Orientador: Antonio Carlos Paes / Banca: Hélio Langoni / Banca: Kátia Denise Saraiva Bresciane / Resumo: A neosporose é uma doença parasitária causada pelo protozoário Neospora caninum sendo causadora de problemas reprodutivos e distúrbios neurológicos nos animais. Os canídeos selvagens e domésticos são hospedeiros definitivos, e os ovinos, entre os hospedeiros intermediários, se constituem uma das espécies susceptíveis. A presença de cães nas propriedades rurais é um fator de risco para a infecção nos ovinos, indicando associação entre a infecção em ambas as espécies. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a soro-ocorrência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum em ovinos e cães naturalmente infectados. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 1497 ovelhas e 42 cães que compartilhavam o mesmo ambiente, provenientes de 16 propriedades rurais localizadas na microrregião de Araraquara. Para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti- N. caninum utilizou-se a técnica de reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI ≥ 25). Para o estudo epidemiológico foi aplicado um questionário aos proprietários ou responsáveis pelos animais, contendo informações ligadas a neosporose, tanto para ovinos quanto para os cães. Dos 1497 soros ovinos testados obteve-se uma ocorrência de 8,0% (LI 95%= 6,7%; LS 95%= 9,2%) e dos 42 cães 4,8% (LI 95%= 0%; LS 95%= 7,2%). Foram observadas diferenças estatísticas significativas na associação entre o resultado da sorologia dos ovinos para N. caninum e as variáveis: abastecimento de água (P=0,0004; OR=2,15), presença de outros canídeos selvagens ou domésticos (P=0,0013; OR=2,38) e presença ou ausência de problemas reprodutivos (P=0,0031; OR=1,75). A ingestão de água de represa, a presença de canídeos selvagens ou de propriedades vizinhas e presença de problemas reprodutivos apresentaram associação positiva com a ocorrência de neosporose em ovinos / Abstract: The neosporosis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan Neospora caninum that is considered a cause of reproductive problems and neurological disorders in animals. Domestic and wild canids are definitive hosts, and sheep, among the intermediate hosts, constitute one of the susceptible species may occur reproductive problems. The presence of dogs in the farms is a risk factor for infection in sheep, indicating an association between infection in both species. This study aimed to verify the serum-occurrence of antibodies in sheep and dogs naturally infected by N. caninum. We collected 1497 blood samples from sheep and 42 samples from dogs that lived with the sheep from 16 farms located in the microregion of Araraquara. For the detection of N. caninum antibodies was performed the technique of reaction of indirection immunofluorescence (IFAT ≥ 25). Epidemiological study was applied as a questionnaire for sheep and dogs with information related to neosporosis. Of 1497 sheep sera tested, the occurrence obtained was 8.0% (LL 95% = 6.7%; UL 95% = 9.2%) and of 42 dogs, 4.8% (LL 95% = 0%; UL 95% = 7.2%). Were statistically significant differences in the association between seropositivity for N. caninum in sheep and the variables: water supply (P=0.0004; OR=2.15), presence of other wild or domestic canids (P=0.0013; OR=2.38) and presence or absence of reproductive problems (P=0.0031; OR=1.75). Ingestion of water from dams, the presence of wild dogs or wild canids of neighboring properties and the presence of reproductive problems were positively associated with the occurrence of neosporosis in sheep / Mestre

Para produção de biofármacos protéicos, como a eritropoietina recombinante humana (EPOrh), são necessárias alterações pós-traducionais adequadas que garantam a sua especificidade e atividade biológica. Essas características são obtidas apenas em biorretores baseados em células eucarióticas, como as da glândula mamária. Sistemas baseados nesse tipo celular, tanto in vivo quanto in vitro, já são utilizados para produção estratégica e viável de proteínas recombinantes biologicamente ativas. Assim, tanto o estabelecimento de novas linhagens de células mamárias que apresentem boa expressão protéica quanto o desenvolvimento de sistemas in vivo que utilizem a estrutura da glândula mamária para essa produção de proteínas recombinantes são de grande valia. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar dois métodos de estabelecimento de uma cultura de células de glândula mamárias ovinas, enzimático e não enzimático, e verificar sua capacidade de expressão das proteínas do leite β-lactoglobulina, α-caseína, β-caseína e κ-caseína mediante o tratamento com SFB (soro fetal bovino) ou SOL (soro de ovelha lactante), na presença ou não de Matrigel. Para isso, foi realizado um experimento in vitro, no qual foi estabelecido o cultivo celular até a passagem 12 (P12) de duas linhagens celulares: digerida (LD) e não digerida (LND). Para a LD na P12 foi observado apenas um tipo celular, o qual era positivo para a marcação com vimentina. Essa linhagem apresentou expressão gênica de β-caseína e β-lactoglobulina apenas quando tratada com meio de cultivo acrescido de SFB, sendo a expressão inferior (P=0,001) ao grupo da LND submetido ao mesmo tratamento. Já a LND, quando tratada com meio adicionado com SFB expressou κ-caseína além da β-caseína e β-lactoglobulina. A troca do SFB do meio de cultivo por SOL aumentou a expressão gênica de β-lactoglobulina (P=0,001) para ambas linhagens. Foi realizada a curva de crescimento para LD e LND na P12 com o meio de cultivo acrescido com SFB ou SOL. Para a LND observou-se o efeito do meio na velocidade de crescimento celular, sendo que foi maior para o grupo tratado com SFB (P<0,05). Para a LD, não ocorreu o efeito do meio na velocidade de crescimento celular (P>0,05), não sendo observada diferença com a LND tratada com SOL (P>0,05). A LND apresentou marcação positiva para a presença de vimentina e citoqueratina. Este trabalho visou, ainda, estabelecer um sistema de produção da EPOrh no leite de ovelhas não transgênicas pela técnica de infusão intra-mamária in vivo de dois plasmídeos diferentes e verificar a secreção qualitativa desta proteína por Western-blotting. Assim, foi feito um experimento in vivo no qual glândulas mamárias de ovelhas foram transfectadas com dois plasmídeos diferentes: ALAC (n=2), BGL (n=2) e controle negativo (n=2). Após a infusão dos plasmídeos, foi realizada a eletroporação de cada teto (3 choques de 500 volts com a duração de 15ms cada, sendo realizada a inversão da polaridade). Os animais foram ordenhados durante 20 dias após a transfecção, porém não foi possível detectar a presença de EPOrh nas amostras de leite analisadas. O limiar de detecção do teste utilizado foi de 67,5pg de EPOrh (Eritromax®) em leite controle negativo de ovelha. Concluindo, foi possível estabelecer o cultivo in vitro das LD e LND com capacidade de expressar proteínas do leite, sendo a expressão da β-lactoglobulina aumentada pelo tratamento com SOL. Ambas as linhagens apresentaram marcação positiva para vimentina, mas apenas LND para citoqueratina. Ainda, para o experimento in vivo, não foi possível detectar a expressão de EPOrh no leite das ovelhas transfectadas com os plasmídeos ALAC e BGL. / Some post-translational modifications are necessary for the production of biopharmaceutical proteins, such as recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), with a good specific action and a high biological activity. These modifications are obtained only by bioreactors based on eukaryotic cell as mammary cells. Bioreactors, in vivo or in vitro, with this kind of cell have been used for a viable and strategic production of biologically active recombinant proteins. For this reason, the establishment of a new line of mammary cells with high milk protein expression and the development of systems for production of recombinant proteins by the mammary gland in vivo are essential studies. One of the main objectives of this study was to compare two methods, enzymatic and non-enzymatic, to establish ovine mammary cells culture and verify their gene expression of milk proteins such as β-lactoglobulin, α-casein, β-casein and κ-casein with different treatments: LOS (lactating ovine serum) or FBS (fetal bovine serum) added to the culture medium, in the presence or absence of Matrigel®. In this manner, an in vitro study was performed and the culture of two lines were established, digested (DL) and non-digested (NDL), of ovine mammary cell until the passage 12 (P12). In DL was observed just one cellular type that was positive for staining with vimentin. This cell line expressed β-lactoglobulin and β-casein genes with the FBS treatment and without Matrigel. The gene expression was lower (P=0,001) when compared to the NDL under the same conditions of culture. Then, the NDL expressed β-lactoglobulin, β-casein and κ-casein genes when treated with FBS without Matrigel. The treatment with LOS in the culture medium increased the gene expression of β-lactoglobulin for both cell lines. The growth curve was determined with both cell lines in P12 with FBS or LOS treatment. For the NDL, the type of medium had effect on the cell growth speed and was highest with the FBS treatment (P<0,05). However, the medium did not have effect on growth speed of LD (P>0,05) and no difference was observed at the NDL treated with LOS (P>0,05). The NDL was positive for staining with vimentin and cytokeratin. The second main objective of this study was to establish an in vivo system for the production of rhEPO in milk of non-transgenic ewes by the intra-mammary infusion of two different plasmids and verify the qualitative milk secretion of this protein by western-blotting. In this way, in the in vivo experiment ovine mammary glands were transfected with two different plasmids: ALAC (n=2), BGL (n=2) and negative control (n=2). Each half udder was filled with plasmid solution and three 3 electric pulses of 500 volts were applied for 15ms each, followed by another three pulses with reversed polarity. The three animals were milked for 20 days after transfection, nevertheless it was not possible to identify rhEPO in any milk sample. The test threshold to identify rhEPO (Eritromax®) in milk from a negative control animal was 67,5pg. In conclusion, the in vitro culture of NDL and DL was established up to the P12 with expression of milk protein and the LOS treatment increased the expression of β-lactoglobulin. The two cell lines culture were positive for staining of vimentina but only NDL was positive for cytokeratin. In the in vivo experiment, rhEPO secretion was not detected in the milk from ewes transfected with ALAC and BGL plasmids.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate contrasting pasture management strategies on the foraging behaviour, pasture production, carcass characteristics, herbage intake, faecal gas emissions and methane emission by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pastures. The experiment was carried out in 2014 and 2015. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates and two grazing strategy treatments (traditional rotational stocking method – RT meaning pre- and post-grazing target heights of 25 and 5 cm, respectively and, “rotatinuous stocking” – RN with pre- and post-grazing target heights of 18 and 11 cm, respectively). The grazing management was based on a 1-day strip-grazing regime. Male castrated sheep were used. The actual average sward heights for the RN treatment were 17.9 and 11.1 cm (pre- and post-grazing, respectively) and 27.1 and 7.8 cm for the RT (pre- and post-grazing, respectively). The stocking period in 2014 was 146 and 140 days (RN and RT, respectively) and in 2015 it was 155 and 146 days (RN and RT, respectively). The diurnal animal activities (grazing, ruminating and resting time) did not differ between treatments, with average of 439.6, 166.9 and 85.0 minutes, respectively. The bite rate, feeding station per min and steps per min were greater at the RN than the RT treatment. Grazing time and bite rate were greater in the afternoon than morning in both treatments. Therefore, the daily herbage intake by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass was greater for the RN than the RT treatment (CHAPTER II). The herbage production in the RN was 28% higher than the RT treatment. Individual average daily gain and live weight gain per hectare were greater in the RN than the RT treatment (CHAPTER III). RN treatment presented greater final live weight, carcass and commercial cut weights from grazing sheep than RT treatment (CHAPTER IV). RN treatment had a faecal chemical quality greater than RT treatment, resulting in a greater daily nitrogen excretion per animal and greater faecal CH4 and N2O emissions (CHAPTER VI). The “rotatinuous stocking” (RN) was the better grazing management strategy for mitigation of CH4 emissions by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass, emitting 64% less CH4 per unit area and 170% less CH4 per unit of animal product than the traditional rotational stocking method (RT) (CHAPTER V).

Para produção de biofármacos protéicos, como a eritropoietina recombinante humana (EPOrh), são necessárias alterações pós-traducionais adequadas que garantam a sua especificidade e atividade biológica. Essas características são obtidas apenas em biorretores baseados em células eucarióticas, como as da glândula mamária. Sistemas baseados nesse tipo celular, tanto in vivo quanto in vitro, já são utilizados para produção estratégica e viável de proteínas recombinantes biologicamente ativas. Assim, tanto o estabelecimento de novas linhagens de células mamárias que apresentem boa expressão protéica quanto o desenvolvimento de sistemas in vivo que utilizem a estrutura da glândula mamária para essa produção de proteínas recombinantes são de grande valia. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar dois métodos de estabelecimento de uma cultura de células de glândula mamárias ovinas, enzimático e não enzimático, e verificar sua capacidade de expressão das proteínas do leite β-lactoglobulina, α-caseína, β-caseína e κ-caseína mediante o tratamento com SFB (soro fetal bovino) ou SOL (soro de ovelha lactante), na presença ou não de Matrigel. Para isso, foi realizado um experimento in vitro, no qual foi estabelecido o cultivo celular até a passagem 12 (P12) de duas linhagens celulares: digerida (LD) e não digerida (LND). Para a LD na P12 foi observado apenas um tipo celular, o qual era positivo para a marcação com vimentina. Essa linhagem apresentou expressão gênica de β-caseína e β-lactoglobulina apenas quando tratada com meio de cultivo acrescido de SFB, sendo a expressão inferior (P=0,001) ao grupo da LND submetido ao mesmo tratamento. Já a LND, quando tratada com meio adicionado com SFB expressou κ-caseína além da β-caseína e β-lactoglobulina. A troca do SFB do meio de cultivo por SOL aumentou a expressão gênica de β-lactoglobulina (P=0,001) para ambas linhagens. Foi realizada a curva de crescimento para LD e LND na P12 com o meio de cultivo acrescido com SFB ou SOL. Para a LND observou-se o efeito do meio na velocidade de crescimento celular, sendo que foi maior para o grupo tratado com SFB (P<0,05). Para a LD, não ocorreu o efeito do meio na velocidade de crescimento celular (P>0,05), não sendo observada diferença com a LND tratada com SOL (P>0,05). A LND apresentou marcação positiva para a presença de vimentina e citoqueratina. Este trabalho visou, ainda, estabelecer um sistema de produção da EPOrh no leite de ovelhas não transgênicas pela técnica de infusão intra-mamária in vivo de dois plasmídeos diferentes e verificar a secreção qualitativa desta proteína por Western-blotting. Assim, foi feito um experimento in vivo no qual glândulas mamárias de ovelhas foram transfectadas com dois plasmídeos diferentes: ALAC (n=2), BGL (n=2) e controle negativo (n=2). Após a infusão dos plasmídeos, foi realizada a eletroporação de cada teto (3 choques de 500 volts com a duração de 15ms cada, sendo realizada a inversão da polaridade). Os animais foram ordenhados durante 20 dias após a transfecção, porém não foi possível detectar a presença de EPOrh nas amostras de leite analisadas. O limiar de detecção do teste utilizado foi de 67,5pg de EPOrh (Eritromax®) em leite controle negativo de ovelha. Concluindo, foi possível estabelecer o cultivo in vitro das LD e LND com capacidade de expressar proteínas do leite, sendo a expressão da β-lactoglobulina aumentada pelo tratamento com SOL. Ambas as linhagens apresentaram marcação positiva para vimentina, mas apenas LND para citoqueratina. Ainda, para o experimento in vivo, não foi possível detectar a expressão de EPOrh no leite das ovelhas transfectadas com os plasmídeos ALAC e BGL. / Some post-translational modifications are necessary for the production of biopharmaceutical proteins, such as recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), with a good specific action and a high biological activity. These modifications are obtained only by bioreactors based on eukaryotic cell as mammary cells. Bioreactors, in vivo or in vitro, with this kind of cell have been used for a viable and strategic production of biologically active recombinant proteins. For this reason, the establishment of a new line of mammary cells with high milk protein expression and the development of systems for production of recombinant proteins by the mammary gland in vivo are essential studies. One of the main objectives of this study was to compare two methods, enzymatic and non-enzymatic, to establish ovine mammary cells culture and verify their gene expression of milk proteins such as β-lactoglobulin, α-casein, β-casein and κ-casein with different treatments: LOS (lactating ovine serum) or FBS (fetal bovine serum) added to the culture medium, in the presence or absence of Matrigel®. In this manner, an in vitro study was performed and the culture of two lines were established, digested (DL) and non-digested (NDL), of ovine mammary cell until the passage 12 (P12). In DL was observed just one cellular type that was positive for staining with vimentin. This cell line expressed β-lactoglobulin and β-casein genes with the FBS treatment and without Matrigel. The gene expression was lower (P=0,001) when compared to the NDL under the same conditions of culture. Then, the NDL expressed β-lactoglobulin, β-casein and κ-casein genes when treated with FBS without Matrigel. The treatment with LOS in the culture medium increased the gene expression of β-lactoglobulin for both cell lines. The growth curve was determined with both cell lines in P12 with FBS or LOS treatment. For the NDL, the type of medium had effect on the cell growth speed and was highest with the FBS treatment (P<0,05). However, the medium did not have effect on growth speed of LD (P>0,05) and no difference was observed at the NDL treated with LOS (P>0,05). The NDL was positive for staining with vimentin and cytokeratin. The second main objective of this study was to establish an in vivo system for the production of rhEPO in milk of non-transgenic ewes by the intra-mammary infusion of two different plasmids and verify the qualitative milk secretion of this protein by western-blotting. In this way, in the in vivo experiment ovine mammary glands were transfected with two different plasmids: ALAC (n=2), BGL (n=2) and negative control (n=2). Each half udder was filled with plasmid solution and three 3 electric pulses of 500 volts were applied for 15ms each, followed by another three pulses with reversed polarity. The three animals were milked for 20 days after transfection, nevertheless it was not possible to identify rhEPO in any milk sample. The test threshold to identify rhEPO (Eritromax®) in milk from a negative control animal was 67,5pg. In conclusion, the in vitro culture of NDL and DL was established up to the P12 with expression of milk protein and the LOS treatment increased the expression of β-lactoglobulin. The two cell lines culture were positive for staining of vimentina but only NDL was positive for cytokeratin. In the in vivo experiment, rhEPO secretion was not detected in the milk from ewes transfected with ALAC and BGL plasmids.

Resumo: Cordeiros 7/8 Ile de France 1/8 Ideal com peso corporal inicial médio de 17,90 ± 1,27 kg foram distribuídos nas dietas: Controle; SRPAD - inclusão de 8% de silagem de resíduo de peixe de água doce (Oreochromis niloticus) e SRPAM - inclusão de 8% de silagem de resíduo de peixe de água marinha (Lophius gastrophisus). As silagens de resíduos de peixes substituíram parcialmente o farelo de soja, e como volumoso, utilizou-se 40% de silagem de milho. Os cordeiros foram mantidos em baias individuais até atingirem 32 kg, quando.os machos foram abatidos. O consumo de matéria seca e o ganho médio diário não apresentaram diferenças entre dietas e sexo, com média de 891,83 e 240,26 g/dia, respectivamente. Cordeiros que receberam SRPAD tiveram maiores ingestão e coeficiente de digestibilidade do extrato etéreo (3,20 g/kg0,75/dia e 90,39%, respectivamente). As dietas não afetaram as características quantitativas da carcaça e qualitativas da carne. Não foram detectadas diferenças no sabor (6,37), preferência (6,49) e aspecto geral (6,90) nas carnes de cordeiros alimentados com as diferentes dietas, porém na dos que receberam dieta controle, foi atribuída menor nota (5,93) para textura. As análises no músculo Longissimus lumborum mostraram que este continha 74,58% de umidade; 25,66% de proteína bruta; 3,48% de extrato etéreo; 1,03% de cinzas e teor de colesterol de 53,97mg/100g de carne. Os ácidos graxos encontrados em maior concentração na gordura intramuscular do músculo Longissimus lumborum foram oléico (41,46%); palmítico (25,93%); esteárico (19,75%); linolênico (2,96%) e mirístico (2,81%). Nas carnes congeladas por 30 e 90 dias, detectou-se maior número de substâncias reativas ao ácido 2- tiobarbitúrico (0,82 e 1,71 mg/ kg, respectivamente), em relação às não congeladas, evidenciando o processo de rancidez oxidativa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: 7/8 Ile de France 1/8 Polwarth lambs averaging 17.90 l 1.27 kg, were distributed among the following diets: D1- control; D2 - 8% freshwater fish (Oreochromis niloticus) residue silage diet; and 8% sea fish (Lophius gastrophisus) residue silage diet. The fish residue silages have parcially substituted the soybean meal and 40% of corn silage was used as roughage. The lambs were confined in individual cages until 32 kg of corporal weight, when were accomplished the biometrics measures and males slaughtered. The dry matter intake and average daily weight gain have not presented differences between diets and sex, with average of 891.83 and 240.26 g/day, respectively. The ether extraxt ingestion and digestibility coeficient was higher in lambs that received D2 (3.20 g/kg0.75/day e 90.39%, respectively). The diets did not affect quantitative carcass and qualitative meat traits. Differences were not detected in the flavor (6.37), preference (6.49) and general aspect (6.90) in the meats of lambs fed with the different diets, however in the meat of the ones that received the control diet, smaller note (5.93) was attributed for texture. The analysis in Longissimus lumborum muscle have shown that this contained 74.58% of moisture; 25.66% of crude protein; 3.48% of ether extract; 1.03% of ash and cholesterol of 53.97mg/100g of meat. The fat acids found in larger amount in intramuscular fat of same muscle there were oleic (41.46%), palmitic (25.93%), stearic (19.75%), linoleic (2.96%) and miristic (2.81%). The lambs meat frozen for 30 and 90 days showed higher TBARS (0.82 and 1.17 mg/kg, respectively) than unfrozen meat, evidencing the oxidative aging process in meat freezing. The partial substitution of the soybean meal for fish residue silage was a good proteic alternative in the feeding of lambs. / Orientador: Américo Garcia da Siva Sobrinho / Coorientadora: Hirasilva Borba Alves de Souza / Banca: Francisco de Assis Fonseca de Macedo / Banca: Rose Meire Vidotti / Banca: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel / Banca: Luiz Francisco Prata / Doutor

The aim of this thesis was to investigate contrasting pasture management strategies on the foraging behaviour, pasture production, carcass characteristics, herbage intake, faecal gas emissions and methane emission by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pastures. The experiment was carried out in 2014 and 2015. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates and two grazing strategy treatments (traditional rotational stocking method – RT meaning pre- and post-grazing target heights of 25 and 5 cm, respectively and, “rotatinuous stocking” – RN with pre- and post-grazing target heights of 18 and 11 cm, respectively). The grazing management was based on a 1-day strip-grazing regime. Male castrated sheep were used. The actual average sward heights for the RN treatment were 17.9 and 11.1 cm (pre- and post-grazing, respectively) and 27.1 and 7.8 cm for the RT (pre- and post-grazing, respectively). The stocking period in 2014 was 146 and 140 days (RN and RT, respectively) and in 2015 it was 155 and 146 days (RN and RT, respectively). The diurnal animal activities (grazing, ruminating and resting time) did not differ between treatments, with average of 439.6, 166.9 and 85.0 minutes, respectively. The bite rate, feeding station per min and steps per min were greater at the RN than the RT treatment. Grazing time and bite rate were greater in the afternoon than morning in both treatments. Therefore, the daily herbage intake by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass was greater for the RN than the RT treatment (CHAPTER II). The herbage production in the RN was 28% higher than the RT treatment. Individual average daily gain and live weight gain per hectare were greater in the RN than the RT treatment (CHAPTER III). RN treatment presented greater final live weight, carcass and commercial cut weights from grazing sheep than RT treatment (CHAPTER IV). RN treatment had a faecal chemical quality greater than RT treatment, resulting in a greater daily nitrogen excretion per animal and greater faecal CH4 and N2O emissions (CHAPTER VI). The “rotatinuous stocking” (RN) was the better grazing management strategy for mitigation of CH4 emissions by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass, emitting 64% less CH4 per unit area and 170% less CH4 per unit of animal product than the traditional rotational stocking method (RT) (CHAPTER V).

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Sheep milk is produced in Brazil mainly in the South and Southeast regions and, because it has a higher content of solids than cow milk, it is usually processed into dairy products, especially cheese and yogurt. In this sense, the reduced number of studies in the area, associated to the lack of scientific information related to dairy products from ovine culture, stimulated the creation of the present study that aims to evaluate the physicochemical composition and to determine and analyze the content of mineral elements and the profile of fatty acids of sheep milk, related to the period of lactation. Two treatments were used: treatment 1 with milk of ½ Laucane blood sheep and treatment 2 with milk of Ile de France x Texel crossbred sheep, which were milked from the 1st to the 10th week of lactation. The progress in the lactation period of ½ blood and crossbred sheep showed an increase in fat content, with 7.37 and 6.47% in the first week passing to 7.54 and 7.62% in the last week, respectively. The values of protein were 4.75% for ½ Laucane blood sheep and 4.97% for Ile de France x Texel crossbred sheep in the beginning of the lactation reaching the tenth week with values of 4.67 and 4.61%, respectively. There is a higher concentration of saturated fatty acids for the Ile de France x Texel crossbred sheep with values oscillating between 67.09 and 74.65%. Regarding the concentrations of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids, a superiority for ½ Laucane blood sheep was observed, with values of monounsaturated fatty acids ranging from 22.50 to 28.50% and polyunsaturated from 4.52 to 5.20%. The mineral elements Ca, S, P, Mg, K and Na present in ovine milk did not show a pattern of variation during the evaluated lactation period for both genetic groups. The Ca content was higher for the milk of ½ Laucane blood sheep, demonstrating a variation between 131.63 and 218.49 mg/100 mL. The amount of P obtained in ovine milk was lower than that of Ca, where ½ Laucane blood sheep showed higher values, presenting the same behavior that the element Ca. The Na and K content was higher in the milk of ½ Laucane blood sheep, not differing significantly in the fourth and fifth weeks for the two genetic groups evaluated, in the same way that K did not differ in the third week of lactation either. Similar to the other minerals, S and Mg content was lower for Ile de France x Texel crossbred sheep. / O leite de ovelha é produzido no Brasil principalmente nas regiões Sul e Sudeste e, por apresentar maior teor de sólidos do que o leite de vaca, geralmente é processado em derivados lácteos, especialmente queijos e iogurtes. Neste sentido, o reduzido número de trabalhos realizados na área, associado à carência de informações científicas relacionadas aos produtos lácteos oriundos da ovinocultura estimularam a realização do presente trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar a composição físico-química e, determinar e analisar o teor dos elementos minerais e o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de ovelhas, em relação ao período de lactação. Foram utilizados dois tratamentos, leite de ovelhas ½ sangue Lacaune e o leite de ovelhas cruza Ile de France x Texel, sendo estas ordenhadas da 1ª a 10ª semana de lactação. Com avanço no período de lactação, ovelhas ½ sangue e cruza apresentaram aumento no teor de gordura, com 7,37 e 6,47 % na primeira semana passando a 7,54 e 7,62 % na última semana, respectivamente. Os valores encontrados de proteína foram de 4,75 % para as ovelhas ½ sangue Lacaune e 4,97 % para as cruzas Ile de France x Texel no início da lactação chegando a décima semana com valores de 4,67 e 4,61 %, respectivamente. Há maior concentração de ácidos graxos saturados para as ovelhas cruza Ile de France x Texel com valores oscilando entre 67,09 e 74,65 %. Com relação às concentrações de ácidos graxos mono e poliinsaturados observa-se superioridade para ovelhas ½ sangue Lacaune, com valores de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados variando entre 22,50 a 28,59 % e poliinsaturados de 4,57 a 5,20%. Os elementos minerais Ca, S, P, Mg, K e Na presentes no leite ovino, não apresentaram um padrão de variação durante o período de lactação avaliado para ambos grupos genéticos. O teor de cálcio foi superior para o leite das ovelhas ½ sangue Lacaune, demonstrando uma variação entre 131,63 a 218,49 mg/100mL. A quantidade de P obtida no leite ovino foi menor que a de Ca, onde ovelhas ½ sangue Lacaune apresentaram valores superiores, apresentando o mesmo comportamento que o elemento Ca. O teor de Na e K apresentou-se mais elevado no leite das ovelhas ½ sangue Lacaune, não diferindo significativamente na quarta e quinta semana para os dois grupos genéticos avaliados, da mesma forma que o potássio também não diferiu na terceira semana de lactação. De forma semelhante aos demais minerais, os teores de S e Mg foram menores para as ovelhas cruza Ile de France x Texel.

Orientador: Américo Garcia da Silva Sobrinho / Banca: Roberto Daniel Sainz Gonzalez / Banca: Rosa Maria Gomes de Macedo / Banca: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira / Banca: Luiz Francisco Prata / Resumo: Com o objetivo de avaliar as características nutricionais, estruturais, físico-químicas e sensoriais da carne de cordeiros terminados em confinamento com dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar ou silagem de milho em duas relações volumoso: concentrado, 60:40 ou 40:60, utilizou-se 32 cordeiros Ile de France, não castrados, com 15 kg de peso corporal. Os animais foram confinados em baias individuais e abatidos aos 32 kg. A carne dos cordeiros teve 74,55% de umidade, 19,61% de proteína bruta, 1,04% de cinzas e 51,28 mg/100g de colesterol, sendo o teor de extrato etéreo, maior na dos alimentados com dietas contendo silagem de milho (3,97%) e na dos que receberam alimentação mais concentrada (4,02%). Os ácidos graxos em maior concentração na carne dos cordeiros foram: mirístico (4,18%), palmítico (26,41%), esteárico (17,09%), oléico (37,93%) e linolênico (4,00%). A carne dos alimentados com dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar teve maiores teores dos ácidos cáprico (0,47) e araquidônico (4,17), e menores dos palmitoléico (2,02) e linolênico (0,25). A carne dos cordeiros alimentados com maior quantidade de cana-de-açúcar (60%) teve também maiores teores dos ácidos pentadecanóico (0,68), heptadecanóico (2,13) e eicosadienóico (1,34), sendo estes reduzidos quando a cana-de-açúcar foi utilizada em menor quantidade. Com relação às características estruturais da carne dos cordeiros, as dietas não alteraram a freqüência das fibras SO, FOG e FG, entretanto, aquelas contendo 60% de concentrado, propiciaram maior diâmetro, área e área total relativa das mesmas. Quanto ao tipo de músculos, a freqüência das fibras SO e FG foi maior no Triceps brachii, e a das fibras FOG, maior no Longissimus lumborum. O músculo Triceps brachii teve para todos os tipos de fibras musculares, maiores áreas e diâmetros do que o Longissimus lumborum. Independentemente da dieta... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: With the aim to evaluate nutritional, structural, physic-chemical and sensorial characteristics of meat of lambs finished on feedlot with diets containing sugar cane or corn silage on two roughage:concentrate ratios, 60:40 or 40:60, it was used 32 Ile de France lambs, non castrated, with 15kg of corporal weight. The animals were confined on individual stalls and were slaughtered at 32 kg of corporal weight. Lamb meat had 74.55% of moisture, 19.61% of crude protein, 1.04% of ash and 51.28 mg/100g of cholesterol, being ethereal extract content, highest on meat of lambs fed up with diets containing corn silage (3.97%) and on those of animals that received more concentrate food (4,02%). The fatty acids on highest concentration in lamb meat were: miristic (4.18%), palmitic (26.41%), stearic (17.09%), oleic (37.93%) and linoleic (4.00%). The meat of lambs fed up with diets containing sugar cane (60%) had higher contents of capric (0.47) and arachidonic (4.17) acids, and lower contents of palmitoleic (2.02) and linoleic (0.25) acids. The meat of lambs fed up with higher quantity of sugar cane (60%) had higher contents of pentadecanoic (0.68), heptadecanoic (2.13) and eicosadienoic (1.34) acids too. These acids were reduced when sugar cane was used on lower quantity. In relation to meat structural characteristics, diets didn't change frequency of SO, FOG and FG fibers. However, those containing 60% of concentrate propitiated larger diameter, area and total area relative at the same. About muscle type, frequency of SO and FG fibers was higher on Triceps brachii, and frequency of FOG fibers was higher on Longissimus lumborum. For all muscle fiber types, Triceps brachii muscle had areas and diameters larger than Longissimus lumborum. Independently of diet and evaluated muscle, the contents of total and soluble collagen of meat not differed, with average values of 2.45 and 0.30 mg/g... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The aim of this thesis was to investigate contrasting pasture management strategies on the foraging behaviour, pasture production, carcass characteristics, herbage intake, faecal gas emissions and methane emission by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pastures. The experiment was carried out in 2014 and 2015. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates and two grazing strategy treatments (traditional rotational stocking method – RT meaning pre- and post-grazing target heights of 25 and 5 cm, respectively and, “rotatinuous stocking” – RN with pre- and post-grazing target heights of 18 and 11 cm, respectively). The grazing management was based on a 1-day strip-grazing regime. Male castrated sheep were used. The actual average sward heights for the RN treatment were 17.9 and 11.1 cm (pre- and post-grazing, respectively) and 27.1 and 7.8 cm for the RT (pre- and post-grazing, respectively). The stocking period in 2014 was 146 and 140 days (RN and RT, respectively) and in 2015 it was 155 and 146 days (RN and RT, respectively). The diurnal animal activities (grazing, ruminating and resting time) did not differ between treatments, with average of 439.6, 166.9 and 85.0 minutes, respectively. The bite rate, feeding station per min and steps per min were greater at the RN than the RT treatment. Grazing time and bite rate were greater in the afternoon than morning in both treatments. Therefore, the daily herbage intake by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass was greater for the RN than the RT treatment (CHAPTER II). The herbage production in the RN was 28% higher than the RT treatment. Individual average daily gain and live weight gain per hectare were greater in the RN than the RT treatment (CHAPTER III). RN treatment presented greater final live weight, carcass and commercial cut weights from grazing sheep than RT treatment (CHAPTER IV). RN treatment had a faecal chemical quality greater than RT treatment, resulting in a greater daily nitrogen excretion per animal and greater faecal CH4 and N2O emissions (CHAPTER VI). The “rotatinuous stocking” (RN) was the better grazing management strategy for mitigation of CH4 emissions by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass, emitting 64% less CH4 per unit area and 170% less CH4 per unit of animal product than the traditional rotational stocking method (RT) (CHAPTER V).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_manuela_zardin_de_pellegrini.pdf: 867365 bytes, checksum: 0d6793294ffa9bf2c92471e5c33514d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-24 / The research evaluated the incidence of mastitis sheep and its relation to pain and behavioral variables in Corriedale herd, handled on native pasture in Rio Grande do Sul. The results were collected in two reviews. The first stage was conducted in December 2010 to determine the incidence of mastitis in multiparous ewes after weaning their lambs. The sheep were submittedto clinical examination and palpation of the udder and classified as scale change in consistency of the udder. No cases of clinical mastitis, but 25% of the herd had chronic mastitis. In the second stage, held in September 2011, was observed behavioral variables in two environments: pen and paddock. Two sheep were evaluated postpartum, which showing udderalteredconsistencyandnormal, respectively.The sheep with udderalteredconsistencyshowed alert behavior pen and paddock. The sheep with normal udder showed higher gregarious behavior and vocalised more often for her lamb. The presence ofnodulesin the udderalteredmaternal-filial behavior the sheep.The indicators of pain were not observed. The clinical mastitis is not a problem in the extensive breeding of sheep, but the presence of chronic mastitis indicates trauma or inflammation without prior treatment. / A pesquisa avaliou a incidência da mastite ovina e sua relação com variáveis de dor e comportamentais, em rebanho Corriedale, manejado em campo nativo no Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados foram coletados em duas avaliações. A primeira etapa foi realizada em dezembro de 2010, para verificar a incidência da mastite em ovelhas multíparas após o desmame dos seus cordeiros. As ovelhas foram submetidas ao exame clínico e palpação do úbere e classificadas conforme escala de alteração da consistência do úbere. Não houve casos de mastite clínica, porém 25% do rebanho apresentou mastite crônica. Na segunda etapa, realizada em setembro de 2011, foi observado as variáveis comportamentais em dois ambientes: mangueira (curral) e piquete. Duas ovelhas foram avaliadas no pós-parto, as quaisapresentaram consistência de úbere alterado e úbere normal, respectivamente. A ovelha com alteração no úbere mostrou comportamento alerta no curral e piquete. A ovelha com úbere normal apresentou maior comportamento gregário e vocalizou mais vezes para seu cordeiro. A presença de nodulações no úbere alterou o comportamento materno-filial. Os indicadores de dor não foram observados. A mastite clínica não é um problema na criação extensiva de ovinos, contudo a presença de mastite crônica indica trauma ou inflamação prévia sem tratamento.