面影響；（2）在政府以租稅收入為融通來源下，非租稅收入增加將會降低經濟成長率；若政府以非租稅收入作為融通之財源，則此時租稅收入之增加將會降低經濟成長。 〔關鍵字〕資本支出、經常支出、同期相關性（Contemporaneous correlation）、異質性（HetereSkedaStiCity）、One-Way fixed（random）effect model、Two-way fixed（random）effect model、似無相關迴歸（Seemingly unrelated regression）

Once a year for over forty years public relations’ practitioners in Sweden gathers, the political week in Almedalen, in the town of Visby. There they exchange knowledge and experience on all types of subjects using different and common communication models whether they are aware of them or not. The research on communication models is sparse, with one exception: Grunig’s model. Both practitioners and researches believe them to be important, even strategic. But too little knowledge about the models as such negatively impacts the understanding of public relations’ activities. It also contributes to the view that public relations is frittered. The thesis studies and analyses communication models of public relations. Models have been created by theorists and practitioners to describe the phenomenon, to understand communication as such and to facilitate communication between humans. The thesis addresses basic questions such as which models there are, where they stem from, who the originators were and the characteristics of each respective model. The basis of the study is comprehensive Anglo-American literature. All in all, over twenty different models have been analyzed in three different ways, i.e. the structure of a model, its historical deposits (sediment) and the application of the model. The result is manifold, since many characteristics form ten attributes and three families of models (a reduction). The characteristics can be seen as the models’ building blocks, e.g. the direction of the communication, the number of contacts and synchronism. Three model families are built on three differentiating characteristics, and the families are named correspondingly. Directional model (Riktningsmodellen), the Co-orientational model (Saminriktningsmodellen) and the Connectivity model (Konnektivitetsmodellen). The classification is of course not set in stone. It should be regarded as a first step to reduce the number of models in use and concentrate on the important characteristics of the models that help public relations researchers and professionals to solve problems and theorists to explain, foresee or guide to better public relations. Finally, five areas of future research are presented: a multinational study of models, a study of practitioners’ model use, a deeper history study according the concept of sediment, a notational system for models and, last but not least, a development of the Connectivity model. The last subject is the one that once inspired me to write a thesis. / <p>QC 20170426</p>

Résumé : Les dalles de tabliers de ponts et des stationnements sont exposées à des environnements agressifs en particulier au Québec et en Amérique du Nord en raison de l'utilisation de sels de déglaçage et des cycles de gel-dégel. La substitution des armatures d’acier par des armatures en matériaux composites de polymères renforcés de fibres (PRF) constitue une alternative intéressante qui connait beaucoup de succès ces dernières années. Le béton armé de PRF est durable, car l’armature n’est pas sujette à la corrosion électrochimique. Aussi l’armature de PRF possède une résistance en traction élevée et est légère. En Amérique du Nord, l’utilisation des composites de PRF a suscité une attention toute particulière de la part des ingénieurs et des gestionnaires d’ouvrages. Plusieurs organismes dont des ministères de transport spécifient l’armature de PRF comme matériau structural dans leurs devis techniques pour lutter contre la corrosion et allonger la durée de service de leurs infrastructures. Les dalles en béton armé sont souvent soumises à des efforts de cisaillement critiques. Actuellement les méthodes de calcul au cisaillement (à l’effort tranchant) de dalles unidirectionnelles en béton armé de PRF différèrent d’une norme à une autre. En effet, la majorité des équations proposées dans les normes et guides de conception ont dérivées à partir de relations empiriques. Bien que des efforts de recherche considérables aient été consacrés dans ce domaine au cours de la dernière décennie, une meilleure compréhension du comportement au cisaillement et des mécanismes de rupture de dalles unidirectionnelles en béton armé de PRF est encore nécessaire. Dans cette recherche, un programme expérimental visant à étudier le comportement de dalles renforcées avec différents types de barres en PRF a été mis en place. Vingt-deux dalles unidirectionnelles en béton renforcées avec des barres de PRF ont été construites et testées en flexion a quatre points jusqu’à la rupture. Les paramètres d’étude comprennent : le type et le taux d’armature, le diamètre de la barre, l’espacement et la configuration de l’armature ainsi que la résistance en compression du béton afin d’examiner leur effet sur la résistance au cisaillement des dalles. Le comportement des dalles testées a été examiné en considérant le réseau de fissures, la charge ultime ainsi que les modes de rupture. Aussi, une base de données comprenant 203 poutres et dalles unidirectionnelles en béton armé de PRF rompues en cisaillement a été répertoriée et introduite dans les analyses. Les charges de rupture en cisaillement des dalles testées dans le cadre de cette thèse ainsi que celles de la base de données ont été comparées à celles prédites par les équations de calcul proposées par la normes canadiennes CSA S6-06/S1 et CSA S806-12, ainsi que celles des deux guides de calcul ACI 440.1R-06 et JSCE-97. Les analyses effectuées ont montré que les valeurs prédites par les équations de calcul proposées par l’ACI 440.1R-06 sont très conservatrices, alors que celles prédites par celles de JSCE-97 sont en meilleur accord avec les valeurs expérimentales. Aussi, les résultats obtenus ont montré que les équations de la nouvelle norme CSA S806-12 prédisent bien la résistance au cisaillement expérimentale. Toutefois, une amélioration de l'équation de la norme CSAS806-12, conduisant à de meilleurs résultats, est proposée. Par ailleurs, les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de cette thèse ont mené à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de rupture et des facteurs principaux qui contribuent à la résistance au cisaillement de dalles unidirectionnelles en béton armée de PRF. Enfin, des recommandations pour des travaux futurs y sont également formulées. // Abstract : Bridge deck and parking garage slabs are exposed to aggressive environments particularly in the North American regions resulting from the excessive use of de-icing salts. Fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) reinforcements have emerged as a practical and sustainable anti-corrosive reinforcing material with superior tensile strength to overcome the corrosion problem. High comfort level and increase use of the material is currently seen. Protection and regulations policies of some Public North American agencies currently include GFRP reinforcing bars as premium reinforcement. Shear behaviour in RC slabs is examined since most of the bridge deck and parking garage slabs are shear critical. However, there is still no agreement in FRP design codes and guidelines for shear strength equations. Several design code equations are still based on empirical relationships while recent developments are based on shear theories. The complex nature of shear phenomena which is influenced by many parameters, in addition to the existence of various schools of thoughts in shear, makes it difficult to find a general agreement on a unified equation. Huge research efforts are being established, however better understanding for the shear behaviour and failure mechanisms for unidirectional FRP RC slabs is still needed. In this research study, an experimental program was designed to investigate the shear behaviour of one-way concrete slabs reinforced with different types of FRP bars. A total of twenty one concrete slabs reinforced with FRP bars in addition to a steel reinforced slab were constructed and tested to failure under two-point loading. The variation in the concrete contribution to the shear strength V[subscript c] is investigated with respect to FRP reinforcement properties. Newly developed GFRP bars with high modulus, which were not previously investigated in the literature, are used. Different FRP reinforcement properties were included in the study such as reinforcement ratio, modulus of elasticity and axial stiffness, type of bars, and reinforcement configuration. Also, normal concrete and high strength concrete were considered in the research program. Analysis of the experimental results included the general behavior of the tested slabs, crack patterns, ultimate capacities, and modes of failure, load deflection relationships as well as the concrete and reinforcement strains. Test results of the present investigation indicate an influence of the reinforcement type, bar diameter, and the shear stiffness of the bars on the mode of failure and the shear strength. The experimental investigation and analysis of test results provided better understanding of concerning mechanisms of failure and factors contributing to the shear capacity of FRP RC slabs. A refined shear model to the CSA S806-12 is introduced and found to provide better results compared to the existing design codes and guidelines. The model is based on regression analysis of an experimental database. The database is assembled from twenty five different studies in addition to the present investigation. The used database includes 203 unidirectional members reinforced with FRP bars (without shear reinforcement) failing in shear. The model was evaluated through the experimental concrete shear capacities (V[subscript c exp]) of the database and found to provide good predictions. The experimental shear capacities of the database ( V[subscript c exp]) was compared to their corresponding predicted shear capacities (Vcpred ) using CSA S806-12, CAN/CSA-S6.1S1, ACI 440.1R-06, and JSCE-97. It was found that the ACI guide is very conservative. It can be noted that using this guide in its present form may reduce the economic competitiveness of fibre-reinforced polymers. JSCE recommendations are in better agreement with the test results. The Canadian CSA S806-12 equation was found to be in good fit with the experimental shear capacities.

There is a worldwide development, better to say a non-development: We teach paper & pencil skills in primary schools almost like we did 30 or 50 or 100 years ago. Till today the primary school teachers spend up to more than 100 hours in the class room to teach and to train old fashioned algorithms though in daily life situations and for business purposes everybody uses a calculator. Why do we waste so much time of our children to teach them things which later on they will not need? We see an emotional dichotomy. Despite the research results from many research projects in many countries there still is the fear that the use of calculators in primary grades will harm mental arithmetic and estimation skills. To explain and to overcome that fear we will reflect the nature of number sense and of paper&pencil skills more carefully. We realize that the development of number sense is an intuitive and unconscious mental process while the ability to get an exact calculation result is trained logically and consciously. To overcome the above dichotomy we must solve the hidden dichotomy number sense versus precise calculation result. We need a new balance. Different types of examples will be given how we can further the development of number sense in a technology dominated curriculum.

Social Capital and Open Innovation are important for organisational growth, as both of them influence Innovation, Learning and Job Satisfaction. The literature indicates that informal network measured as social capital and formal network measured as open innovation influences positively to organizational innovation performance, learning and job satisfaction. Most of the studies in this area have been carried out using univariate approaches, and only few dimensions of both Social Capital and Open Innovation have been considered. Current literature outlines the positive influence of Social Capital and Open Innovation on Learning, Innovation and Job Satisfaction. In this study, an attempt has been made to develop a multi-dimensional framework for Social Capital and Open Innovation, in order to better understand the nuances of Learning, Innovation and Job Satisfaction in an R&D setting. Another important factor influencing the R&D outcomes is Absorptive Capacity; it is the capacity of the organisation to identify and use external knowledge. The direct and moderating role of Absorptive Capacity has been examined. Both theoretical and conceptual models have been proposed, and a measurement scale in form of a questionnaire has been developed. Data was collected from 35 organisations across India operating in the field of defence R&D. The sample included Government-run R&D organisations, Public Sector Units (PSUs) and private firms, and total of 331 engineers/scientists responded to the survey. Data was analysed using statistical methods such as Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Common Method Variance (CMV), and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Reliability and validity of the proposed scales for the constructs have been verified using appropriate techniques, and further inferences have been drawn by using regression techniques and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to assess the proposed relationships. It has been found that both Social Capital and Open Innovation have positive influence on Learning, Innovation and Job Satisfaction. Further, it was found that Absorptive Capacity had a positive association with both Innovation and Learning. However, Absorptive Capacity did not moderate the relationship of Social Capital with both Innovation and Learning, but was found to moderate the relationship between Open Innovation and Innovation, for both outbound and inbound approaches of Open Innovation. Bonding Social Capital had a relatively stronger positive association with Learning, while Bridging Social Capital was found to have a stronger relationship with Innovation. In summary, networking factors Social Capital and Open Innovation have strong positive association with R&D outcomes measured as innovation performance, learning and job satisfaction.

Over the last few years, there has been a signifi cant rise in the mobile broadband users worldwide. Recently, operators around the world have been improving the 3G networks by providing Dual Carrier-High Speed Packet Access+ (DC-HSPA+) services in both uplink and downlink to the users. However, the delay performance of the operational DC-HSPA+ networks is not focused. Firstly, we investigate and analyze the e ffect of operator service on One-Way Delay (OWD) and Jitter. Secondly, we investigate the treatment of protocols by 3G network for random packet sizes and random Inter Packet Duration (IPD). Thirdly, we investigate the eff ect of background load on OWD for packets generated at very low rate. Fourthly, we investigate the impact of constant IPD and streaming. Fifthly, we investigate the effects of shrinking the interval of IPD on OWD in 3G networks. Lastly, we investigate the OWD for Constant-Bit-Rate (CBR) and Variable-Bit-Rate (VBR) transmission patterns. Firstly, results show that OWD in the DC-HSPA+ networks is lower compared to the OWD in the preceding HSUPA networks and OWD strongly depends on packet-size at lower rates. Secondly, the 3G networks treat User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) protocols similarly for random packet size and random IPD. Thirdly, at high rates OWD depends on E-TFCE-DCH Transport Format Combination (ETFC) grants. Thirdly, the results also indicate that background load has a signi ficant impact on the end-to-end OWD. Fourthly, for low rates, OWD depends on packet sizes and for high rates OWD depends on IPD and for higher rates, OWD depends on E-TFC grants. Fifthly, we also observe: Shrinking the interval of IPD does not necessarily improve the OWD performance. Lastly, results also indicate that the VBR pattern has a better OWD performance than the CBR pattern for low transmission rates.

Les matériaux à gradient d'indice de réfraction (GRIN) présentent des propriétés mécaniques variant en temps ou/et en espace. Ils ont été testés pour des applications prometteuses dans de nombreuses applications d'ingénierie, comme pour le contrôle santé structurale ou la surveillance de structure (SHM), le contrôle des vibrations et bruit, la récupération d'énergie, etc. D'un autre côté, les matériaux piézoélectriques offrent la possibilité de réaliser des cellules composites dont les propriétés mécaniques peuvent être contrôlées en ligne. Motivé par ces deux approches, cette thèse étudie la mise en œuvre de structures GRIN adaptatifs pour le contrôle des ondes élastiques. Deux types de structures GRIN adaptatifs sont étudiés dans ce travail. Le premier exemple concerne la mise en œuvre d'une lentille piézoélectrique dans une plaque. Il est composé de patchs piézoélectriques shuntés, collés périodiquement en surface du guide d'ondes. Les circuits de shunt utilisés permettent d'émuler une capacité négative (NC). En accordant les valeurs de NC on peut ajuster l'indices de réfraction du milieu à l'intérieur de la lentille piézoélectrique et pour satisfaire une fonction sécante hyperbolique. Les résultats numériques montrent que les lentilles piézoélectriques peuvent alors focaliser les ondes de flexion de la plaque sur les points focaux. La lentille piézoélectrique est efficace dans une grande bande de fréquences et efficace dans une grande plage de fonctionnement. Ainsi elle peut focaliser des ondes sur différent points par simple ajustement des valeurs de NC réalisés par le circuit. Cette focalisation adaptative la rend très intéressante pour de nombreuses applications comme la récupération d'énergie ou le SHM. La mise en œuvre de ces techniques pour la récupération d'énergie est discutée dans cette thèse. Le second exemple concerne l'étude d'une structure dont les propriétés mécaniques sont contrôlées en temps et en espace. En particulier, une modulation périodique permet de créer une onde artificielle se propageant dans la structure. L'interaction avec des ondes mécaniques entraîne une rupture de réciprocité visible dans un diagramme de bande non symétrique. De nombreux phénomènes inhabituels sont observés dans ce type de structures variables : fractionnement des fréquences, conversion d'ondes et transmission unidirectionnelles. Deux types de conversion fréquentielle sont démontrés et expliqués. Le premier est induit par la transmission d'énergie entre les différents modes Bloch et le second type est dû à la diffusion de Bragg dans les structures modulées. La transmission unidirectionnelle des ondes pourrait être exploitée pour réaliser des diodes dans des systèmes infinis ou semi-infinis. Cependant, la transmission unidirectionnelle n'existe pas dans les systèmes finis en raison des phénomènes de conversion de fréquence. / GRadient INdex (GRIN) media are those whose properties smoothly vary in space or/and time. They have shown promising effects in many engineering applications, such as Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), vibration and noise control, energy harvesting, etc. On the other hand, piezoelectric materials provide the possibility to build unit cells, whose mechanical properties can be controlled on-line. Motivated by these two facts, adaptive GRIN structures, which can be realized using shunted piezoelectric materials, are explored in this dissertation to control guided elastic waves. Two types of adaptive GRIN structures are studied in this work. The first type is a piezo-lens. It is composed of shunted piezoelectric patches bonded on the surfaces of plates. To control the mechanical properties of the piezoelectric composite, the piezoelectric patches are shunted with Negative Capacitance (NC). By tuning the shunting NC values, refractive indexes inside the piezo-lens are designed to satisfy a hyperbolic secant function in space. Numerical results show that the piezo-lens can focus waves by smoothly bending them toward the designated focal point. The piezo-lens is effective in a large frequency band and is efficient in many different working conditions. Also the same piezo-lens can focus waves at different locations by tuning the shunting NC values. The focusing effect and tunable feature of piezo-lens make it useful in many applications like energy harvesting and SHM. The former application is fully discussed in this thesis. The focusing effect at the focal point results in a known point with high energy density, therefore harvesting at the focal point can yield more energy. Besides, the tunable ability makes the harvesting system adaptive to environment changes. The second type is the time-space modulated structure. Its properties are modulated periodically both in time and space. Particularly, the modulation works like a traveling wave in the structure. Due to the time-varying feature, time-space modulated structures break the reciprocity theorem, i.e., the wave propagation in them is nonreciprocal. Many unusual phenomena are observed during the interaction between waves and time-space modulated structures: frequency splitting, frequency conversion and one-way wave transmission. Two types of frequency conversion are demonstrated and explained. The first type is caused by energy transmission between different orders Bloch modes. The second type is due to the Bragg scattering effect inside the modulated structures. The one-way wave transmission could be exploited to realize one-way energy insulation in equivalent infinite or semi-inffnite systems. However, the one-way energy insulation fails in finite systems due to the frequency conversion phenomenon.

L'environnement urbain est le siège de fortes nuisances sonores notamment générées par les moyens de transport. Afin de lutter contre ces nuisances, la réglementation européenne impose la réalisation de cartographies de bruit. Dans ce contexte, des travaux fondamentaux sont menés autour de la propagation d'ondes acoustiques basses fréquences en milieu urbain. Différents travaux de recherche récents portent sur la mise en œuvre de méthodes ondulatoires pour la propagation d'ondes acoustiques dans de tels milieux. Le coût numérique de ces méthodes limite cependant leur utilisation dans un contexte d'ingénierie. L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse porte sur l'approximation unidirectionnelle de la propagation des ondes, appliquée à l'acoustique urbaine. Cette approximation permet d'apporter des simplifications à l'équation d'onde afin de limiter le temps de calcul lors de sa résolution. La particularité de ce travail de thèse réside dans la prise en compte des variations, continues ou discontinues, de la largeur des rues. Deux formalismes sont utilisés : l'équation parabolique et une approche multimodale. L'approche multimodale sert de support à une étude théorique sur les mécanismes de couplages de modes dans des guides d'ondes irréguliers bidimensionnels. Pour cela, le champ de pression est décomposé en fonction du sens de propagation des ondes à la manière d'une série de Bremmer. La contribution particulière de l'approximation unidirectionnelle est étudiée en fonction des paramètres géométriques du guide d'ondes, ce qui permet de mieux cerner les limites de validité de cette approximation. L'utilisation de l'équation parabolique a pour but une application à l'acoustique urbaine. Une transformation de coordonnées est associée à l'équation parabolique grand angle afin de prendre en compte l'effet de la variation de la section du guide d'ondes. Une méthode de résolution est alors spécifiquement développée et permet une évaluation précise du champ de pression. D'autre part, une méthode de résolution de l'équation parabolique grand angle tridimensionnelle est adaptée à la modélisation de la propagation acoustique en milieu urbain. Cette méthode permet de tenir compte des variations brusques ou continues de la largeur de la rue. Une comparaison avec des mesures sur maquette de rue à échelle réduite permet de mettre en avant les possibilités de la méthode. / The urban environment is the seat of loud noise generated by means of transportation. To fight against these nuisances, European legislation requires the achievement of noise maps. In this context, fundamental work is carried around the propagation of acoustic low-frequency waves in urban areas. Several recent research focuses on the implementation of wave methods for acoustic wave propagation in such environments. The computational cost of these methods, however, limits their use in the context of engineering. The objective of this thesis focuses on the one-way approximation of wave propagation, applied to urban acoustics. This approximation allows to make simplifications on the wave equation in order to limit the computation time. The particularity of this thesis lies in the consideration of variations, continuous or discontinuous, of the width of streets. Two formalisms are used: parabolic equation and a multimodal approach. The multimodal approach provides support for a theoretical study on the mode-coupling mechanisms in two-dimensional irregular waveguides. For this, the pressure field is decomposed according to the direction of wave propagation in the manner of a Bremmer series. The specific contribution of the one-way approximation is studied as a function of the geometric parameters of the waveguide, which helps identify the limits of validity of this approximation. Use of the parabolic equation is intended for application to urban acoustic. A coordinate transformation is associated with the wide-angle parabolic-equation in order to take into account the variation effect of the waveguide section. A resolution method is developed specifically and allows an accurate assessment of the pressure field. On the other hand, a solving method of the three-dimensional parabolic-equation is suitable for the modeling of acoustic propagation in urban areas. This method takes into account sudden or continuous variations of the street width. A comparison with measurements on scaled model of street allows to highlight the possibilities of the method.

There is a worldwide development, better to say a non-development: We teach paper & pencil skills in primary schools almost like we did 30 or 50 or 100 years ago. Till today the primary school teachers spend up to more than 100 hours in the class room to teach and to train old fashioned algorithms though in daily life situations and for business purposes everybody uses a calculator. Why do we waste so much time of our children to teach them things which later on they will not need? We see an emotional dichotomy. Despite the research results from many research projects in many countries there still is the fear that the use of calculators in primary grades will harm mental arithmetic and estimation skills. To explain and to overcome that fear we will reflect the nature of number sense and of paper&pencil skills more carefully. We realize that the development of number sense is an intuitive and unconscious mental process while the ability to get an exact calculation result is trained logically and consciously. To overcome the above dichotomy we must solve the hidden dichotomy number sense versus precise calculation result. We need a new balance. Different types of examples will be given how we can further the development of number sense in a technology dominated curriculum.

Behaviour prediction of hydraulic steel structures with the view to surrounding influences in various design dispositions is a fundamental condition for operational reliability assessment of the analyzed construction. Reliable characteristics of construction behaviour defined by the specification of its movement within changes caused by time and environmental influences is of great importance. In currently used engineering mechanics formulation it concerns setting the response of the defined construction or its part to the given time variable mechanic load. Required response values, which are necessary for evaluation terminal dispositions of capacity and usability of the construction, are trans-location and tension, or values thence derived. Calculation is basic means for response prediction of construction. The thesis presented deals with complex multi-physical behaviour problems of water supply constructions in fluid structure interaction. There are presented various approaches to calculations of static and dynamic qualities of constructions. These approaches are divided into so called “direct method”, which is based on direct connection between two physical fields and the calculation is performed by the method of final elements, and so called “indirect method” , which is based on connection of two physical fields by means of various interfaces, which are described in this thesis. In case of indirect method, the calculation of running liquid is performed by the method of final volumes and the construction calculation is performed by the method of final elements. Within the scope of this thesis, static and dynamic responses of water supply constructions have been solved with the use of the above mentioned approaches. The results of the calculations in the scope of this thesis have been compared with the findings of performed experiments. The final part of the thesis describes the results and generalized findings gathered from the tasks by various approaches.