Das Fachbuch „Der Stellenwert des Marketings in deutschen Konzert- und Opernorchestern“ liefert eine profunde empirische Untersuchung des Marketings deutscher Konzert- und Opernorchester. Es wird erstmals ein Vergleich von Konzert- und Opernorchestern hinsichtlich der System-, Finanz- und Strukturdaten sowie der Marketingorganisation und Marketingaktivitäten durchgeführt. Auch der Vergleich anhand der Orchestergrößenklassen sowie der Standorte im Westen bzw. Osten Deutschlands ist neu. Das zweite Kapitel liefert die theoretischen Grundlagen, es fragt nach der gegenwärtigen Bedeutung von Marketing und Marketingmanagement und erläutert vorherrschende Organisationsstrukturen des Marketings. Das dritte Kapitel widmet sich den Orchestern in Deutschland: Ausgehend von der Orchestergeschichte sowie den Förder- und Orchesterbetriebsstrukturen wird das Orchestermarketing umfassend vorgestellt. Im Rahmen der empirischen Untersuchung werden ferner die Methoden zur Messung des Marketingerfolges anhand der Kriterien Entwicklungsstufe des Marketings und Arbeitsweise des Marketings weiterentwickelt.

The nineteenth century was a time of musical and cultural growth in the United States. Six of the major orchestras which exist today were established during this time. From the birth of the New York Philharmonic in 1842 through the founding of the Philadelphia Orchestra in 1900, audiences that valued orchestral music provided an impetus for professional orchestral development.A comprehensive review of the events leading up to the establishment of the New York Philharmonic, Boston Symphony, Chicago Symphony, Cincinnati Symphony, and Philadelphia Orchestras provides a basis for understanding the nature of professional orchestral trombone playing in the United States before 1900. It was found that orchestras were established in a common manner though growth was often retarded by social and economic factors. The Civil War, especially, was an event which momentarily hindered the growth of American symphony orchestras.Biographical data about the orchestral trombone players of the nineteenth century is very incomplete in the standard texts for American music history. A registry of orchestral trombonists in the United States during this period identifies 65 trombone players who were active in major symphony orchestras. An examination of the lives of some of the better-known orchestral trombonists shows that most of these musicians immigrated from Germany. The largest number of these musicians seem to have immigrated during a period from about 1870 to 1900. These capable musicians were leaders in the development of orchestras whose personal performance was reported to be of high quality. Especially influential was Frederick Lesch, a trombonist in the Theodore Thomas Orchestra and the New Philharmonic, who served as a principal player, bass trombonist, and soloist. His performance of Ferdinand David's Concertino for Trombone and orchestra is a landmark in the growth of orchestral trombone playing.A review of literature which includes a listing of all pieces performed by major orchestras during the nineteenth century establishes the repertoire of the orchestral trombonist of the period. Through analysis of this repertoire, the technical requirements for orchestral trombone playing are established. Technique, pitch range, and dynamic range were areas where the greatest demands were made upon the players. The orchestral trombonists of the nineteenth century were indeed pioneers who set the stage for today's orchestral trombone players.

This study has been prepared for the purpose of showing the development of the modern bass tuba through all stages, from its earliest ancestors to its present form. Also by the use of examples, it is hoped that the treatment of the instrument in selected orchestral works will show in some ways how it has and can be used.

During Fritz Reiner’s forty-year conducting career in the United States, he championed Béla Bartók’s orchestral music, programming Bartók’s orchestral works on over sixty concerts with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, and with other major American orchestras. These included performances in which the composer himself appeared as a soloist. Moreover, Reiner continued to conduct Bartók’s music following the composer’s death, and his efforts to promote Bartók’s works contributed to their significance to the American orchestral repertoire. The thesis explores connections between performance markings in Reiner’s personal copies of Bartók scores and the recordings he made of them, the ways in which Reiner’s live performances and recordings of Bartók’s music affected the American reception of Bartók’s works, and how Reiner’s collaboration with Bartók related to the revision of Bartók’s orchestral works in their published forms through case studies of Bartók’s Piano Concerto no. 1, Concerto for Orchestra, and The Miraculous Mandarin. The first case study considers Bartók’s performances of his Piano Concerto no. 1 with Reiner during his first U.S. concert tour of 1927-1928. Following an overview of Bartók’s activities in America during that time, three first-edition scores of Piano Concerto no. 1 are analyzed in order to show the significance of handwritten additions, corrections, and conducting markings made by Fritz Reiner, a Universal Edition staff member, and Serge Koussevitzky in preparation for performances with Bartók in 1928. It not only provides a window into early performances of the work with the composer at the piano in the absence of a recording, but also offers insight into Bartók’s preferences for performance of the work, some of which are reflected in the first or second editions of the work, and some of which are only preserved in Reiner’s scores. The second case study examines a new source for Bartók’s Concerto for Orchestra held at Northwestern University that bears extensive corrections by Bartók, as well as Reiner’s conducting markings. It discusses the circumstances surrounding Reiner’s acquisition of the score and its role in Reiner’s performances and recordings of Concerto for Orchestra with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. The third and final case study details Reiner’s preparation and performance of two concert versions (“Scenes” and “Suite”) of Bartók’s pantomime The Miraculous Mandarin using Reiner’s annotations to four versions of the score held at Northwestern, Bartók’s correspondence with his publisher, and program notes from Reiner’s 1927 world premiere of the “Scenes” to provide a better understanding of Reiner’s preparation and performances of both the “Scenes” and “Suite.” It further analyzes press coverage of his performances of the “Suite” to demonstrate that the press reaction to objectionable elements of the plot mellowed over time, and that critics consistently praised Reiner’s expert preparation and interpretation of the work. The thesis considers the publication and performance history of Bartók’s Piano Concerto no. 1, Concerto for Orchestra, and the concert versions of The Miraculous Mandarin in terms of Reiner’s collaboration with Bartók, his role in the promotion of Bartók’s music in the U.S., and his reputation as an authoritative interpreter of it.

Thesis (M.A.)--Baylor University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 239-248).

O tema central desta dissertação refere-se às formas organizacionais no contexto da chamada economia criativa, explorando-se mais especificamente o que ocorre em relação aos músicos de orquestra na cidade de Porto Alegre. A proposta ampara-se na abordagem da sociologia econômica, tentando-se apreender as relações entre organizações burocráticas e criatividade dos agentes, em meio às novas interações entre artes, tecnologia e mercado nos processos econômicos atuais. Trata-se, pois, de reconhecer características do ambiente organizacional que favoreçam ou obstaculizem a criatividade. A investigação acha motivação na constatação de que a valorização de bens, produtos e serviços da economia criativa, a partir dos anos 2000, configura uma importante mudança no que tange a nova orientação produtiva das economias mundiais, mediante novas interfaces entre artes – tecnologia – mercado. Para a realização da coleta dos dados empíricos, foram entrevistados músicos, maestros e gestores culturais, de duas orquestras da cidade de Porto Alegre, respectivamente uma orquestra pública e uma orquestra privada. Como principais resultados obtidos pelo estudo, destaca-se que o contexto de expansão da economia criativa tenderia estimular o surgimento de novas condições tecnológicas e de mercado da música, inclusive no segmento de orquestras, requerendo uma nova configuração organizacional e o desenvolvimento de novas habilidades pelos agentes. O estudo aponta também para a possibilidade de choque entre as crenças e valores institucionais, não constituindo necessariamente em uma limitação a manifestação da criatividade nas organizações pesquisadas. Por fim, o processo de gestão da música erudita evidencia traços de uma nova etapa de racionalização em suas dinâmicas, tendo em vista a complexidade de fatores de ordem social e institucional que constituem os processos de criação dos agentes. / The central theme of this dissertation refers to the organizational forms in the context of creative economy, more specifically what happens in relation to orchestral musicians in Porto Alegre city. The proposal sustains itself in the economic sociology approach, trying to grasp the relationship between bureaucratic organizations and agents’ creativity inside the new interactions among art, technology and market in the current economic processes. That is, to recognize characteristics of the organizational environment favoring or hindering creativity. The research has motivation in noting that the valuation of goods, products and services of the creative economy from the 2000s, an important change regarding the new production guidance of world economies through new interfaces among arts - technology - market. In order to achieve the empirical data collection, musicians, maestros and cultural managers from two orchestras of Porto Alegre city were interviewed, respectively, public and private ones. The main results obtained by the study are emphasized that the context of expanding creative economy would tend to stimulate the arising of new technological conditions and musical market, including orchestral segment, requiring a new organizational configuration and new skills development by agents. The study also points to the possibility of an impact between institutional values and beliefs; it does not necessarily constitute a restriction to the expression of creativity in the surveyed organizations. Finally, the process of erudite music management shows features of a new step rationalization in its dynamics, in view of the factors complexity from social and institutional orders which constitute the processes of agents’ creation.

O tema central desta dissertação refere-se às formas organizacionais no contexto da chamada economia criativa, explorando-se mais especificamente o que ocorre em relação aos músicos de orquestra na cidade de Porto Alegre. A proposta ampara-se na abordagem da sociologia econômica, tentando-se apreender as relações entre organizações burocráticas e criatividade dos agentes, em meio às novas interações entre artes, tecnologia e mercado nos processos econômicos atuais. Trata-se, pois, de reconhecer características do ambiente organizacional que favoreçam ou obstaculizem a criatividade. A investigação acha motivação na constatação de que a valorização de bens, produtos e serviços da economia criativa, a partir dos anos 2000, configura uma importante mudança no que tange a nova orientação produtiva das economias mundiais, mediante novas interfaces entre artes – tecnologia – mercado. Para a realização da coleta dos dados empíricos, foram entrevistados músicos, maestros e gestores culturais, de duas orquestras da cidade de Porto Alegre, respectivamente uma orquestra pública e uma orquestra privada. Como principais resultados obtidos pelo estudo, destaca-se que o contexto de expansão da economia criativa tenderia estimular o surgimento de novas condições tecnológicas e de mercado da música, inclusive no segmento de orquestras, requerendo uma nova configuração organizacional e o desenvolvimento de novas habilidades pelos agentes. O estudo aponta também para a possibilidade de choque entre as crenças e valores institucionais, não constituindo necessariamente em uma limitação a manifestação da criatividade nas organizações pesquisadas. Por fim, o processo de gestão da música erudita evidencia traços de uma nova etapa de racionalização em suas dinâmicas, tendo em vista a complexidade de fatores de ordem social e institucional que constituem os processos de criação dos agentes. / The central theme of this dissertation refers to the organizational forms in the context of creative economy, more specifically what happens in relation to orchestral musicians in Porto Alegre city. The proposal sustains itself in the economic sociology approach, trying to grasp the relationship between bureaucratic organizations and agents’ creativity inside the new interactions among art, technology and market in the current economic processes. That is, to recognize characteristics of the organizational environment favoring or hindering creativity. The research has motivation in noting that the valuation of goods, products and services of the creative economy from the 2000s, an important change regarding the new production guidance of world economies through new interfaces among arts - technology - market. In order to achieve the empirical data collection, musicians, maestros and cultural managers from two orchestras of Porto Alegre city were interviewed, respectively, public and private ones. The main results obtained by the study are emphasized that the context of expanding creative economy would tend to stimulate the arising of new technological conditions and musical market, including orchestral segment, requiring a new organizational configuration and new skills development by agents. The study also points to the possibility of an impact between institutional values and beliefs; it does not necessarily constitute a restriction to the expression of creativity in the surveyed organizations. Finally, the process of erudite music management shows features of a new step rationalization in its dynamics, in view of the factors complexity from social and institutional orders which constitute the processes of agents’ creation.

O tema central desta dissertação refere-se às formas organizacionais no contexto da chamada economia criativa, explorando-se mais especificamente o que ocorre em relação aos músicos de orquestra na cidade de Porto Alegre. A proposta ampara-se na abordagem da sociologia econômica, tentando-se apreender as relações entre organizações burocráticas e criatividade dos agentes, em meio às novas interações entre artes, tecnologia e mercado nos processos econômicos atuais. Trata-se, pois, de reconhecer características do ambiente organizacional que favoreçam ou obstaculizem a criatividade. A investigação acha motivação na constatação de que a valorização de bens, produtos e serviços da economia criativa, a partir dos anos 2000, configura uma importante mudança no que tange a nova orientação produtiva das economias mundiais, mediante novas interfaces entre artes – tecnologia – mercado. Para a realização da coleta dos dados empíricos, foram entrevistados músicos, maestros e gestores culturais, de duas orquestras da cidade de Porto Alegre, respectivamente uma orquestra pública e uma orquestra privada. Como principais resultados obtidos pelo estudo, destaca-se que o contexto de expansão da economia criativa tenderia estimular o surgimento de novas condições tecnológicas e de mercado da música, inclusive no segmento de orquestras, requerendo uma nova configuração organizacional e o desenvolvimento de novas habilidades pelos agentes. O estudo aponta também para a possibilidade de choque entre as crenças e valores institucionais, não constituindo necessariamente em uma limitação a manifestação da criatividade nas organizações pesquisadas. Por fim, o processo de gestão da música erudita evidencia traços de uma nova etapa de racionalização em suas dinâmicas, tendo em vista a complexidade de fatores de ordem social e institucional que constituem os processos de criação dos agentes. / The central theme of this dissertation refers to the organizational forms in the context of creative economy, more specifically what happens in relation to orchestral musicians in Porto Alegre city. The proposal sustains itself in the economic sociology approach, trying to grasp the relationship between bureaucratic organizations and agents’ creativity inside the new interactions among art, technology and market in the current economic processes. That is, to recognize characteristics of the organizational environment favoring or hindering creativity. The research has motivation in noting that the valuation of goods, products and services of the creative economy from the 2000s, an important change regarding the new production guidance of world economies through new interfaces among arts - technology - market. In order to achieve the empirical data collection, musicians, maestros and cultural managers from two orchestras of Porto Alegre city were interviewed, respectively, public and private ones. The main results obtained by the study are emphasized that the context of expanding creative economy would tend to stimulate the arising of new technological conditions and musical market, including orchestral segment, requiring a new organizational configuration and new skills development by agents. The study also points to the possibility of an impact between institutional values and beliefs; it does not necessarily constitute a restriction to the expression of creativity in the surveyed organizations. Finally, the process of erudite music management shows features of a new step rationalization in its dynamics, in view of the factors complexity from social and institutional orders which constitute the processes of agents’ creation.

Orientador: Valmir Antonio Zullian de Azevedo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T07:27:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teixeira_ClarianaLia_M.pdf: 5414808 bytes, checksum: b635522012e9b3907edc2fd23703e1c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O exercício da música como profissão exige mais do que qualidade técnica, concentração, processamento multissensorial de informações e memória, excepcional flexibilidade, coordenação, motricidade e destreza em uma postura específica e muitas vezes inadequada por longos períodos de tempo. Investigações epidemiológicas têm evidenciado um adoecimento expressivo dos músicos, que, em muitos casos, precisam interromper suas carreiras, tornando frequente o convívio com a dor. E todo o contexto de trabalho vivenciado pelos músicos proporciona um encontro entre o sofrimento gerado pelo trabalho e suas condições e a arte, como produto deste trabalho. A ergonomia pode contribuir tanto para a identificação dos riscos biomecânicos, organizacionais e psicossociais que permeiam as ocupações, quanto para direcionar diretrizes de prevenção e promoção à saúde. O desafio para a ciência da ergonomia encontra-se no fato de que esta não pode intervir diretamente na adaptação dos instrumentos de trabalho ou no ambiente de trabalho dos músicos de uma orquestra sinfônica. Considerando a importância da profissão do músico como objeto de pesquisa em saúde ocupacional e as exigências inerentes desta ocupação, acreditamos, tal qual ocorre em outras profissões, que esses fatores representem riscos ocupacionais relativamente pouco conhecidos e que sejam agravantes do risco de adoecimento. Os instrumentos de avaliação para identificação dos riscos biomecânicos foram o Strain Index (Moore and Garg, 1995) e o método Suzanne Rodgers, revisado por Thomas Bernard (2006), para obter o nível de risco de um instrumento musical em desenvolver desordens do membro superior distal e em outros segmentos corporais, respectivamente. Ambos foram aplicados em duas situações do cotidiano da população estudada: ensaios e apresentações públicas. Todos os instrumentos da orquestra sinfônica estudada oferecem algum tipo de risco biomecânico aos seus instrumentistas em sua execução, seja em ensaios, seja em concertos públicos, apontando a necessidade de uma maior atenção á saúde do músico (Leaver, Harris and Palmer 2011) / Abstract: The practice of music as a profession demands more than technique, concentration, multisensory processing of information and memory, exceptional flexibility, coordination, handling and dexterity in a specific posture, and most of the times inadequate, for long periods of time. Epidemiological investigation has been evidencing an expressive sickening of musicians, who, in most cases, have to interrupt their careers, making handling pain a constant in their lives. After all, even minor injuries carry the potential to terminate a musical career, which, as aforementioned, demands a very specific set of skills. Ergonomics can contribute to identifying biomechanical, organizational and psychosocial risks that permeate our occupations, as well as to direct the guidelines of health prevention and promotion. The challenge for ergonomics science lies on the fact that it cannot directly intervene in the adaptation of work instruments or the work environment of musicians in a symphonic orchestra. Considering the importance of the musician profession as a research subject for occupational health and the inherent demands of the job, we believe that, just as it occurs to other professions, these factors represent a relatively unknown occupational risk and are aggravators of sickening risks. Evaluation instruments to identify the biomechanical risks were the Strain Index (Moore & Garg, 1995) and the Suzanne Rodgers method revised by Thomas Bernard (2006) to obtain, respectively, the risk level of a musical instrument in developing disorders of the superior distal limb and in other body segments are exposed to Both were applied to everyday situations of the studied population: rehearsals and public performances. All instruments in the studied symphonic orchestra offer some level of biomechanical risk to its instrumentalists during execution, whether on rehearsals or public concerts, pointing us towards the necessity of attention to the musician health (Leaver, Harris and Palmer 2011) / Mestrado / Epidemiologia / Mestra em Saúde Coletiva

This author conducted a qualitative interview study of community orchestra musicians to better understand why they have sustained their music-making. The first chapter of this dissertation outlines the three research questions along with a rationale and author’s narrative. A problem statement along with a conceptual framework are also included within the first chapter. Three key areas of connected and relevant literature are identified and discussed in the second chapter of this proposal: 1) Socioeconomic Status (SES), parental involvement, efficacy, and attrition in formal school settings: Motivations of students to start learning an instrument and sustain that learning through high school; 2) Characteristics of members of community orchestras; and 3) Studies examining why adults sustain their music-making. The first dimension enables comparisons and contrasts between community orchestra members and school music students. The second and third domains offer a context for both the musicians' individual work and adult music-making in general. The third chapter is a description of the methods, research questions, and timeline of data collection. Data were gathered via a semi-structured interview and a PhotoVoice activity from 10 community orchestra musicians in the New York City area. A description of the pilot study is also included along with the findings. Additionally, the third chapter includes a detailed description of the PhotoVoice method. There were three main findings for each of the three research questions and those findings and the supporting themes/codes are described in chapter 4. The discussion chapter includes extensive thoughts on the implications of the findings. The concluding chapter summarizes the research, lays out plans for future research, and reflects on the study.