Orientador: Denise Vaz de Macedo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T06:07:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lazarim_FernandaLorenzi_D.pdf: 1781611 bytes, checksum: 278e3fd2103780698a1b6dc5452c8b5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A resposta adaptativa decorrente de um programa de treinamento está relacionada a um intenso processo de síntese protéica, cujo efeito cumulativo de várias sessões de exercício leva a alterações fenotípicas do músculo e aumento de rendimento em capacidades biomotoras diversas. Para isso é necessário um tempo adequado de recuperação entre os estímulos. Um processo contínuo de treinamento intensificado sem o tempo de recuperação adequado é denominado overtraining. Este pode culminar em basicamente dois estados diferenciados em relação ao desempenho: overreaching funcional (FOR), com manutenção ou mesmo melhora de desempenho após o descanso, e overreaching não funcional (NFOR), caracterizado pela queda no desempenho por tempo prolongado. A visualização das alterações agudas e crônicas do perfil protéico tanto de células como de fluidos pode auxiliar na compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos nos estados FOR e NFOR, e possibilitar a identificação de marcadores que auxiliem na detecção desses estados. Nesse contexto a análise proteômica pode ser uma ferramenta bastante útil, pois permite separar, quantificar e identificar o perfil protéico de tecidos e fluidos biológicos. A presente tese está dividida em duas partes: pesquisa (Parte I) e ensino (Parte II), que refletem as experiências vividas desde a iniciação científica, sendo igualmente relevantes para minha formação acadêmica. A Parte I é constituída por três capítulos cujo objetivo principal foi investigar as alterações agudas e crônicas decorrentes do exercício físico no perfil protéico do soro de ratos através da análise proteômica. O capítulo 1 apresenta uma revisão sobre os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na resposta adaptativa ao treinamento, as proteínas do soro, as técnicas utilizadas na análise proteômica e sua aplicabilidade nas pesquisas com exercício. O capitulo 2 apresenta as alterações agudas no perfil proteico do soro de ratos submetidos a um exercício exaustivo de média duração em esteira, 3 e 24 horas após o estímulo. As proteínas diferencialmente expressas 24 horas após o exercício corresponderam a proteínas de fase aguda sintetizadas em resposta à instalação de um processo inflamatório, indicando que a geração de microtraumas e a inflamação são partes integrantes da resposta aguda ao exercício. O capítulo 3 apresenta as alterações no perfil proteico do soro de ratos submetidos a um protocolo de indução ao continuum treinamento-overtraining, desenvolvido recentemente no nosso laboratório, e que produz animais nos estados FOR e NFOR. As proteínas diferencialmente expressas indicam um quadro antiinflamatório nos animais do grupo FOR e alterações protéicas que favoreceram os processos adaptativos envolvidos na biogênese mitocondrial e regeneração do tecido danificado. Também apresentaram melhora no perfil lipídico. O grupo NFOR apresentou alterações de proteínas de fase aguda indicando um processo inflamatório instalado e alterações de algumas proteínas que podem ter prejudicado o desencadeamento da resposta adaptativa, resultando na queda da performance. A Parte II da tese apresenta uma proposta de atividade prática, aplicada num curso de especialização com enfoque em bioquímica para alunos de Educação Física e Nutrição. Essa atividade consiste na discussão dos conceitos de Índice Glicêmico e Carga Glicêmica a partir de dados obtidos pelos próprios alunos. Utilizamos essa aula para a introdução ao estudo das vias de síntese e integração metabólica no estado alimentado / Abstract: The adaptive response to a training program is related to an intensive process of protein synthesis, which cumulative effect of multiple sessions of exercise leads to muscle phenotypic alterations and increases different physical capacities. For such adaptation an appropriate time for recovery between stimuli is required. A continuous process of intensified training without adequate recovery time is called overtraining. It can result in basically two different states concerning performance: functional overreaching (FOR), with maintenance or even improvement of performance after the recovery period, and non-functional overreaching (NFOR), characterized by performance decrement for a prolonged period. The visualization of acute and chronic changes on the protein profile of both cells and fluids may help one to understand the mechanisms involved on FOR and NFOR states, and it can enable the identification of biomarkers helping to detect these states. Within this context the proteomic analysis can be an interesting tool as it enables to separate, identify and quantify the protein profile of tissues and biological fluids. This work is divided in two parts: research (Part I), and education (Part II), which represent the experiences that I have been living since my scientific initiation and therefore, both are relevant for my education. Part I consists of three chapters in which the main goal is to investigate the acute and chronic changes in response to exercise in serum proteins profile of rats by proteomic analysis. Chapter 1 presents a review of the molecular mechanisms involved in the adaptive response to training, serum proteins, the techniques used in proteomics analysis and its applicability on exercise research. Chapter 2 presents the acute changes in serum protein profile of rats submitted to an exhaustive exercise of average duration on a treadmill, 3 and 24 hours after the stimulus. The proteins differently expressed 24 hours after the exercise were the acute-phase protein synthesized in response to installation of the inflammatory process, indicating that the generation of micro trauma and inflammation are parts of the acute response to the exercise. Chapter 3 reveals the changes in the serum protein profile of rats, submitted to an exercise protocol developed recently in our laboratory, to induce the animals through the continuum training-overtraining, leading the animals to the FOR and NFOR states. The differently expressed proteins indicate an anti-inflammatory process in the animals that were in the FOR group and protein changes which favored the adaptive processes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and the complete recovery of tissue damage, as well as the improvement on the lipid profile. The NFOR group presented changes of acute phase proteins indicating the instalation of an inflamatory process and alterations in some proteins that may have impaired the development of the adaptive response, which results in performance decrement. Part II of this work shows a proposal for a practical activity implemented in a specialization course with focus on Biochemistry for Physical Education and Nutrition students. This activity consists in the discussion of the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load concepts through data obtained by the students. This class is used to introduce the study of synthesis pathways and metabolic integration in the fed state / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Orientador: Maeli Dal Pai Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T01:12:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_RodrigoWagnerAlves_M.pdf: 2186081 bytes, checksum: 2a1578159471f249151f3b90ca0b76fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O treinamento físico pode promover adaptações benéficas ao músculo esquelético. Entretanto, o treinamento de alta intensidade associado com um tempo insuficiente de recuperação, similar às condições de sobretreinamento, pode ocasionar efeitos prejudiciais. Os fatores reguladores miogênicos (MRFs) e o fator de crescimento IGF-1 são importantes reguladores da massa muscular no treinamento físico. Neste contexto, testamos a hipótese que o treinamento de alta intensidade com curto tempo de recuperação, poderia influenciar a morfologia, as isoformas da cadeia pesada de miosina (MHC), e a expressão dos MRFs MyoD e Miogenina e do IGF-1, no músculo esquelético de ratos. Ratos Wistar machos (200-250g) foram divididos em 4 grupos: treinado 8 semanas (T8), controle 8 semanas (C8), treinado 12 semanas (T12) e controle 12 semanas (C12). Os grupos T8 e T12 realizaram um programa de treinamento resistido de alta intensidade (5 dias/semana), envolvendo sessões de saltos em uma cuba contendo água. Ao término de cada período, os animais foram sacrificados e o músculo plantar retirado e submetido às análises morfológica e histoquímica, análises das MHCs e expressão gênica da MyoD, Miogenina e IGF-1. Do início ao final do experimento todos os grupos aumentaram o peso corporal, no entanto, o grupo T12 foi estatisticamente menor em relação ao C12. Com relação à área de secção transversal, observou-se uma redução das fibras IIC e IIAD no grupo T8 e IIA e IID no grupo T12 em relação aos seus controles. O grupo treinado por 12 semanas apresentou um aumento da frequência das fibras IIBD e redução nas frequências das fibras I, IIA e IID, em relação ao grupo controle; esses dados ainda foram corroborados pela redução das isoformas MHCI e MHCIIa e aumento da MHCIIb. A MHCIId não mostrou diferença significativa. A expressão gênica do grupo T12 apontou uma diminuição da MyoD e um aumento do IGF-1 comparado com o grupo C12; já, a expressão da Miogenina foi semelhante entre os grupos. Estes dados mostram que o modelo utilizado, semelhante às condições do sobretreinamento, promoveu a atrofia muscular e a transição das fibras musculares para uma atividade contrátil mais rápida. Estes fatos podem estar associados a uma menor atividade das células satélites. Em adição, o aumento da expressão do IGF-1, decorrente do treinamento, pode ter ocorrido na tentativa de prevenir o processo atrófico. / Abstract: Physical training can promote beneficial changes in skeletal muscle. However, the high-intensity resistance training associated with insufficient recovery time may cause harmful effects. Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) and the growth factor IGF-1 are important mediators of muscle mass during physical training. In this context, we tested the hypothesis that high-intensity resistance training with short recovery time, similar to overtraining conditions, could influence the morphology, the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms and the expression of MRFs MyoD and myogenin, and IGF-1 in skeletal muscle of rats. Male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were divided into 4 groups: trained 8 weeks (T8), control 8 weeks (C8), trained 12 weeks (T12) and control 12 weeks (C12). T8 and T12 groups were subjected to a high-intesnsity resistance training program (5 days/week), involving jumps sessions into water, carrying progressive overload equivalent to percentage of body weight. At the end of each period the animals were sacrificed and the plantaris muscles were removed and submited to morphological and histochemical analysis, myosin heavy chain (MHC) analysis and the gene expression of MyoD, Myogenin and IGF-1. From beginning to end of the experiment all groups increased body weight, however, in T12 body weight was lower compared to the C12. Regarding the cross-sectional area, there was a significant reduction of the IIC fibers and IIAD in T8 group and IIA and IID in T12 compared to their controls. The group trained by 12 weeks showed an increase in the IIBD, accompanied by a reduction in the I, IIA and IID muscle fibers frequency, compared to control group; these data have been corroborated by the reduction of MHCI and MHCIIa isoforms and increased of MHCIIb isoform. The MHCIId showed no significant differences. The gene expression of the T12 group showed a decrease in MyoD and an increase in IGF-1 compared with the C12 group; already, the expression of Myogenin was similar between groups. These data show that the model used, similar to the conditions of overtraining, promoted muscular atrophy and muscle fiber transition to a faster contractile activity. These facts may be associated with a lower activity of satellite cells. In addition, increased expression of IGF-1, due to training, may have occurred in an attempt to prevent the atrophic process. / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

There is a general perception in the public that mental health problems scarcely exist among elite athletes. The aim of this thesis was to investigate mental health among Swedish elite athletes with a particular focus on depression, overtraining, help seeking and stigma. The sample consisted of 100 athletes; of these 32 % were male and 68 % female, 53 % team athletes and 47 % individual athletes representing 15 different sports. A cross-sectional research design using self-report measures examined variables associated with the mental health of athletes. Results showed the prevalence of depression in the sample was similar to that of the general population. Athletes who reported symptoms of overtraining also reported symptoms of depression. Depressed athletes showed significantly more symptoms of overtraining than non-depressed athletes. Athletes who reported greater symptoms of depression or overtraining also reported higher levels of stigma associated with the condition. In the sample 45 % of participants reported that it was unlikely or extremely unlikely that they would seek help for mental health problems. The results indicate that mental health problems among elite athletes do exist. Athletes that experience problems with their mental health also do not want to disclose these problems. The established relationship between depression and overtraining highlights the difficult in distinguishing between the concepts that may ultimately lead to misdiagnose and ineffective treatment of the symptoms. Sport specialization in health care is required in order to meet the needs of elite athletes. / Det finns en allmän syn i samhället att psykisk ohälsa bland elitidrottare är väldigt ovanligt. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka psykisk ohälsa bland svenska elitidrottare med fokus på depression, överträning, hjälpsökande och stigma. Urvalet bestod av 100 elitidrottare; av dessa var 32 % män och 68 % kvinnor, 53 % lagidrottare och 47 % individuella idrottare vilka representerade 15 olika idrotter. En tvärsnittsstudie genomfördes med hjälp av självskattningsformulär vilka undersökte variabler förknippade med elitidrottares psykiska hälsa. Resultaten visade en prevalens av depression bland elitidrottarna motsvarande den allmänna populationen. Elitidrottare som rapporterade symptom på överträning rapporterade även symptom på depression. Deprimerade elitidrottare hade signifikant fler symptom på överträning än icke-deprimerade elitidrottare. Elitidrottare som rapporterade fler symptom på depression eller överträning rapporterade även högre nivåer av stigma. I urvalet rapporterade 45 % av deltagarna att det var osannolikt eller extremt osannolikt att de skulle söka hjälp vid problem med psykisk ohälsa. Resultaten visar på att psykisk ohälsa bland elitidrottare existerar. Elitidrottare med psykisk ohälsa är obenägna att avslöja dessa problem för andra. Den påvisade relationen mellan depression och överträning visar på att det är svårt att skilja mellan dessa koncept vilket i förlängningen kan leda till feldiagnostisering av symptomen samt att fel behandlingsinsatser sätts in. För att möta behoven från elitidrottare bör hälso- och sjukvården erbjuda idrottsspecifik behandling.

Le but de cette étude consiste à démontrer l’impact positif d’une supplémentation en glutamine chez des nageurs élites, afin d’améliorer le statut immunitaire et d’évaluer si les changements plasmatiques de la glutamine peuvent expliquer l’incidence d’infections des voies respiratoires (IVRS). En parallèle, ce projet évalue si les apports alimentaires influencent la glutamine plasmatique et l’incidence d’IVRS. L’étude s’est effectuée auprès de 14 athlètes élites (8 hommes, 6 femmes). Chaque athlète a participé aux deux conditions expérimentales : un supplément de glutamine et une solution placebo isocalorique. Les périodes de supplémentation se déroulaient sur sept jours, incluant trois journées consécutives de compétition. Le profil hématologique, après les compétitions, montre qu’un supplément de glutamine n’améliore pas significativement la concentration plasmatique en glutamine ni les niveaux de cytokines comparativement à une solution placebo. Bien que les résultats soient semblables sous les deux conditions, les niveaux post-compétition ont tendance à être supérieurs aux valeurs pré-supplémentation, lorsqu’un apport exogène en glutamine est fourni à l’organisme alors que les concentrations plasmatiques de glutamine tendent à diminuer lorsqu’une solution placebo est administrée (p=0.067). L'incidence d’IVRS ne peut être expliquée par une faible concentration plasmatique de glutamine ni par un apport exogène de glutamine. On observe cependant une augmentation d’IVRS suite aux compétitions, soient de 8 athlètes pour le groupe placebo contre 3 au groupe glutamine. Les athlètes atteints d'IVRS semblent consommer moins d'énergie totale (kcal) et de protéines que les athlètes sains (p=0.060). Les résultats obtenus ne démontrent pas qu’une supplémentation en glutamine améliore le profil immunitaire et ne prévienne l’incidence d’IVRS, mais ils soulèvent l’hypothèse qu’un apport exogène en glutamine stabilise les niveaux plasmatiques de glutamine, permettant aux athlètes de poursuivre leurs entraînements et de récupérer efficacement. / The purposes of this study were to determine the positive impacts of glutamine supplementation upon immune system status and to determine whether changes in plasma glutamine relate to the appearance of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in elite swimmers. Furthermore, this study evaluated dietary intakes and its influence on immune parameters and URTI incidence. Fourteen athletes (8 men, 6 women) took part of the study. Each athlete participated in both experimental conditions: glutamine supplement and an isocaloric solution placebo. The supplementation period lasted seven day, including three consecutive competing days. Post competing hematologic profils of swimmers show that glutamine supplement does not significantly improve plasma glutamine neither cytokines levels, compared to a placebo solution. Even if plasma glutamine concentrations are similar with both conditions, the post competiting levels tend to be higher than pre competing values, when glutamine is supplemented. Futhermore, plasma glutamine levels show a decreasing trend under control conditions (p=0.060). In this study, URTI can not be explained by low plasma glutamine or supplemented glutamine. However, URTI incidence is higher after competitions, where 8 athletes showed symptoms (control group) and 3 only in the experimental group. Athletes with URTI seem to consume less energy and proteins than healthy athletes (p=0.060). These data does not suggest that glutamine supplementation improves immune function or prevents URTI in highly trained swimmers during competition. However, results support the hypothesis that exogenous glutamine stabilizes plasma glutamine levels, allowing athletes to tolerate training workload and recover properly.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:40:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_asr_dr_rcla.pdf: 545888 bytes, checksum: f98d4e5ed52f56b341c3cddbca73b282 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / No esporte de alto nível, o desenvolvimento, maximização e manutenção do desempenho esportivo dependem do equilíbrio entre as cargas de trabalho (treinos e jogos) e o período destinado à recuperação do atleta. Caso esse equilíbrio não ocorra, o esportista pode desenvolver o overreaching e posteriormente o overtraining. O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar as respostas de diversos parâmetros de performance, psicológicos, hormonais, bioquímicos e hematológicos relacionados ao overtraining ao longo de uma temporada competitiva desenvolvida em futebolistas profissionais. Para tanto, dezoito jogadores de futebol foram avaliados no início (T1, semana 0), meio (T2, semana 06) e fim (T3, semana 12) de uma temporada competitiva. As avaliações foram conduzidas em dois dias. No 1o dia às 7:30 am foram coletadas amostras sangüíneas (25 mL) no estado de jejum. No mesmo período, os atletas realizaram a avaliação antropométrica e psicológica. Após aproximadamente 90 min, a avaliação da performance anaeróbia lática foi realizada na pista de atletismo da Unesp - Rio Claro. No 2o dia os atletas se dirigirão às 8:30 am a pista de atletismo da Unesp - Rio Claro para realização dos testes de determinação da performance anaeróbia alática e aeróbia. A coleta da urina de 24 horas teve início no primeiro dia de avaliação. Anova one-way e Kruskal-Wallis test foram utilizados para verificar os efeitos dos diferentes períodos de treinamento nos parâmetros analisados. Para todos os casos o nível de significância pré-fixado foi 5%. Os atletas apresentaram alterações nos parâmetros de performance, psicológicos, hormonais, bioquímicos e hematológicos em resposta ao período de treinamento que foi caracterizado por incremento tanto no volume... / The development, maximization and maintenance of sporting performance depend on the balance between training workloads and sufficient periods of rest. If an incorporate of high training volume and intensity occurs concomitantly with limited recovery periods into the athletes training regimen, they will risk the development of overreaching and overtraining. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the behavior of selected overtraining markers in Brazilian soccer players during a competitive season. Eighteen athletes were evaluated at the beginning (week 0, T1), in the middle (week 6, T2) and at the end (week 12, T3) of the competitive season. Measurements were carried out in two days. On the first day at 7:30 am, before the blood collecting at rest, the athletes had their anthropometric and psychological parameters assessed. After 90 min, they performed the lactic anaerobic performance evaluation. On the second day at 8:30 am, the athletes had their alactic anaerobic performance measured and, after 40 min, they completed the aerobic test. The 24-hour urinary collecting started on the first day of measurement. Anova-one way and Kruskal- Wallis test were used to verify the behavior of the overtraining markers. A significance level of 5% was chosen. The training program developed between T2 and T3 was characterized by an increment in volume and intensity and led to significant alterations in performance, psychological, hormonal, biochemical and hematological parameters... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

No description available.

<p>Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the process of overtraining syndrome as a part of development in sports and careers. It is based on theories about overtraining syndrome and athlete career transitions. The intention was to find patterns that illustrate critical factors in the athlete career for overtraining syndrome to occur, but also for preventing overtraining syndrome to emerge and for rehabilitation.</p><p>The Informant was a 19 years old man who had completed his studies at a Swedish sports-“gymnasium”. Two semi structured interviews were made, the second as a following up interview. The material was analysed by a qualitative content analysis including a constant comparing method. </p><p>The result showed that the Informant developed an overtraining syndrome during his first year as an elite junior athlete at the sports-“gymnasium”. It took one year from the occurrence of the first symptoms until initiating interventions and a second year of rehabilitation before the Informant was totally recovered. Imbalance in the stress-recovery process because physiological and psychological sports demands as well as lack of cognitive skills was possible factors for the beginning of the overtraining syndrome. Factors for preventing origination were the Informants motivation, cognitive skills along with social support.</p><p>In summary it is proposed to focus on interaction between models and theories about overtraining syndrome and athletic career transitions, in purpose to prevent overtraining syndrome to occur when young athletes transcend to high achievement junior sports, including its structure.</p><p>Sammanfattning: Syftet med studien var att studera processen för överträningssyndrom som en del i idrotts- och karriärutvecklingen utifrån teorier om överträningssyndrom och idrottskarriärövergångar. Avsikten var att finna mönster som belyste faktorer och kritiska skeden i idrottskarriären för att överträningssyndrom ska uppstå samt för att förhindra detta och underlätta rehabilitering.</p><p>Informant var en 19 årig man som avslutat tre års studier på idrottsgymnasium. </p><p>Två semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes, den senare intervjun som uppföljningsintervju. Materialet analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en konstant jämförande metod. Resultaten visade att under det första året som elitidrottande junior på idrottsgymnasium utvecklade Informanten ett överträningssyndrom. Det tog ett år från att första symtomen uppmärksammades till att intervention påbörjades och ytterligare ett års rehabilitering innan Informanten var helt återställd. Tänkbara orsaker till uppkomsten var obalans i stress-återhämtningsprocessen, framförallt beroende på idrottsliga fysiska och psykologiska krav och brist på kognitiva förmågor. Faktorer för att förhindra uppkomst och i rehabilitering antas vara Informantens motivation och kognitiva förmågor samt socialt stöd. </p><p>Sammantaget antas att interaktion mellan modeller och teorier om överträningssyndrom och idrottskarriärövergångar ska ses som en helhet i syfte att förhindra uppkomst av överträningssyndrom då unga idrottare övergår till högpresterande junioridrott och dess struktur.</p>

<p>Intensified training regimes and increasing competitive pressure make some athletes leave sports with shattered hopes and dreams. A number of these athletes drop out of sports due to burnout, which is characterized by an enduring experience of emotional and physical exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment and devaluation of sport participation as a consequence of prolonged chronic stress. Loss of engagement and diminished motivation also characterize burnout. But burnout is more than just a simple stress reaction, as not all athletes who experience stress burn out. Study I investigates the prevalence of burnout among competitive athletes. The number of athletes showing high levels of burnout was found to be between 1 and 9%. The number of athletes suffering from severe burnout was estimated at 1-2%. Contrary to what has been speculated, burnout was not more common in individual sports than in team sports. Study II investigated the burnout process using a case-study approach. It was found that burnout can evolve with different levels of severity, time perspectives and characteristics. There appears to be a relationship between overtraining syndrome and burnout, and the study gave support to the notion that burnout is the most severe outcome on the training fatigue continuum. Early success might lead to high expectations and an inner pressure to train, which in the three cases made the athletes ignore signs of maladaptation. Performance-based self-esteem appears to be a “driving force” in the burnout process. In Study III the burnout experience was investigated using qualitative interviews. Lack of recovery, “too much sports” and high external demands were described as causes of burnout. A stressful situation with multiple demands from sport, school and social relationships leads to a total overload, which has both physiological and psychological consequences. Critical factors were a unidimensional identity, performance-based self-esteem, an inflexible organization and feelings of entrapment. These restraining factors made the athletes remain in sports despite negative outcomes. Thus the three studies indicate that burnout is a serious problem in competitive and elite sports, that restraining factors offer an explanation for why athletes remain in sport despite negative outcomes, and that striving for self-esteem is crucial in the development of burnout.</p>

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the process of overtraining syndrome as a part of development in sports and careers. It is based on theories about overtraining syndrome and athlete career transitions. The intention was to find patterns that illustrate critical factors in the athlete career for overtraining syndrome to occur, but also for preventing overtraining syndrome to emerge and for rehabilitation. The Informant was a 19 years old man who had completed his studies at a Swedish sports-“gymnasium”. Two semi structured interviews were made, the second as a following up interview. The material was analysed by a qualitative content analysis including a constant comparing method. The result showed that the Informant developed an overtraining syndrome during his first year as an elite junior athlete at the sports-“gymnasium”. It took one year from the occurrence of the first symptoms until initiating interventions and a second year of rehabilitation before the Informant was totally recovered. Imbalance in the stress-recovery process because physiological and psychological sports demands as well as lack of cognitive skills was possible factors for the beginning of the overtraining syndrome. Factors for preventing origination were the Informants motivation, cognitive skills along with social support. In summary it is proposed to focus on interaction between models and theories about overtraining syndrome and athletic career transitions, in purpose to prevent overtraining syndrome to occur when young athletes transcend to high achievement junior sports, including its structure. Sammanfattning: Syftet med studien var att studera processen för överträningssyndrom som en del i idrotts- och karriärutvecklingen utifrån teorier om överträningssyndrom och idrottskarriärövergångar. Avsikten var att finna mönster som belyste faktorer och kritiska skeden i idrottskarriären för att överträningssyndrom ska uppstå samt för att förhindra detta och underlätta rehabilitering. Informant var en 19 årig man som avslutat tre års studier på idrottsgymnasium. Två semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes, den senare intervjun som uppföljningsintervju. Materialet analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en konstant jämförande metod. Resultaten visade att under det första året som elitidrottande junior på idrottsgymnasium utvecklade Informanten ett överträningssyndrom. Det tog ett år från att första symtomen uppmärksammades till att intervention påbörjades och ytterligare ett års rehabilitering innan Informanten var helt återställd. Tänkbara orsaker till uppkomsten var obalans i stress-återhämtningsprocessen, framförallt beroende på idrottsliga fysiska och psykologiska krav och brist på kognitiva förmågor. Faktorer för att förhindra uppkomst och i rehabilitering antas vara Informantens motivation och kognitiva förmågor samt socialt stöd. Sammantaget antas att interaktion mellan modeller och teorier om överträningssyndrom och idrottskarriärövergångar ska ses som en helhet i syfte att förhindra uppkomst av överträningssyndrom då unga idrottare övergår till högpresterande junioridrott och dess struktur.

Le but de cette étude consiste à démontrer l’impact positif d’une supplémentation en glutamine chez des nageurs élites, afin d’améliorer le statut immunitaire et d’évaluer si les changements plasmatiques de la glutamine peuvent expliquer l’incidence d’infections des voies respiratoires (IVRS). En parallèle, ce projet évalue si les apports alimentaires influencent la glutamine plasmatique et l’incidence d’IVRS. L’étude s’est effectuée auprès de 14 athlètes élites (8 hommes, 6 femmes). Chaque athlète a participé aux deux conditions expérimentales : un supplément de glutamine et une solution placebo isocalorique. Les périodes de supplémentation se déroulaient sur sept jours, incluant trois journées consécutives de compétition. Le profil hématologique, après les compétitions, montre qu’un supplément de glutamine n’améliore pas significativement la concentration plasmatique en glutamine ni les niveaux de cytokines comparativement à une solution placebo. Bien que les résultats soient semblables sous les deux conditions, les niveaux post-compétition ont tendance à être supérieurs aux valeurs pré-supplémentation, lorsqu’un apport exogène en glutamine est fourni à l’organisme alors que les concentrations plasmatiques de glutamine tendent à diminuer lorsqu’une solution placebo est administrée (p=0.067). L'incidence d’IVRS ne peut être expliquée par une faible concentration plasmatique de glutamine ni par un apport exogène de glutamine. On observe cependant une augmentation d’IVRS suite aux compétitions, soient de 8 athlètes pour le groupe placebo contre 3 au groupe glutamine. Les athlètes atteints d'IVRS semblent consommer moins d'énergie totale (kcal) et de protéines que les athlètes sains (p=0.060). Les résultats obtenus ne démontrent pas qu’une supplémentation en glutamine améliore le profil immunitaire et ne prévienne l’incidence d’IVRS, mais ils soulèvent l’hypothèse qu’un apport exogène en glutamine stabilise les niveaux plasmatiques de glutamine, permettant aux athlètes de poursuivre leurs entraînements et de récupérer efficacement. / The purposes of this study were to determine the positive impacts of glutamine supplementation upon immune system status and to determine whether changes in plasma glutamine relate to the appearance of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in elite swimmers. Furthermore, this study evaluated dietary intakes and its influence on immune parameters and URTI incidence. Fourteen athletes (8 men, 6 women) took part of the study. Each athlete participated in both experimental conditions: glutamine supplement and an isocaloric solution placebo. The supplementation period lasted seven day, including three consecutive competing days. Post competing hematologic profils of swimmers show that glutamine supplement does not significantly improve plasma glutamine neither cytokines levels, compared to a placebo solution. Even if plasma glutamine concentrations are similar with both conditions, the post competiting levels tend to be higher than pre competing values, when glutamine is supplemented. Futhermore, plasma glutamine levels show a decreasing trend under control conditions (p=0.060). In this study, URTI can not be explained by low plasma glutamine or supplemented glutamine. However, URTI incidence is higher after competitions, where 8 athletes showed symptoms (control group) and 3 only in the experimental group. Athletes with URTI seem to consume less energy and proteins than healthy athletes (p=0.060). These data does not suggest that glutamine supplementation improves immune function or prevents URTI in highly trained swimmers during competition. However, results support the hypothesis that exogenous glutamine stabilizes plasma glutamine levels, allowing athletes to tolerate training workload and recover properly.