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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Développement d'un implant biodégradable à base de gentamicine et de monoléine destiné au traitement des ostéomyélites chroniques

Ouedraogo, Moustapha 22 February 2008 (has links)
L’ostéomyélite chronique est une infection chronique du tissu osseux et de la moelle. C’est une infection grave du fait de sa localisation au sein d’un tissu profond, de la complexité de sa prise en charge thérapeutique et de la mise en jeu du pronostic fonctionnel. L’incidence de l’ostéomyélite chronique est accrue sur certains terrains (drépanocytose, diabète, et polyarthrite rhumatoïde entre autres). Son traitement classique repose sur un curettage chirurgical associé à une antibiothérapie par voie générale durant au moins 6 semaines. Ce traitement est marqué le plus souvent par des échecs du fait de la difficulté de faire parvenir des antibiotiques à doses efficaces et de manière prolongée ou continue au niveau de l'os infecté.<p>\ / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
52

Explorative Studie zu infektiösen Ursachen für das Grüne-Leber-Syndrom bei ökologisch gehaltenen weiblichen Bronze-Puten (Meleagris gallopavo) einer Cartier-Genetik

Cuta, Larissa 10 November 2023 (has links)
Einleitung: Im Rahmen umfangreicher statistischer Erhebungen in den Jahren 2007 bis 2017 wurde der Gesundheitsstatus von konventionell und ökologisch gemästeten Puten während der Aufzucht- bzw. Mastphase in Deutschland erfasst. In der unmittelbar vorangegangenen Studie (Bio1) wurde festgestellt, dass ökologisch gemästete Kelly Broad Breasted Bronze (BBB)-Puten im Vergleich zu konventionell gemästeten B.U.T. 6-Puten eine signifikant erhöhte Prävalenz für Leberveränderungen aufwiesen. Besonders auffällig war ein um das Neunfache erhöhtes Auftreten grün gefärbter Lebern (GL). Ziele der Untersuchungen: Ziel der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit war die explorative Erhebung und Evaluation infektiöser Faktoren, welche einen kausalen Einfluss auf die Entstehung einer Grünfärbung der Leber bei nach ökologischen Richtlinien gehaltenen Mastputen haben. Tiere, Material und Methoden: Insgesamt wurden 343 Bronze-Hennen einer Cartier Genetik aus fünf verschiedenen Mastbeständen in jeweils zwei Durchgängen mit je zwei Untersuchungsterminen (U1 = 70.– 75. Masttag, U2 = 120. – 127. Masttag) klinisch und pathologisch-anatomisch untersucht. Die Stichprobengröße von 20 Puten je Untersuchungstermin errechnete sich anhand einer erwarteten Prävalenz für GL von 27,7 % mit einem unteren 95 %-Konfidenzintervall von 18,5 % (ausgehend von Bio1), sowie einer laut VO (EG) Nr. 889/2008 maximal erlaubten Herdengröße von 2500 Tieren. Bei jeweils sechs Hennen ohne und, falls GL vorhanden, bis zu sechs Hennen mit GL schließen sich pathologisch-histologische, mikrobiologische, parasitologische und virologische Untersuchungen an. Insgesamt wurden 130 Hennen weiterführend untersucht. Die statistischen Berechnungen wurden je nach Skalierung, Verteilung und Homoskedastizität der Daten als Korrelationsberechnungen (Korrelationskoeffizient nach Bravais-Pearson, Spearman'scher Rangkorrelationskoeffizient) und Hypothesentests (Chi-Quadrat-Test, ungepaarter t-Test, Mann-Whitney-U-Test) durchgeführt. Im Vergleich mehrerer Gruppen wurde eine einfaktorielle ANOVA bzw. der Kruskal-Wallis-Test mit sich jeweils anschließendem Tukey Post-Hoc Test oder Games-Howell Post-Hoc Test implementiert. Das Signifikanzniveau lag bei p ≤ 0,05. Ergebnisse: Die Prävalenzen für GL haben sich im Vergleich zur Vorstudie deutlich verringert. In Bio1 konnte dieser Befund bei 33,1 % der ökologisch gehaltenen Kelly-BBB-Hennen am Schlachthof erhoben werden. In der aktuellen Studie lag die Prävalenz bei den Bronze-Hennen einer Cartier-Genetik im Zuge der pathologisch-anatomischen Untersuchungen mit 9,0 % (95 %-KI [0,06;0,12]) deutlich darunter. Zwischen den einzelnen Beständen fanden sich jedoch Schwankungen zwischen 0,0 % bis 68,4 %. Pathomorphologisch zeigten die GL im Vergleich zu physiologischen Lebern signifikant häufiger eine Infiltration von Entzündungszellen (U1 p ≤ 0,05, U2 p ≤ 0,05) und waren signifikant schwerer (U1 p ≤ 0,05, U2 p ≤ 0,01). Hennen mit GL wiesen zu beiden Untersuchungszeitpunkten ein signifikant geringeres Körpergewicht auf (U1 p ≤ 0,05, U2 p ≤ 0,001). Zu U1 waren bei Hennen mit einer GL signifikant häufiger entzündliche Reaktionen im Dünndarm festzustellen (p ≤ 0,001). Zu U2 wiesen Hennen mit GL signifikant häufiger makroskopische (p ≤ 0,001) und histologische (p ≤ 0,05) Knochenläsionen auf. Die kausale Pathogenese unterscheidet sich zwischen den zwei Untersuchungszeitpunkten. Der Nachweis des immunsupprimierenden Hämorrhagischen Enteritis-Virus (HEV) korreliert signifikant mit der GL in der frühen Mastphase (p ≤ 0,001). Weiterhin wiesen die Hennen mit HEV-Infektion signifikant häufiger pathologische Veränderungen in Milz (Splenomegalie zu U2 p ≤ 0,001) und Duodenum (katarrhalische Duodenitis zu U1 p ≤ 0,001) auf. Zu U2 manifestierte sich bei Hennen mit GL eine signifikant reduzierte Gewichtsentwicklung (p ≤ 0,001). Die HEV positiven ungeimpften Hennen zeigten die höchsten Prävalenzen für GL zu beiden Untersuchungen (U1 = 35,9 %, U2 = 20,0 %), sowie die höchste mittlere Mortalitätsrate (9,15 %). Zu U1 konnten bei diesen Hennen die höchsten relativen Milzgewichte (0,12 %) und die für das HEV charakteristischen Einschlusskörper in Milz und Duodenum gefunden werden. Darüber hinaus wiesen diese Hennen zu U2 die höchsten Prävalenzen für pathologische Veränderungen am Bewegungsapparat (20,0 %) auf. Zu U2 korrelierten die GL signifikant mit dem Vorhandensein von makroskopischen Läsionen des Bewegungsapparats (p ≤ 0,001) sowie einer aseptischen Osteomyelitis (p ≤ 0,05). Somit kann bei den älteren Puten in wesentlichen Punkten vom klassischen Turkey Osteomyelitis Complex (TOC) und einem akuten Entzündungsgeschehen gesprochen werden. Der TOC charakterisiert sich dabei durch das gleichzeitige Vorliegen einer GL und pathologischen Prozessen am Bewegungsapparat, welche durch Escherichia coli und Staphylococcus aureus hervorgerufen werden können. Letzterer ließ sich bei einer Henne mit GL aus multiplen Organen und dem Kniegelenk isolieren. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Befunde dieser Forschungsarbeit sprechen für eine deutliche gesundheitliche Beeinträchtigung der Puten mit einer GL. Die Schädigung der Leber als zentrales Stoffwechselorgan stellt dabei einen ernstzunehmenden Indikator für die Tiergesundheit bei Mastputen dar. Des Weiteren lassen die Befunde vermuten, dass eine Infektion mit dem HEV die Tiergesundheit auch langfristig negativ beeinflusst. Liegen innerhalb eines Durchgangs Prävalenzen von mehr als 1 % für GL vor, so sollte im Sinne des Tierwohls und des Verbraucherschutzes eine Ursachenanalyse mit folgenden Reduktionsmaßnahmen durchgeführt werden. Die Schwankungen der Prävalenzen zwischen den einzelnen Beständen sprechen jedoch dafür, dass die Entstehung der GL keine universell in der ökologischen Putenhaltung vorkommende Problematik darstellt. Der mit den GL im Zusammenhang stehende TOC konnte in dieser Studie als ein multifaktoriell bedingtes Geschehen charakterisiert werden. Dieses wird unter anderem von interagierenden Faktoren wie der Gesundheitsprophylaxe (insb. die Impfung gegen HEV), bakteriellen, parasitären oder viralen Erregern beeinflusst. In Bezug auf das HEV konnte ein negativer Effekt auf die Tiergesundheit inklusive häufig grün gefärbter Lebern nachgewiesen werden. Somit stellt die HEV-Impfung mit einer an die aktuell zirkulierenden Stämme angepassten Vakzine eine Möglichkeit dar diesen Faktoren auch langfristig vorzubeugen.
53

Klinischer Stellenwert der Time of Flight FDG-PET/CT bei entzündungsspezifischen Fragestellungen / Clinical value of Time of Flight FDG-PET/CT in detecting of infection and inflammation

Braune, Isabell 26 January 2017 (has links)
No description available.
54

Rôle physiopathologique de l’internalisation de Staphylococcus aureus par les ostéoblastes au cours de l’infection osseuse / Role of osteoblast invasion by Staphylococcus aureus in the pathogenesis of Osteomyelitis

Rasigade, Jean-Philippe 11 January 2013 (has links)
L’invasion des ostéoblastes par Staphylococcus aureus (SA) est considérée comme responsable, au moins partiellement, de l’évolution chronique ou récurrente des infections osseuses (IO). Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que des différences d’interactions SA-ostéoblastes pouvaient être associées aux différences de présentation clinique des IO. Nous avons d’abord développé un modèle ex vivo d’infection intracellulaire d’ostéoblastes humains permettant de quantifier l’adhésion, l’invasion, la survie intracellulaire de SA et les dommages subis par les cellules infectées. Grâce ce modèle, nous avons montré que les SA communautaires résistants à la méticilline (CA-MRSA), un groupe polyphylétique de souches hypervirulentes associées à des formes aiguës et sévères d’IO, induisent une cytotoxicité supérieure à celle des MRSA hospitaliers (HA-MRSA) associés à des IO plus souvent chroniques. A l’aide de mutants isogéniques, nous avons pu démontrer que cette cytotoxicité était indépendante de la toxine de Panton-Valentine et l’alphahémolysine mais associée à la surexpression des phenol-soluble modulins (PSM) par les CA-MRSA. Ces résultats ont permis d’identifier un nouveau mécanisme de virulence des CA-MRSA basé sur l’invasion des ostéoblastes et l’activité intracellulaire des PSM. Parallèlement, nous avons montré que certains antibiotiques modifient le niveau de transcription et d’expression des protéines staphylococciques impliquées dans l’invasion des ostéoblastes, sans que nous ne puissions montrer une modification de la capacité d’invasion de S. aureus dans ce même modèle ex vivo. Nos travaux ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans la compréhension et la prise en charge des IO due à SA / Osteoblast invasion by Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is currently considered a putative explanatory mechanism for the chronic or recurrent nature of osteomyelitis. We raised the hypothesis that inter-strain differences in the interactions between S. aureus and osteoblasts at the cellular level could correlate with differences in the clinical presentation of osteomyelitis. We first developed an ex vivo model of intracellular bacterial challenge of human osteoblasts to quantify SA adhesion, invasion and intracellular survival as well as SA-induced damage to infected cells. By means of this model, we have demonstrated that community-acquired methicillinresistant SA (CA-MRSA) strains, which belong to a polyphyletic group endowed with high virulence and are associated with severe and acute forms of osteomyelitis, induce more cytotoxicity in osteoblasts as compared to hospital MRSA strains, which in turn are more frequently involved in chronic forms of osteomyelitis. Using isogenic CA-MRSA mutants, we determined that SA-induced osteoblast damage was independent of the production of Panton-Valentin leukocidin and alpha-toxin, but was associated with the overexpression of phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) by CAMRSA. These findings elucidate a novel virulence strategy of CA-MRSA based on the invasion and PSM-related killing of osteoblasts. In parallel to this research, we demonstrated that several antibiotics alter the transcription and expression levels of SA adhesins involved in osteoblast invasion. However, antibiotics did not induce changes in SA invasiveness in our ex vivo infection model. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of SA osteomyelitis
55

H αντιμετώπιση των σηπτικών ψευδαρθρώσεων περιοχής του γόνατος με τη μέθοδο Ilizarov / The management of infected nonunions around the knee joint with the Ilizarov method

Σαρίδης, Άλκης 20 September 2010 (has links)
Αναδρομική μελέτη των 13 ασθενών με σηπτική ψευδάρθρωση κάτω πέρατος μηριαίου που αντιμετωπίστηκαν με ευρύ χειρουργικό καθαρισμό και με τη μέθοδο Ilizarov. Κατά την έναρξη της τελικής αντιμετώπισης όλοι οι ασθενείς είχαν σημαντικό περιορισμό της κίνησης της άρθρωσης του γόνατος. Ο μέσος όρος προηγούμενων χειρουργικών επεμβάσεων ήταν τρεις. Ο μέσος όρος οστικού ελλείμματος ήταν 8.3 εκ. Ο μέσος χρόνος εξωτερικής οστεοσύνθεσης ήταν 309.8 ημέρες. Σύμφωνα με τα κριτήρια Paley σε οκτώ ασθενείς είχαμε άριστο οστικό αποτέλεσμα, ενώ το λειτουργικό αποτέλεσμα ήταν σε τρεις περιπτώσεις άριστο, σε τέσσερις καλό. Πώρωση του κατάγματος, εκρίζωση της λοίμωξης και αποκατάσταση της στηρικτικής ικανότητας του σκέλους επιτεύχθηκε σε όλους τους ασθενείς. Η αύξηση του χρόνου εξωτερικής οστεοσύνθεσης παρατηρήθηκε: 1) η οριστική αντιμετώπιση εφαρμόστηκε 6 μήνες μετά από τον αρχικό τραυματισμό. 2) ο ασθενής υποβλήθηκε σε 4 τουλάχιστον προηγούμενες χειρουργικές επεμβάσεις 3) η αρχική αντιμετώπιση συμπεριλάμβανε ανοικτή ανάταξη και εσωτερική οστεοσύνθεση. Με την μέθοδο Ilizarov επιτυγχάνεται πλήρη εκρίζωση της οστικής λοίμωξης, υψηλό ποσοστό πώρωσης και αποκατάσταση της στηρικτικής ικανότητας του σκέλους. Ωστόσο συχνά η δυσκαμψία του γόνατος και η χωλότητα αποτελούν χρόνιο πρόβλημα για αρκετούς ασθενείς. / We retrospectively reviewed 13 patients with infected nonunion of the distal femur, which had been treated by radical surgical debridement and Ilizarov method. All had severely restricted movement of the knee and a mean of 3.1 previous operations. The mean bone defect was 8.3 cm and no patient was able to bear weight. The mean external fixation time was 309.8 days. According to the Paley’s grading system, eight patients had an excellent bone result and seven excellent and good functional results. Bone union, the ability to bear weight fully, and eradication of infection were achieved in all the patients. The external fixation time was increased when the definitive treatment started six months or more after the initial trauma, the patient had been subjected to more than four previous operations and the initial operation had been ORIF. The treatment of infected defect pseudarthrosis of the distal femur using the Ilizarov device is a salvage procedure, as it offers complete eradication of infection, high union rate and ability for full weight bearing. Nevertheless problems such as, impaired knee joint motion and limping bother the patients permanently.
56

Aderência à terapêutica com  antimicrobianos administrados por via oral em adultos com osteomielite / Adherence to oral antimicrobial therapy antimicrobial in adults with osteomyelitis

Paula, Adriana Pereira de 23 July 2013 (has links)
A osteomielite possui elevada prevalência e morbidade. O tratamento depende de apropriada terapia antimicrobiana por tempo prolongado e frequentemente requer cirurgia para remoção de tecidos necróticos. A aderência dos pacientes com osteomielite à prescrição do antibiótico, embora fundamental para o sucesso terapêutico, tem sido pouco estudada. O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar a aderência à terapia antimicrobiana oral em pacientes adultos com osteomielite; identificar se alguns fatores relacionados na literatura estavam associados com a não aderência; estabelecer o valor preditivo dos fatores associados a não aderência ao tratamento em pacientes com osteomielite. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, fundamentado na avaliação por meio de métodos indiretos da aderência para 83 pacientes. Foram considerados pelo menos 30 dias de uso do antimicrobiano à entrevista e os pacientes foram classificados como aderentes de acordo com o questionário de Morisky, que é constituído por 4 questões com respostas dicotômicas para avaliar a aderência. Os pacientes com < 2 pontos foram considerados de baixa aderência e os que obtiverem > 3 pontos, de alta aderência. O presente estudo identificou uma prevalência de alta aderência de 83,1% (n=63). O ajuste dos modelos de regressão logística múltipla não resultou em variáveis conjuntas influenciando a aderência ao tratamento, porém pacientes do gênero masculino sugeriram apresentar maior frequência de baixa aderência ao tratamento em relação aos pacientes do gênero feminino (p = 0,053). Com relação à idade, a análise dos dados mostrou que os pacientes com idade entre 31 e 59 anos possuíam probabilidade de baixa aderência 68% menor que pacientes com idade entre 18 e 30 anos. A aderência observada foi semelhante à encontrada na literatura. Os fatores sociodemográficos podem interferir na aderência de pacientes em uso de antibióticos orais para tratamento de osteomielite / Osteomyelitis is a highly prevalent disease and a major cause of morbidity. Clinical treatment is based on appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Adherence of patients with osteomyelitis to the prescribed treatment, although critical for successful treatment, has been little studied. The aim of the study was: to measure the adherence to oral antimicrobial therapy in adult patients with osteomyelitis; to identify whether some of the factors listed in health literature were associated with non-adherence; to establish the predictive values associated with non-adherence to antimicrobial therapy in patients with osteomyelitis. We conducted a cross-sectional study, based on evaluation through indirect methods of adherence for 83 patients. We included patients receiving at least 30 days of antimicrobial use. Patients were interviewed and classified as adherent according to the Morisky questionnaire, that consists of 4 questions with dichotomous responses to assess adherence. Patients with 3 points, with high adherence. This study identified a prevalence of high adherence of 83.1% (n = 63). The multivariate logistic regression analysis did not result in multiple variables influencing adherence to treatment. Gender was the only variable with an suggested association with low adherence, male gender was more associated with low adherence than female (p = 0,053). Regarding age, data analysis showed that patients aged between 31 and 59 years had low adherence probability 68% lower than patients aged between 18 and 30 years. The high adherence observed in this study was similar than previous reported in the literature. Social and demographic factors may interfere in the adherence with patients using oral antibiotics for the treatment of osteomyelitis
57

Aderência à terapêutica com  antimicrobianos administrados por via oral em adultos com osteomielite / Adherence to oral antimicrobial therapy antimicrobial in adults with osteomyelitis

Adriana Pereira de Paula 23 July 2013 (has links)
A osteomielite possui elevada prevalência e morbidade. O tratamento depende de apropriada terapia antimicrobiana por tempo prolongado e frequentemente requer cirurgia para remoção de tecidos necróticos. A aderência dos pacientes com osteomielite à prescrição do antibiótico, embora fundamental para o sucesso terapêutico, tem sido pouco estudada. O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar a aderência à terapia antimicrobiana oral em pacientes adultos com osteomielite; identificar se alguns fatores relacionados na literatura estavam associados com a não aderência; estabelecer o valor preditivo dos fatores associados a não aderência ao tratamento em pacientes com osteomielite. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, fundamentado na avaliação por meio de métodos indiretos da aderência para 83 pacientes. Foram considerados pelo menos 30 dias de uso do antimicrobiano à entrevista e os pacientes foram classificados como aderentes de acordo com o questionário de Morisky, que é constituído por 4 questões com respostas dicotômicas para avaliar a aderência. Os pacientes com < 2 pontos foram considerados de baixa aderência e os que obtiverem > 3 pontos, de alta aderência. O presente estudo identificou uma prevalência de alta aderência de 83,1% (n=63). O ajuste dos modelos de regressão logística múltipla não resultou em variáveis conjuntas influenciando a aderência ao tratamento, porém pacientes do gênero masculino sugeriram apresentar maior frequência de baixa aderência ao tratamento em relação aos pacientes do gênero feminino (p = 0,053). Com relação à idade, a análise dos dados mostrou que os pacientes com idade entre 31 e 59 anos possuíam probabilidade de baixa aderência 68% menor que pacientes com idade entre 18 e 30 anos. A aderência observada foi semelhante à encontrada na literatura. Os fatores sociodemográficos podem interferir na aderência de pacientes em uso de antibióticos orais para tratamento de osteomielite / Osteomyelitis is a highly prevalent disease and a major cause of morbidity. Clinical treatment is based on appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Adherence of patients with osteomyelitis to the prescribed treatment, although critical for successful treatment, has been little studied. The aim of the study was: to measure the adherence to oral antimicrobial therapy in adult patients with osteomyelitis; to identify whether some of the factors listed in health literature were associated with non-adherence; to establish the predictive values associated with non-adherence to antimicrobial therapy in patients with osteomyelitis. We conducted a cross-sectional study, based on evaluation through indirect methods of adherence for 83 patients. We included patients receiving at least 30 days of antimicrobial use. Patients were interviewed and classified as adherent according to the Morisky questionnaire, that consists of 4 questions with dichotomous responses to assess adherence. Patients with 3 points, with high adherence. This study identified a prevalence of high adherence of 83.1% (n = 63). The multivariate logistic regression analysis did not result in multiple variables influencing adherence to treatment. Gender was the only variable with an suggested association with low adherence, male gender was more associated with low adherence than female (p = 0,053). Regarding age, data analysis showed that patients aged between 31 and 59 years had low adherence probability 68% lower than patients aged between 18 and 30 years. The high adherence observed in this study was similar than previous reported in the literature. Social and demographic factors may interfere in the adherence with patients using oral antibiotics for the treatment of osteomyelitis
58

TARGETED DELIVERY OF BONE ANABOLICS TO BONE FRACTURES FOR ACCELERATED HEALING

Jeffery J H Nielsen (8787002) 21 June 2022 (has links)
<div>Delayed fracture healing is a major health issue involved with aging. Therefore, strategies to improve the pace of repair and prevent non-union are needed in order to improve patient outcomes and lower healthcare costs. In order to accelerate bone fracture healing noninvasively, we sought to develop a drug delivery system that could safely and effectively be used to deliver therapeutics to the site of a bone fracture. We elected to pursue the promising strategy of using small-molecule drug conjugates that deliver therapeutics to bone in an attempt to increase the efficacy and safety of drugs for treating bone-related diseases.</div><div>This strategy also opened the door for new methods of administering drugs. Traditionally, administering bone anabolic agents to treat bone fractures has relied entirely on local surgical application. However, because it is so invasive, this method’s use and development has been limited. By conjugating bone anabolic agents to bone-homing molecules, bone fracture treatment can be performed through minimally invasive subcutaneous administration. The exposure of raw hydroxyapatite that occurs with a bone fracture allows these high-affinity molecules to chelate the calcium component of hydroxyapatite and localize primarily to the fracture site.</div><div>Many bone-homing molecules (such as bisphosphonates and tetracycline targeting) have been developed to treat osteoporosis. However, many of these molecules have toxicity associated with them. We have found that short oligopeptides of acidic amino acids can localize to bone fractures with high selectivity and with very low toxicity compared to bisphosphonates and tetracyclines.</div><div>We have also demonstrated that these molecules can be used to target peptides of all chemical classes: hydrophobic, neutral, cationic, anionic, short, and long. This ability is particularly useful because many bone anabolics are peptidic in nature. We have found that acidic oligopeptides have better persistence at the site of the fracture than bisphosphonate-targeted therapeutics. This method allows for a systemic administration of bone anabolics to treat bone fractures, which it achieves by accumulating the bone anabolic at the fracture site. It also opens the door for a new way of treating the prevalent afflictions of broken bones and the deaths associated with them.</div><div>We further developed this technology by using it to deliver anabolic peptides derived from growth factors, angiogenic agents, neuropeptides, and extracellular matrix fragments. We found several promising therapeutics that accelerated the healing of bone fractures by improving the mineralization of the callus and improving the overall strength. We optimized the performance of these molecules by improving their stability, targeting ligands, linkers, dose, and dosing frequency.</div><div>We also found that these therapeutics could be used to accelerate bone fracture repair even in the presence of severe comorbidities (such as diabetes and osteoporosis) that typically slow the repair process. We found that, unlike the currently approved therapeutic for fracture healing (BMP2), our therapeutics improved functionality and reduced pain in addition to strengthening the bone. These optimized targeted bone anabolics were not only effective at healing bone fractures but they also demonstrated that they could be used to speed up spinal fusion. Additionally, we demonstrated that acidic oligopeptides have potential to be used to treat other bone diseases with damaged bone.</div><div>With these targeted therapeutics, we no longer have to limit bone fracture healing to casts or invasive surgeries. Rather, we can apply these promising therapeutics that can be administered non-invasively to augment existing orthopedic practices. As these therapeutics move into clinical development, we anticipate that they will be able to reduce the immobilization time that is the source of so many of the deadly complications associated with bone fracture healing, particularly in the elderly.</div>

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