Conferencia realizada en el marco de la "III Conferencia Latinoamericana de Analíticas de Aprendizaje LALA2020 Project", del 1 al 2 de Octubre de 2020 en Cuenca, Ecuador. / The aim of this paper is to investigate the perceptions of learning analytics re-searchers in Peru about the barriers to publication of their research data. A review of the relevant legislation was done. Semi-structured interviews were used as a research method, the focus being on the presumed conflict between the publica-tion of research data and the protection of personal data. The results show a range of individual factors that influence the behaviour of scientists in relation to the publication of research data, emphasizing the barriers related to data protection in different disciplines.

We experience the world through our senses. But we can only make sense of the incoming information because it is weighted and interpreted against our perceptual experience which we gather throughout our lives. In this thesis I present several approaches we used to investigate the learning of prior-experience and its utilization for prediction-based computations in decision making. Teaching participants new categories is a good example to demonstrate how new information is used to learn about, and to understand the world. In the first study I present, we taught participants new visual categories using a reinforcement learning paradigm. We recorded their brain activity before, during, and after prolonged learning over 24 sessions. This allowed us to show that initial learning of categories occurs relatively late during processing, in prefrontal areas. After extended learning, categorization occurs early during processing and is likely to occur in temporal structures. One possible computational mechanism to express prior information is the prediction of future input. In this thesis, I make use of a prominent theory of brain function, predictive coding. We performed two studies. In the first, we showed that expectations of the brain can surpass the reliability of incoming information: In a perceptual decision making task, a percept based on fill-in from the physiological blind spot is judged as more reliable to an identical percept from veridical input. In the second study, we showed that expectations occur between eye movements. There, we measured brain activity while peripheral predictions were violated over eye movements. We found two sets of prediction errors early and late during processing. By changing the reliability of the stimulus using the blind spots, we in addition confirm an important theoretical idea: The strength of prediction-violation is modified based on the reliability of the prediction. So far, we used eye-movements as they are useful to understand the interaction between the current information state of the brain and expectations of future information. In a series of experiments we modulated the amount of information the visual system is allowed to extract before a new eye movement is made. We developed a new paradigm that allows for experimental control of eye-movement trajectories as well as fixation durations. We show that interrupting the extraction of information influences the planning of new eye movements. In addition, we show that eye movement planning time follow Hick's law, a logarithmic increase of saccadic reaction time with increasing number of possible targets. Most of the studies presented here tried to identify causal effects in human behavior or brain-computations. Often direct interventions in the system, like brain stimulation or lesions, are needed for such causal statements. Unfortunately, not many methods are available to directly control the neurons of the brain and even less the encoded expectations. Recent developments of the new optogenetic agent Melanopsin allow for direct activation and silencing of neuronal cells. In cooperation with researchers from the field of optogenetics, we developed a generative Bayesian model of Melanopsin, that allows to integrate physiological data over multiple experiments, include prior knowledge on bio-physical constraints and identify differences between proteins. After discussing these projects, I will take a meta-perspective on my field and end this dissertation with a discussion and outlook of open science and statistical developments in the field of cognitive science.

abstract: Although most Americans support capital punishment, many people have misconceptions about its efficacy and administration (e.g., that capital punishment deters crime). Can correcting people’s inaccurate attitudes change their support for the death penalty? If not, are there other strategies that might shift people’s attitudes about the death penalty? Some research suggests that statistical information can correct misconceptions about polarizing topics. Yet, statistics might be irrelevant if people support capital punishment for purely retributive reasons, suggesting other argumentative strategies may be more effective. In Study 1, I compared how two different interventions shifted attitudes towards the death penalty. In Studies 2 - 4 I examined what other attitudes shape endorsement of capital punishment, and used these findings to develop and test an educational intervention aimed at providing information about errors in the implementation of the death penalty. Altogether, these findings suggest that attitudes about capital punishment are based on more than just retributive motives, and that correcting misconceptions related to its administration and other relevant factors reduces support for the death penalty. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2019

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Yes / This article summarises the standpoint of the Qualitative Methods in Psychology Section of the British Psychological Society regarding the current position of qualitative research in psychology in the United Kingdom. The article is in three parts. Part one documents the historical development of the section, outlining its rationale, remit, and current activities. These activities aim to champion and develop qualitative methods in psychology, supporting high quality work regardless of epistemological or ontological position. Part two considers the current context of our work, describing not only how qualitative methods are valued in the United Kingdom but also how this recognition is undermined, particularly through the operationalisation of our national research assessment (the Research Excellence Framework). We also consider the challenges that Open Science poses for qualitive researchers. Part three highlights some of the significant contributions of UK-based qualitative researchers to psychology, with a particular focus on feminist-informed research, discourse analysis, and interpretative phenomenological analysis, before pointing to future exciting possibilities based on research exploring the affordances of digital technologies and innovative synthesising across epistemologies and disciplinary boundaries.

Yes / Open research practices seek to enhance the transparency and reproducibility of research. Whilst there is evidence of increased uptake in these practices, such as study preregistration and open data, facilitated by new infrastructure and policies, little research has assessed general uptake of such practices across psychology university researchers. The current study estimates psychologists’ level of engagement in open research practices across universities in the United Kingdom and Ireland, while also assessing possible explanatory factors that may impact their engagement. Data were collected from 602 psychology researchers in the UK and Ireland on the extent to which they have implemented various practices (e.g., use of preprints, preregistration, open data, open materials). Here we present the summarised descriptive results, as well as considering differences between various categories of researcher (e.g., career stage, subdiscipline, methodology), and examining the relationship between researcher’s practices and their self-reported capability, opportunity, and motivation (COM-B) to engage in open research practices. Results show that while there is considerable variability in engagement of open research practices, differences across career stage and subdiscipline of psychology are small by comparison. We observed consistent differences according to respondent’s research methodology and based on the presence of institutional support for open research. COM-B dimensions were collectively significant predictors of engagement in open research, with automatic motivation emerging as a consistently strong predictor. We discuss these findings, outline some of the challenges experienced in this study, and offer suggestions and recommendations for future research. Estimating the prevalence of responsible research practices is important to assess sustained behaviour change in research reform, tailor educational training initiatives, and to understand potential factors that might impact engagement. / Research funding: Aston University. Article funding: Open access funding provided by IReL.

Le Oxford Foot Model (OFM) est un modèle de pied multi-segment cliniquement validé et disponible commercialement à travers Vicon Nexus (Vicon, Oxford Metrics Inc., Oxford, UK). Il est un des modèles de pied les plus populaires, mais souffre d'un manque de transparence. Hors, la transparence des méthodes biomécaniques est fondamentale à la reproduction des résultats. En effet, les résultats obtenus à l'aide du modèle disponible au sein de Vicon Nexus ne semblent pas pouvoir être reproduit en suivant la description du modèle. Ceci limite la confiance dans le modèle, et son développement par la communauté de biomécanique. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont donc de décrire le développement d’un code en libre-accès capable de reproduire les résultats cinématiques de la version commerciale de l’OFM (openOFM) et d’identifier et adresser les différences entre la version commerciale du modèle, et sa description originale par Stebbins et al. en 2006. En évaluant les différences entre l'openOFM et l'OFM commerciale à l'aide de l'erreur quadratique moyenne normalisée, la fidélité de l'openOFM (version 1.0) à pu être confirmé. Ceci a ensuite permis une description détaillée de l'OFM commerciale et l'identification des différences principales avec la description de l'OFM par Stebbins et al. en 2006. Ces différences se résument à l'utilisation d'une fonction de lissage intégré au modèle commerciale, une définition différente du segment de l'hallux, et une orientation différente des systèmes de coordonnées de chaque segment. Ces différences ont pu être adressé dans une deuxième version de l'openOFM, la version 1.1. / The Oxford Foot Model (OFM) is a clinically validated multi-segment foot model commercially available through Vicon Nexus (Vicon, Oxford Metrics Inc., Oxford, UK). Despite being one of the most popular multi-segment foot models, it suffers from a lack of transparency. Yet, the transparency of biomechanical methods is fundamental to the reproduction of results. Indeed, the results obtained using the model available within Vicon Nexus have proven challenging to reproduce following the description of the model. This limits confidence in the model, as well as its further development by the biomechanics community. The objectives of this thesis are therefore to describe the development of an open access code capable of reproducing the kinematic results of the commercial version of the OFM (openOFM) and of identifying and addressing the differences between the commercial version of the model, and its original description by Stebbins et al. in 2006. By evaluating the difference between the openOFM and the commercial OFM using the normalized root mean square error, the fidelity of the openOFM (version 1.0) is confirmed. This allowed a detailed description of the commercial OFM and the identification of the main differences with the description of the OFM by Stebbins et al. in 2006. These differences include the use of a smoothing, gap-filling function integrated to the model, a different definition of the hallux segment, and a rotated orientation of the coordinate systems of each segment. These differences are addressed in the second version of the openOFM, version 1.1.

Yes / To date, open science, and particularly open data, in Psychology, has focused on quantitative research. This paper aims to explore ethical and practical issues encountered by UK-based psychologists utilising open qualitative datasets. Semi-structured telephone interviews with eight qualitative psychologists were explored using a framework analysis. From the findings, we offer a context-consent meta-framework as a resource to help in the design of studies sharing their data and/or studies using open data. We recommend ‘secondary’ studies conduct archaeologies of context and consent to examine if the data available is suitable for their research questions. This research is the first we know of in the study of ‘doing’ (or not doing) open science, which could be repeated to develop a longitudinal picture or complemented with additional approaches, such as observational studies of how context and consent are negotiated in pre-registered studies and open data. / The author's manuscript has a slightly different title from the published article: A meta-framework for designing open data studies in psychology: ethical and practical issues of open qualitative data sets

No description available.

The last few years have been characterised by increasing online communication and the emergence of social media, made possible by Web 2.0. In society as well as in research, social media is used for knowledge produc- tion and networking. One example of this is Mendeley, a social reference management tool. With answers from users all over the world, this study investigates the use of Mendeley, if the respondents use other social media and if all of this affects scientific communication. The aim is also to study what the respondents think about the future of scientific communication and if this can be related to current tendencies. The theoretic framework for this study is based on Leah Lievrouws research on the Cycle of Scientific Communication and the relationship between the ”Little Science 2.0”-scenario and the ”Big Science Retrench- ment”-scenario. A qualitative web based survey was conducted (41 answers) and complemented with an interview with a professor in environmental sciences. The main purpose with the interview was to study how Mendeley can be used in collaborations. The results show that Mendeley is used by researchers to store and organize references, read and annotate pdf:s, cite, share articles in groups, search for new references and to present their research and make new ac- quaintances. The answers show that one effect that Mendeley and other social media has on scientific communi- cation is facilitating cooperation across traditional divides. At the same time, some respondents have not seen an effect on their scientific communication yet. Methods to measure impact in social media are requested, which would complement standard citation analysis. Mendeley’s related research function is found valuable in theory, but is in need of significant improvements. The respondents think that the future will be characterized by an increase in openness and sharing, but a tendency to keep scientific results copyrighted and locked behind pay- walls is also present. This is a two years master’s thesis in Library and Information science.