Die meisten Kinder mit infantiler Zerebralparese (IZP) entwickeln eine spastische Parese, was zu Schwäche, erhöhtem Muskel-Dehnungswiderstand und Kontrakturen führt. Der Spitzfuß ist eines ihrer häufigsten Defizite. Das übergeordnete Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, nicht-invasive Behandlungsstrategien für diese Pathologie näher zu untersuchen. In der ersten Studie wurden die Effekte einer Unterschenkel-Lagerungsorthese auf die Muskelmorphometrie des Gastrocnemius unter zu Hilfenahme von Ultraschall und 3D Bewegungsanalyse untersucht. Lagerungsorthesen konnten das Gangbild verbessern, führten gleichzeitig aber zu Atrophie. Um eine alternative Therapieform zu finden, wurde in der zweiten Studie die kontraktile Aktivität des Gastrocnemius mittels Ultraschall, Bewegungsanalyse und EMG während des Gehens, Vorwärts-Bergauf, bzw. Rückwärts-Bergab, sowie in der Ebene untersucht. Das Bergaufgehen steigerte die konzentrische Exkursion der Faszikel, wohingegen das Rückwärts-Bergabgehen zu vermehrter Exzentrik führte. Da sich exzentrisches Training positiv auf Faszikellängenwachstum auswirken kann, wurde in der dritten Studie das Rückwärts-Bergabgehen mit statischem Dehnen als traditionelle Therapieform verglichen. Ultraschall, Bewegungsanalyse und handgesteuerte Dynamometrie wurden verwendet, um die Plantarflexorenkraft, die passive Sprunggelenksbeweglichkeit, die Gastrocnemius Morphometrie sowie die Steifigkeit und Dehnbarkeit auf Muskel-Sehnen und Gelenkebene zu untersuchen. Dehnen zeigte keinerlei Benefits gegenüber dem Laufbandtraining. Rückwärts-Bergabgehen war dagegen ein effektives Gangtraining und setzt vermutlich neuronale und koordinative Reize. In der Zusammenschau scheinen positive Änderungen im Gangbild bei IZP Kindern sowohl durch Unterschenkelorthesen, als auch durch Rückwärts-Bergabgehen erreichbar zu sein. Beides führte aber nicht zu Muskelwachstum. Funktionelle Verbesserungen scheinen daher auch stark von neuronal, koordinativen Aspekten abhängig zu sein. / Most children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) develop spastic paresis, which leads to muscle weakness, increased stretch-resistance and joint contractures. The gastrocnemius muscle is frequently targeted to alleviate a common deficiency known as equinus. The overall objective of this thesis was to investigate several non-invasive treatment strategies for this pathology. The first study investigated the effects of ankle foot orthotics on spastic gastrocnemius morphometrics as well as on gait by using ultrasound and motion capturing. We concluded that braces improved walking function but also lead to atrophy. During the second study, we searched for a readily available, substituting stimulus and compared the contractile activity of the gastrocnemius on treadmills, namely during flat-forward, forward-uphill and backward-downhill gait using ultrasound, motion capturing and EMG. Uphill gait promoted concentric fascicle action, while backward-downhill gait increased eccentric fascicle action. Since eccentric training had been previously shown to increase fascicle length in controls, during the third study, we compared backward-downhill walking versus static, manual stretching. Ultrasound, motion analysis and handheld dynamometry were used to test plantarflexor strength, passive ankle joint flexibility, as well as gastrocnemius morphometrics, stiffness and strain on muscle-tendon and joint level. Backward-downhill walking led to larger single stance dorsiflexion and faster achievable walking velocities while stretching aggravated knee flexion in swing. Strength, joint flexibility, as well as stiffness on muscle-tendon and joint level were not altered. Backward-downhill walking can be an effective gait treatment, probably improving coordination. Nevertheless, more intense training might be necessary to alter muscle-tendon properties. In sum, backward-downhill walking and bracing increased function without promoting or even by harming muscle growth.

Estima-se que há mais de 50 anos, as furadeiras elétricas (FE) têm sido empregadas em cirurgias ortopédicas nos hospitais brasileiros para a perfuração óssea. Trata-se de equipamento elétrico, termossensível, não indicado para uso cirúrgico, não avaliado anteriormente quanto à eficácia da esterilização, suspeitando-se de risco potencial para infecções do sítio cirúrgico ou relacionadas a próteses ortopédicas. Os objetivos desse estudo foram: avaliar a carga microbiana de FE do uso cirúrgico e avaliar a eficácia da esterilização por óxido de etileno (ETO) de FE novas intencionalmente contaminadas. Trata-se de pesquisa experimental, laboratorial, randomizada e aplicada desenvolvida no laboratório de pesquisas experimentais da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo. O trabalho foi realizado em duas fases. As condições assépticas foram rigorosamente seguidas para o controle das variáveis. Quinze FE analisadas na fase I, tiveram distribuição aleatória e cega, capturadas em um centro cirúrgico de um hospital escola. Foram cultivados: o ar gerado pelo motor e alíquotas de 10 µL do lavado das superfícies interna e externa das FE. Ainda nessa fase foi realizado um controle positivo onde uma FE foi contaminada com Serratia marcescens e um teste do método de filtração por membrana de porosidade de 0,45 µm com uma FE limpa, onde as membranas que filtraram diferentes quantidades do lavado foram cultivadas. Na fase II foram analisadas 22 FE e três perfuradores de osso (PO). Dezesseis FE constituíram o grupo experimental (GE), seis o controle positivo (GCP) e três PO constituíram o controle negativo (GCN). Todos os equipamentos previamente limpos e esterilizados foram submetidos à contaminação com esporos de Bacillus atrophaeus. As FE do GCP foram analisadas após a exposição ao contaminante, furadeiras do GE e perfuradores do GCN foram submetidos à limpeza e esterilização por ETO antes de serem analisados. Foram cultivados: ar gerado pelo motor e membrana filtrante após a filtração do lavado das superfícies interna e externa dos equipamentos. Foram realizadas coloração e microscopia: Gram para culturas positivas; Wirtz-Conklin para culturas positivas com bacilos Gram positivos. Os resultados mostraram que a carga microbiana de FE do uso cirúrgico é baixa e foi detectada em duas ocasiões no cultivo do ar, 1 ufc/FE e em uma ocasião no cultivo de alíquotas do lavado, 9 ufc/FE. O controle positivo realizado com Serratia marcescens comprovou a sensibilidade do método para amostras contendo alta concentração de contaminantes. O método filtração por membrana mostrou-se sensível para detectar baixa contaminação das FE, sendo o eleito para o teste de esterilidade. Os controles positivos apresentaram crescimento do microrganismo contaminante, comprovando a aderência ao material. Os controles negativos não apresentaram crescimento. Das 16 FE do GE, duas apresentaram crescimento sendo cada uma delas de 1ufc do contaminante inicial respectivamente no cultivo do ar e no cultivo da membrana. Foi comprovada a eficiência de 99,99999881% do processo de esterilização por ETO, com a probabilidade de sobrevivência de 1,19 x 10-8. Nas condições do desenvolvimento do experimento, a eficácia da esterilização das FE por ETO foi comprovada / Electric drills have been used to perform orthopedic surgeries in Brazilian hospitals for almost more than 50 years. This electric equipment is heat-sensitive and it is not appropriate to use in surgical procedures. Until now the efficacy of sterilization of this item had been not evaluated as a potential risk for the occurrence of surgical site infection or infection related to orthopedic prosthesis. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the bioburden of the used electric drills and to evaluate the sterility of the new electric drills contaminated artificially. It is an experimental and randomized study performed in the research laboratory of the Nursing School of the São Paulo University. The study was performed in two phases following rigorous aseptic techniques to control the variables. In the first phase fifteen electric drills were taken in the operating room of the university hospital and included in the study using aleatory and blind methods. Cultures were performed from the air produced by the drill engine and the aliquots of 10µL of the rinsed water from the internal and external surface of the electric drill. One electric drill was included as a positive control and was contaminated with Serratia marcescens. A membrane filter with porous of 0,45 µm were cultured after had been exposed to the rinsed water from the internal and external surface of the clean electric drill. In the second phase were analyzed twenty two electric drills and three orthopedic drilling machines. Sixteen electric drills were included in the experimental group, six were the positive control group and three orthopedic drilling machines in the negative control group. All the equipments previously cleaned and sterilized were submitted to the contamination with Bacillus atrophaeus. The electric drills included in the positive control group were analyzed after exposed to the contaminant and the electric drills of the experimental group and orthopedic drills included in the negative control group were submitted to clean and ethylene oxide sterilization before to start the analysis. The air produced by the drill engine and the membrane filter after exposed to the rinsed water of the internal and external surface of the electric drill were cultured. It was performed Gram microscopy and Wirtz-Conklin to Gram positive bacilli. The results showed low bioburden in the electric drills in two episodes. So, 1 cfu/electric drill was found in one episode of the air culture and 9 cfu/electric drill in one episode of culture of the aliquot. The positive control with Serratia marcescens demonstrated the sensibility of the method in samples with high concentration of contaminants. The method of membrane filtration showed sensible to detect low bioburden of the electric drills. So it is elected for the sterility test. The positive controls showed the growth of the contaminant microrganism demonstrating the adherence to the material surface. The negative controls did not show growth. Two of the sixteen electric drills included in the experimental group showed each one growth of 1cfu of the initial contaminant of the air and the membrane cultures respectively. So the efficiency of the sterilization process was 99,99999881% and the probability of find survivor was 1,19 x 10-8. In these conditions the study demonstrates that the efficacy of the ethylene oxide sterilization was proved

INTRODUÇÃO: Tem-se afirmado que a via de acesso minimamente invasiva na artroplastia total de joelho (ATJ) por não agredir o músculo quadríceps femoral permite reabilitação mais precoce. A fim de verificar a influência da preservação do aparelho extensor no ato cirúrgico, avaliou-se a força da musculatura extensora e flexora do joelho em pacientes submetidos à ATJ por duas vias de acesso diferentes. MÉTODOS: Este estudo comparou, no período de janeiro de 2005 a julho de 2006, os valores de torque máximo e de trabalho total obtidos por dinamometria isocinética aos seis meses de pós-operatório. Foram avaliados 12 indivíduos submetidos à ATJ por via de acesso minimamente invasiva e 8 indivíduos submetidos à ATJ por via de acesso transquadricipital. RESULTADOS: A análise estatística dos valores de torque máximo e de trabalho total absolutos e corrigidos pelo peso corporal não demonstrou diferença entre os dois grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Não há diferença de força da musculatura extensora e flexora do joelho aos seis meses de cirurgia. / INTRODUCTION: It has been stated that for total knee arthroplasty (TKA), the minimally invasive approach permits earlier rehabilitation because it is not prejudicial for the femoral quadriceps muscle. To verify the influence of preserving the extensor apparatus during surgery, strength of the knee extension and flexion muscles was evaluated in patients submitted to TKA with different approaches. METHODS: The values of maximum torque and total work obtained by isokinetic dynamometry six months after surgery were compared for the MIS group of 12 individuals submitted to TKA by the minimally invasive surgical approach and the Control group of eight others submitted to TKA by the transquadricipital approach, between January 2005 and July 2006. RESULTS: Statistical analysis of the absolute values of maximum torque and total work corrected by body weights did not show a difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in the extension and flexion strength of the knee muscles six months after surgery.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vaniazaqueubrandao_tese.pdf: 381299 bytes, checksum: 09046fec87ce5aa696a4712570325f9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-14 / This research is based on evaluations on the nursing care to orthopedical patients in a school hospital; highlighting the nurses' education in this aspect. Objective: To identify important aspects of the nursing care provided to orthopedical patients assisted in a school hospital of the interior of São Paulo state, to propose and introduce educational actions for these nurses. Casuistics and Method: Accomplishment of a case study on nursing care to the orthopedical patients, and educational activity for the nurses after the Ethics Research Committee has approved the study. Instruments tested previously such as interviews were used to collect data into two hospital units for orthopedical patient hospitalization. Forty nursing professionals performing in the orthopedical units, 12 nurses, 27 auxiliary nursing and 1 nursing technician participated in the study. Results and Discussion: Most of them were female (91.7% of the nurses and 82.1% of the nursing team); mean age group 36.4 years among the nurses and 35.7 years among the nursing team; the nurses ´mean time of nursing graduation was12.3 years, and 1 to 5 years the nursing team; no nurse had specialization related to the orthopedics, while the nursing team had informal orientation on the care from the doctors and nurses. The actions more reported were: dressing work-up, body hygiene and the medical prescription follow-up. Some difficulties were pointed out: these patients' complexity, deficiencies in the building plan and furniture; deficit in the orientation of the team, the patients and companions; reduced number of staff; delay in setting the surgeries; early handle of the dressings; moreover, problems in the interaction with medical team and to introduce the nursing care systemization. Six educational meetings developed in three moments took place: with talkative expository class, practical living and finalization, being discussed important subjects such as: dressings, motion, body hygiene, medical prescription follow-up, physical examination, interview, orientations for the team, patient and companion, daily visits, discharge orientation, pain control, pre and postoperative period, specific cares with traction and external fixators, the patients' motion. Conclusions: Some deficiencies were pointed out in the nursing care regarding the orthopedical patient in this hospital, introducing several recommendations, such as better nurses´education, training of the team in the area, to introduce a system of the patients' classification to provide proper place for the nursing staff necessary to improve systemization of the nursing care to the orthopedical patient and to motivate further research on the work management process in Orthopedics in this hospital. / Esta pesquisa fundamenta-se em avaliações sobre a assistência de enfermagem a pacientes ortopédicos em um hospital de ensino, destacando a educação de enfermeiros. Objetivo: Identificar aspectos relevantes da assistência de enfermagem prestada a pacientes ortopédicos atendidos em um hospital de ensino do interior de São Paulo, para propor e implantar ações educativas para os enfermeiros incluídos no estudo. Casuística e Método: Realização de estudo de caso sobre assistência de enfermagem ao paciente ortopédico e de atividade educativa para os enfermeiros, após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Os dados foram coletados com uso de instrumentos previamente testados, aplicados em forma de entrevistas. Quarenta profissionais de enfermagem que atuavam nas unidades ortopédicas consentiram em participar: 12 enfermeiros, 27 auxiliares de enfermagem e 1 técnico de enfermagem. Resultados e Discussão: Maioria do sexo feminino; faixa etária média de 36,4 anos entre enfermeiros e 35,7 anos entre auxiliares e técnico de enfermagem; enfermeiros com tempo médio de formação de 12,3 anos e de 1 a 5 anos entre auxiliares e técnico; nenhum enfermeiro tinha especialização relacionada à área de Ortopedia, enquanto os auxiliares e técnico de enfermagem tiveram orientação informal sobre os cuidados, recebida de médicos e enfermeiros. As ações mais citadas foram: avaliação de curativos, higiene corporal e seguimento da prescrição médica. Foram destacadas dificuldades de atuação pela complexidade dos pacientes, deficiências na planta física e mobiliário; déficit na orientação da equipe, dos pacientes e acompanhantes; número reduzido de pessoal; demora na marcação das cirurgias; manuseio precoce dos curativos, principalmente, além de problemas na interação com equipe médica e para instituir a sistematização da assistência de enfermagem. Aconteceram seis encontros educativos com os enfermeiros, desenvolvidos em três momentos: com aula expositiva dialogada, vivência prática e finalização, discutindo-se questões julgadas importantes, abordando-se principalmente: curativos, movimentação, higiene corporal, seguimento da prescrição médica, exame físico, entrevista, orientações para equipe, paciente e acompanhante, visita diária, orientação de alta, controle da dor, pré e pós-operatório, cuidados específicos com tração e fixadores externos, movimentação dos pacientes. Conclusões: Foram evidenciadas deficiências na assistência de enfermagem prestada ao paciente ortopédico no hospital estudado, surgindo várias recomendações, entre outras, o melhor preparo de enfermeiros, capacitação da equipe na área, instituir um sistema de classificação dos pacientes para adequado dimensionamento do pessoal de enfermagem necessário para promover a sistematização da assistência de enfermagem ao paciente ortopédico e incentivar mais pesquisas sobre gestão do processo de trabalho em ortopedia neste hospital.

INTRODUÇÃO: O avanço da microcirurgia reconstrutiva tornou viável o tratamento de lesões complexas de membros superiores e inferiores, com melhores resultados funcionais, estéticos e salvamento de inúmeros casos que teriam indicação de amputação. Embora as indicações dos retalhos microcirúrgicos aumentaram, complicações como perda parcial ou total do retalho ainda ocorrem e fatores que podem influenciar nos resultados devem ser estudados. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os fatores preditivos de insucesso dos retalhos microcirúrgicos no aparelho musculoesquelético. MÉTODOS: Entre julho de 2014 e julho de 2018, foram incluídos neste estudo transversal, de forma consecutiva, todos pacientes adultos, com idade maior ou igual a 18 anos, submetidos a retalhos microcirúrgicos no Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Dados referentes aos antecedentes pessoais, ao procedimento microcirúrgico e aos exames laboratoriais foram coletados. Os pacientes foram acompanhados até a cicatrização final e observadas as complicações. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 128 retalhos em 125 pacientes. Em 103 retalhos, os pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A média de idade dos pacientes foi 34,8 anos. Quarenta e dois pacientes apresentavam comorbidades isoladas ou associadas. A indicação para realização de um retalho microcirúrgico mais frequente foi a traumática em 79 pacientes (61,7%), seguida de lesão do plexo braquial em 34 pacientes. Foram observadas complicações em 42 retalhos microcirúrgicos. Sete casos (5,5%) apresentaram perda parcial do retalho. Doze casos evoluíram para perda total do retalho (9,4%). A taxa geral de sucesso dos retalhos microcirúrgicos foi de 90,6%. Na análise multivariada, foram identificados como fatores de risco independentes para o aumento das complicações do tipo III de Clavien-Dindo: o tempo de isquemia maior do que duas horas (p=0,037), a obesidade (p=0,012) e a realização de anastomose arterial tipo término-lateral (p=0,021). A indicação de reintervenção cirúrgica do retalho foi associada à maior incidência de perda total (p < 0,001). Na análise multivariada, foram identificados como fatores de risco para aumento da perda parcial do retalho: a presença de trombocitose no pré-operatório (p=0,004). No subgrupo de trauma, foram avaliados 76 retalhos microcirúrgicos em 73 pacientes, entre julho de 2014 e Julho de 2018, submetidos a retalhos microcirúrgicos para tratamento de lesões traumáticas, identificados na análise univariada, os seguintes fatores de risco: obesidade, tempo de isquemia maior do que duas horas, utilização de somente veia do sistema superficial para drenagem do retalho e a realização do retalho após sete dias do trauma. Na análise multivariada mantiveram-se como fatores de risco independentes para complicações: a obesidade (p=0,007) e a utilização de somente veia superficial para drenagem do retalho (p=0,034). Nos casos traumáticos, o tempo de isquemia maior do que 2 horas foi identificado como fator de risco isolado para indicação de reintervenção cirúrgica do retalho por alteração no monitoramento clínico (p=0,049) e a presença de trombocitose com a perda parcial dos retalhos (p=0,009). CONCLUSÃO: Observamos que houve um aumento das complicações nos pacientes com tempo de isquemia maior do que duas horas, pacientes com obesidade e a realização de anastomose arterial tipo término-lateral. Nos pacientes com retalhos indicados após traumas de membros superiores e inferiores, os fatores de risco identificados para complicações foram a obesidade a utilização de veia do sistema superficial para drenagem do retalho, o tempo de isquemia acima de 2 horas e o atraso no tratamento microcirúrgico definitivo após 7 dias / INTRODUCTION: The advances of reconstructive microsurgery in the treatment of complex lesions in lower and upper limb provided better functional, aesthetic results and prevented many indications of amputations. Although indications of microsurgical free flaps have increased, complications such as partial or total flap loss still occur and factors that may influence the results should be studied. The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictors factors influencing free flaps insucess in musculoskeletal system. METHODS: From july 2014 through july 2018, adults patients undergoing microsurgical free flaps in Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, were consecutively included in this cross-sectional study. Data regarding personal medical history, intraoperative microsurgical procedure and laboratory tests were collected. Complications and free flap healing were observed during follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 128 flaps in 125 patients were evaluated. Of these, in 103 flaps, the patients were male.The mean age of the patients was 34.8 years. Forty-seven patients had isolated or associated co-morbidities. The most frequent cause of the musculoskeletal defect was traumatic in 79 patients (61,7%), followed by brachial plexus injury in 34 patients. Complications were observed in 42 microsurgical flaps. Seven cases (5.5%) had partial loss of the flap. Twelve cases progressed to total loss of the flap (9.4%). The overall success rate of the microsurgical flaps was 90.6%. In the multivariate analysis, the risk factors for increased complications of type III Clavien-Dindo Classification were: ischemia time greater than or equal to 2 hours (p = 0,037), end-to-side arterial anastomosis (p = 0,021) and obesity (p=0,012). The indication of take-back flap to operative room was associated with a higher incidence of total loss (p < 0,001). In the multivariate analysis, the independant risk factor for partial flap loss was: the presence of thrombocytosis (p=0,004). In traumatic group, 76 microsurgical flaps were evaluated in 73 patients submitted to microsurgical flaps for the treatment of traumatic lesions and observed, in the univariate analysis, a higher complication rate in patients who underwent surgery more than seven days after the trauma, obese patients, use of veins from only superficial system for flap drainage and ischemia time greater than two hours. In the multivariate analysis, the independent risk factors were: obesity (p=0,007) and utilization of exclusively superficial venous system for flap drainage (p=0,034). Thrombocytosis was associated with increased risk for partial loss (p=0,009). In these traumatic wounds, the ischemia time of free flap greater than two hours was an isolated risk factor for take-back flap after clinical alterations during flap monitoring (p=0,049). CONCLUSION: We observed a statistically significant increase in complications in patients with ischemia time greater than 2 hours, obesity and end-to-side arterial anastomosis. In patients with flaps for traumatic lesions, the risk factors identified for complications were obesity, the use of veins of superficial system for drainage of the flap, ischemia time of the flap greater than 2 hours and delay in definitive microsurgical treatment after 7 days

INTRODUÇÃO: Tem-se afirmado que a via de acesso minimamente invasiva na artroplastia total de joelho (ATJ) por não agredir o músculo quadríceps femoral permite reabilitação mais precoce. A fim de verificar a influência da preservação do aparelho extensor no ato cirúrgico, avaliou-se a força da musculatura extensora e flexora do joelho em pacientes submetidos à ATJ por duas vias de acesso diferentes. MÉTODOS: Este estudo comparou, no período de janeiro de 2005 a julho de 2006, os valores de torque máximo e de trabalho total obtidos por dinamometria isocinética aos seis meses de pós-operatório. Foram avaliados 12 indivíduos submetidos à ATJ por via de acesso minimamente invasiva e 8 indivíduos submetidos à ATJ por via de acesso transquadricipital. RESULTADOS: A análise estatística dos valores de torque máximo e de trabalho total absolutos e corrigidos pelo peso corporal não demonstrou diferença entre os dois grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Não há diferença de força da musculatura extensora e flexora do joelho aos seis meses de cirurgia. / INTRODUCTION: It has been stated that for total knee arthroplasty (TKA), the minimally invasive approach permits earlier rehabilitation because it is not prejudicial for the femoral quadriceps muscle. To verify the influence of preserving the extensor apparatus during surgery, strength of the knee extension and flexion muscles was evaluated in patients submitted to TKA with different approaches. METHODS: The values of maximum torque and total work obtained by isokinetic dynamometry six months after surgery were compared for the MIS group of 12 individuals submitted to TKA by the minimally invasive surgical approach and the Control group of eight others submitted to TKA by the transquadricipital approach, between January 2005 and July 2006. RESULTS: Statistical analysis of the absolute values of maximum torque and total work corrected by body weights did not show a difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in the extension and flexion strength of the knee muscles six months after surgery.

INTRODUÇÃO: O avanço da microcirurgia reconstrutiva tornou viável o tratamento de lesões complexas de membros superiores e inferiores, com melhores resultados funcionais, estéticos e salvamento de inúmeros casos que teriam indicação de amputação. Embora as indicações dos retalhos microcirúrgicos aumentaram, complicações como perda parcial ou total do retalho ainda ocorrem e fatores que podem influenciar nos resultados devem ser estudados. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os fatores preditivos de insucesso dos retalhos microcirúrgicos no aparelho musculoesquelético. MÉTODOS: Entre julho de 2014 e julho de 2018, foram incluídos neste estudo transversal, de forma consecutiva, todos pacientes adultos, com idade maior ou igual a 18 anos, submetidos a retalhos microcirúrgicos no Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Dados referentes aos antecedentes pessoais, ao procedimento microcirúrgico e aos exames laboratoriais foram coletados. Os pacientes foram acompanhados até a cicatrização final e observadas as complicações. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 128 retalhos em 125 pacientes. Em 103 retalhos, os pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A média de idade dos pacientes foi 34,8 anos. Quarenta e dois pacientes apresentavam comorbidades isoladas ou associadas. A indicação para realização de um retalho microcirúrgico mais frequente foi a traumática em 79 pacientes (61,7%), seguida de lesão do plexo braquial em 34 pacientes. Foram observadas complicações em 42 retalhos microcirúrgicos. Sete casos (5,5%) apresentaram perda parcial do retalho. Doze casos evoluíram para perda total do retalho (9,4%). A taxa geral de sucesso dos retalhos microcirúrgicos foi de 90,6%. Na análise multivariada, foram identificados como fatores de risco independentes para o aumento das complicações do tipo III de Clavien-Dindo: o tempo de isquemia maior do que duas horas (p=0,037), a obesidade (p=0,012) e a realização de anastomose arterial tipo término-lateral (p=0,021). A indicação de reintervenção cirúrgica do retalho foi associada à maior incidência de perda total (p < 0,001). Na análise multivariada, foram identificados como fatores de risco para aumento da perda parcial do retalho: a presença de trombocitose no pré-operatório (p=0,004). No subgrupo de trauma, foram avaliados 76 retalhos microcirúrgicos em 73 pacientes, entre julho de 2014 e Julho de 2018, submetidos a retalhos microcirúrgicos para tratamento de lesões traumáticas, identificados na análise univariada, os seguintes fatores de risco: obesidade, tempo de isquemia maior do que duas horas, utilização de somente veia do sistema superficial para drenagem do retalho e a realização do retalho após sete dias do trauma. Na análise multivariada mantiveram-se como fatores de risco independentes para complicações: a obesidade (p=0,007) e a utilização de somente veia superficial para drenagem do retalho (p=0,034). Nos casos traumáticos, o tempo de isquemia maior do que 2 horas foi identificado como fator de risco isolado para indicação de reintervenção cirúrgica do retalho por alteração no monitoramento clínico (p=0,049) e a presença de trombocitose com a perda parcial dos retalhos (p=0,009). CONCLUSÃO: Observamos que houve um aumento das complicações nos pacientes com tempo de isquemia maior do que duas horas, pacientes com obesidade e a realização de anastomose arterial tipo término-lateral. Nos pacientes com retalhos indicados após traumas de membros superiores e inferiores, os fatores de risco identificados para complicações foram a obesidade a utilização de veia do sistema superficial para drenagem do retalho, o tempo de isquemia acima de 2 horas e o atraso no tratamento microcirúrgico definitivo após 7 dias / INTRODUCTION: The advances of reconstructive microsurgery in the treatment of complex lesions in lower and upper limb provided better functional, aesthetic results and prevented many indications of amputations. Although indications of microsurgical free flaps have increased, complications such as partial or total flap loss still occur and factors that may influence the results should be studied. The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictors factors influencing free flaps insucess in musculoskeletal system. METHODS: From july 2014 through july 2018, adults patients undergoing microsurgical free flaps in Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, were consecutively included in this cross-sectional study. Data regarding personal medical history, intraoperative microsurgical procedure and laboratory tests were collected. Complications and free flap healing were observed during follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 128 flaps in 125 patients were evaluated. Of these, in 103 flaps, the patients were male.The mean age of the patients was 34.8 years. Forty-seven patients had isolated or associated co-morbidities. The most frequent cause of the musculoskeletal defect was traumatic in 79 patients (61,7%), followed by brachial plexus injury in 34 patients. Complications were observed in 42 microsurgical flaps. Seven cases (5.5%) had partial loss of the flap. Twelve cases progressed to total loss of the flap (9.4%). The overall success rate of the microsurgical flaps was 90.6%. In the multivariate analysis, the risk factors for increased complications of type III Clavien-Dindo Classification were: ischemia time greater than or equal to 2 hours (p = 0,037), end-to-side arterial anastomosis (p = 0,021) and obesity (p=0,012). The indication of take-back flap to operative room was associated with a higher incidence of total loss (p < 0,001). In the multivariate analysis, the independant risk factor for partial flap loss was: the presence of thrombocytosis (p=0,004). In traumatic group, 76 microsurgical flaps were evaluated in 73 patients submitted to microsurgical flaps for the treatment of traumatic lesions and observed, in the univariate analysis, a higher complication rate in patients who underwent surgery more than seven days after the trauma, obese patients, use of veins from only superficial system for flap drainage and ischemia time greater than two hours. In the multivariate analysis, the independent risk factors were: obesity (p=0,007) and utilization of exclusively superficial venous system for flap drainage (p=0,034). Thrombocytosis was associated with increased risk for partial loss (p=0,009). In these traumatic wounds, the ischemia time of free flap greater than two hours was an isolated risk factor for take-back flap after clinical alterations during flap monitoring (p=0,049). CONCLUSION: We observed a statistically significant increase in complications in patients with ischemia time greater than 2 hours, obesity and end-to-side arterial anastomosis. In patients with flaps for traumatic lesions, the risk factors identified for complications were obesity, the use of veins of superficial system for drainage of the flap, ischemia time of the flap greater than 2 hours and delay in definitive microsurgical treatment after 7 days

Reoccurrence of deformity can affect upwards of 64% of children with clubfoot. The ability to use foot function as a measure of reoccurrence has not been previously assessed. The purpose of this investigation was to utilize foot pressure analysis to predict the probability of reoccurrence in children with unilateral clubfoot. Retrospective foot pressure data revealed predictive algorithms detecting the probability of experiencing any type of reoccurrence (overall reoccurrence) and for experiencing a tibialis anterior tendon transfer (TATT). The equation for overall reoccurrence reported sensitivity and specificity of 0.82 and 0.81 and the equation for TATT reported values of 0.81 and 0.84. These algorithms were then applied prospectively to a cohort of children with unilateral clubfoot. Interim sensitivity and specificity results at a 1.5-year follow-up demonstrate that the equations for overall reoccurrence and TATT were highly specific but not sensitive (0.84, 0.73 specificity; 0.11, 0 sensitivity). This is an indication that these algorithms were more accurate when identifying the absence of reoccurrence. However, these results may change as the prospective subjects continue to age. Overall, the results of this investigation show that foot pressure analysis can predict the presence/absence of reoccurrence. The algorithms developed herein have the potential to improve long and short-term outcomes for children with clubfoot. Providing clinicians with the probability of reoccurrence will improve their ability to be proactive during the treatment decision making process.

Information and communication technologies hope to revolutionize the healthcare industry with innovative and affordable solutions with a focus on pervasive care. Wearable sensors products can provide monitoring in a natural environment with a constant stream of information, enriching healthcare practices and enabling better pervasive care. Wearable sensor technologies could monitor patients' mobility, gait, tremor, daily activity and other health indicators in real time that could allow for simple, non-invasive, tracking of spine care that may lead to increased patient engagement, integration, feedback, post-surgery analysis, monitoring of patient's condition, patient's data extraction and analysis and possibly aiding in better diagnosis, intervention, adherence to treatment for the betterment of quality of care. This research focuses on the assessment of technology adoption potential of medical devices particular to tracking the mobility of patients of neurosurgery and orthopedics. Wearable medical devices that track the mobility of patients after spinal procedures could help surgeons in providing post-operative care, analysis of treatment outcomes and patient mobility. The assessment of those devices by physicians is a complex process associated with various perspectives and criteria. Therefore, the objective of this research is to assess the potential for technology adoption of those wearable medical devices through development of a hierarchical decision-making model (HDM) that incorporates the relevant perspectives and criteria encompassing the needs of hospital neurological surgery and orthopedics departments. The proposed research builds on an existing body of knowledge researched through literature review and background of the field and expands the health technology assessment field by implementation of a holistic, comprehensive and multi-perspective approach to technology assessment in wearable sensor products adoption for pervasive care in neurosurgery and orthopedics. The Hierarchical Decision Model (HDM) approach is used to break the problem down into hierarchical levels and then calculate the alternatives using pairwise comparison scales and a judgment quantification technique. Inconsistencies, disagreement, sensitivity and scenario analysis are performed as well. HDM research software is created with Ruby and R to facilitate the computation of some of these important model parameters to higher precision than is available in current statistical analysis software packages or extensions targeted for decision making. Patient perspective dominates as the main perspective for the technology adoption potential of wearable devices for pervasive care in neurosurgery and orthopedics, followed by technical and financial perspectives. Valedo, a wearable device aimed to relieve back pain through exercises, motivation and mobility tracking, received the highest ranking for adoption potential, while other devices also received high relative scores. The framework could serve as a supplementary technology assessment tool and could be tested in other settings: private, small clinic etc. with the experts and special needs of physicians in particular healthcare departments.

[Truncated abstract] Articular cartilage (AC) covers the surface of synovial joints providing a nearly frictionless bearing surface and distributing mechanical load. Joint trauma can damage the articular surface causing pain, loss of mobility and deformation. Currently there is no uniform treatment protocol for managing focal cartilage defects, with most treatment options targeted towards symptomatic relief but not limiting the progression into osteoarthritis (OA). Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) and more recently matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI), have emerged as promising methods for producing hyaline or hyaline-like repair tissue, however there remains some controversy regarding the exact histological nature of the tissue formed. Histological characterisation of AC repairs requires destructive tissue biopsy potentially inducing further joint pathology thereby negating the treatment effect. OA is recognised as a major cause of pain, loss of function and disability in Western populations, however the exact aetiology is yet to be elucidated. The assessment of both OA and cartilage repair has been limited to macroscopic observation, radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or destructive biopsy. The development of non-destructive AC assessment modalities will facilitate further development of AC repair techniques and enable early monitoring of OA changes in both experimental animal models and clinical subjects. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a type of fluorescence microscopy that generates high-resolution three-dimensional images from relatively thick sections of tissue. ... Biomechanical analysis suggested that the mechanical properties of MACI tissue remain inferior for at least three months. This study showed the potential of a multi-site sheep model of articular cartilage defect repair and validated its assessment via LSCA. Finally, the LSCA was used to arthroscopically image the cartilage of an intact fresh frozen cadaveric knee from a patient with clinically diagnosed OA. Images were correlated to ICRS (Outerbridge) Grades I-IV and histology. The LSCA gave excellent visualization of cell morphology and cell density to a depth of up to 200'm. Classical OA changes including clustering chondrocytes, surface fibrillation and fissure formation were imaged. Fair to moderate agreement was demonstrated with statistically significant correlations between all modalities. This study confirmed the viability of the LSCA for non-destructive imaging of the microstructure of the OA cartilage. In conclusion, the LSCA identified histological features of orthopaedic tissues, accurately quantified chondrocyte morphology and demonstrated classical OA changes. While the development and investigation of an ovine model of cartilage repair showed the treatment benefit of MACI, some biomechanical issues remain. Ultimately, the LSCA has been demonstrated as a reliable nondestructive imaging modality capable of providing optical histology without the need for mechanical biopsy. Medical Subject Headings (MESH): articular cartilage; autologous chondrocyte implantation; matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation; biomechanics; cartilage; confocal microscopy; diagnosis; histology; image analysis; immunohistochemistry; magnetic resonance imaging; microscopy; osteoarthritis